Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 520
Title: On the decline of cacao cultivation in Menado and the assertions of the Dutch Trade Assoc. that cocoa would not be a marketable trade article
Journal: Tijdschrift voor Staats huishoudkunde en Statistiek, Zwolle
Volume: 14
Issue: 237
Pages: 92
Keywords: Production;
Asia; Indonesia; Sulawesi
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2762
Year: 1050
Title: List of wordks by A.W. Knapp
Journal: Gordian
Pages: 53-54
Abstract: Mr. Kanpp wrote also numerous technical papaers, which appeared in chemical and other journals. He edited 'Vitamin D in cacao shell' (Bournville 1937), a collection of papers by various authors. This publication includes 'Vitamin D in cacao shell' and 'The vitamin D activity of cacao shell' two papers written by Mr. Knapphimself in collaboration with Dr. Katherine H. Coward, and 'cacao shell and its use as an acessory fodder', a paper by Mr. Knapp and Mr. A. Churchman.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 635
Year: 1165
Title: Cocoa export from Surinam
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 49
Issue: 1165
Pages: 11
Keywords: Production; Export;
Surinam
Abstract: Export figures for the period 1930-1946
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 647
Year: 1314
Title: Cocoa production in British West Afirca
Journal: Econ. Voorl.
Volume: 12
Issue: 169
Keywords: Production;
Ghana; Togo; Nigeria; Cameroon;
Abstract: Production in Ghana; Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon in 1935/36, 1945/46 1946/47 and estimates for 1947/48
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2164
Year: 1383
Title: Position of cocoa cultivation in the Gold Coast
Journal: West Africa
Volume: 24
Pages: 1383-1384
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2
Year: 1514


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 621
Year: 1729
Title: Remarks on the new taxes for coffee,tea and cocoa and other medicinale beverages
Journal: [o.O.]
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Keywords: History; Taxes;
Netherlands
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bl


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2880
Year: 1827
Journal: Philiosophical Magazine
Volume: 3
Pages: 3
Keywords: Taxonomy
Abstract: Herrania species described as cacao
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 619
Year: 1877
Title: Abridgements of specification relating to Tea,Coffee, Chicory Cocoa &c. (compromising the Manufacture, but not the preparationof drinks therefrom). A.D. 1704-1866
Journal: Printed by the order of the commisioners of Patents. London: Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, printers to the Queens most excellent Majesty. Published at the office of the Commisioners of Patents for Inventions
Volume: 25
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Southhampton buildings, Holborn, 8o,VII 91p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 618
Year: 1883
Title: Abridgements of specification relating to Tea,Coffee, Chicory Cocoa &c. (compromising the Manufacture, but not the preparationof drinks therefrom). Part II. A.D. 1867-1876
Journal: Printed by the order of the commisioners of Patents. London: Published and sold at The Commisioners of Patents Sales branch
Volume: 38
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Cursitor street,Chanery Lane,E.C., 8o,VI 59p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2736
Year: 1898
Title: The cultivation of cocoa
Journal: Lisboa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2817
Year: 1902
Title: Report of the Coppename expedition (Suriname)
Journal: Tijdschrift K.N. Aardr. Gen.
Volume: 18
Issue: 696
Pages: 695
Keywords: Distribution;
Suriname
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1561
Year: 1924
Title: Cacao manurial experiments
Journal: Trop. Agr. [Ceylon]
Volume: 63
Pages: 207-209
Keywords: Fertilizers;
Abstract: Comments on reports of early experiments.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3164
Year: 1926
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 32
Issue: 1926-27
Pages: 4305
Keywords: Booms;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4213
Year: 1930
Title: International congress of manufaturers of chocolate and cocoa, Antwerp, 1930
Journal: Congres international des fabricants de chocolat et de cacao, Antwerp. Bruxelles
Abstract: Consists of preparatory volume and official report.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4214
Year: 1930
Title: CONFERENCE OF WEST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS, 2, GOLD COAST, 1929. Proceedings
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 19
Issue: 106
Keywords: Ghana; Nigeria
Abstract: Includes discussions, findings, and reports concerning cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2564
Year: 1932
Title: Joint committee of 'Manufacturing Confectioners' Alliance and Cocoa Association of London
Journal: Joint committee on cacao infestation. Report. Off. Internatl. des Fabric. de Choc. et Cacao. B. Off.
Volume: 2
Pages: 319-326
Keywords: Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Ephestia;
Abstract: Report on sources of infestation in cacao beans, with special reference to Ephestia elutella, and preventive measures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4215
Year: 1932
Title: Cocoa in the French Colonies
Journal: Rev. Internatl. des Prod. Colon.
Volume: 7
Pages: 331-351
Keywords: West-Africa; Central-Africa; Madagascar;
Abstract: Contents: 1, In French West Africa; 2, In the other French territoiries; 3, In Madagascar;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2206
Year: 1938
Title: Notes on cocoa growing
Journal: Cultivated resources of the Gold Coast, p
Pages: 12-28
Keywords: Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1507
Year: 1943
Title: Report of the central cocoa research station, Tafo, 1938-42
Journal: Rept. Dept. Agr. Gold Coast Colony, 63p
Keywords: research-programmes;
Africa; Ghana; Tafo;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 462
Year: 1945
Title: Recent work on cacao research in Nigeria
Journal: Soils and Fertilizers
Volume: 8
Pages: 71
Keywords: Nigeria
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2542
Year: 1945
Title: Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945
Journal: London: His Majesty's Stationary Office
Volume: 168
Keywords: Research; Research-programmes;
Abstract: Summary of recommendations, p. 9-16; , p. 17-99; Papers presented to the Conference (in this bibliography treated separately under individual authors), p. 100-168
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 627
Year: 1946
Title: Gold Coast Cocoa
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 49
Issue: 1166
Pages: 17.
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1427
Year: 1946
Title: Foreign trade of Brazil in 1945
Journal: Bol. Conselho Fed. Comercio Ext.
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-5.
Keywords: Production; Export;
Brazil;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2488
Year: 1946
Title: Witch - broom disease of cacao
Journal: London: [s.n.], [1946?]
Pages: 264
Keywords: Diseases; Witches-broom-disease; Crinipellis-perniciosa
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Science library bibliographical series. Science museum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2489
Year: 1946
Title: Insects infesting cacao beans, including their life history and methods of control: references covering the period 1930 - 1938
Journal: London: [s.n.], [1946?]
Pages: 494
Keywords: Pests; Insects; Phenology
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - (Bibliographical series. Science library


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4288
Year: 1946
Title: International cocoa conference London, 1946
Journal: ConfÈrence Internationals du Cacao. Londres
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 2
Keywords: Diseases; Selection; Replanting; Cultivation; Survey;
Abstract: Session on research Into prevention of disease, selection of types, replanting and other matters connected with cultivation includes papaers by L.E. Campbell (P 88-89), Sir H. Tempani. (p.89-93), J. West (p.93-96), D.H. Urquhart (p.96-98) A.G. Beattie (p.98-103), and R.E.D. Baker (p.103-105)
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
et 4 Octobre Compte rendu officiel. Bruxelles, Office International du Cacao et du Chocolate, 1946? 155p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2531
Year: 1947
Title: International cocoa situation
Journal: Econ. Voorlichting
Issue: 118
Pages: 883
Keywords: Production; Supply; Consumption;
Netherlands;
Abstract: Includes a table with cocoa production in some countries in 1845, 1895, 1926/30, 1940.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
41, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3732
Year: 1947
Title: Suggested aims of plant-breeding work
Journal: In Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. Report of the Cocoa Conference, London
Pages: 58-59
Keywords: Objectives;
Abstract: Lists aims in order of importance.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2310
Year: 1948
Title: How Nigerian cocoa is exported
Journal: London: [s.n.], [1948?]
Volume: 18
Keywords: Export;
Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2360
Year: 1948
Title: Concluding report of the Committee of enquiry to review legislation for the treatment of the swollen shoot disease of cocoa and to provide for payment of compensation in respect of cocoa trees destroyed by reason of the prescribed treatment: no. 2
Journal: Accra
Volume: 18
Keywords: Diseases; Virusses; Cocoa-swollen-shoot; Eradication; Socio-economics; Control-programme;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3851
Year: 1948
Title: Annual-report
Journal: FEDERATED MALAY STATES. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Annual report
Volume: 79
Keywords: Regional; Research;
Malaysia;
Abstract: Includes reports of various divisions on steps taken to carry out recommendations made by Professor Cheesman for establishing cacao as a crop. Notes on insect pests, p. 45; diseases, p. 52-53. Some earlier reports contain brief reports on work with cacao at Central Experiment Station, Serdang.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Kuala Lumpur, 1949. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 626
Year: 1949
Title: Cocoa cultivation in East Indonesia
Journal: Econ. Voorl.
Volume: 43
Issue: 4
Pages: 13
Keywords: Regional; Nurseries; Smallholders;
Indonesia; Sulawesi; Ambon; Timor
Abstract: First nurseries for smallholder cocoa cultivation have been installed in Central Sulawesi, Ambon, South Sulawesi and Timor.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2369
Year: 1949
Title: The ACRI story
Journal: Washington: [s.n.], [1949?]
Volume: 5
Keywords: usa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - ACRI. American cocoa research institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4293
Year: 1949
Title: Report of the Cocoa Conference held at Grosvenor House, London, 30th August-lst Septeinber 1949
Journal: Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionary Alliance Ltd. London
Volume: 115
Keywords: Breeding; processing; Quality; Research; WACRI; ICTA; Disease-control; Rehabilitation.
Trinidad; Ghana
Abstract: In addition to papers listed by author and title elsewhere in this bibliography, includes various untitied addresses and discussions at meeting sessions. Subjects discussed were. Aims of plant breeding, preparation, quality and breeding of cocoa; Research work at West African Cocoa Research Institute and Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad; Disease control and rehabilitation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2423
Year: 1950
Title: Hints to cocoa farmers [in English, Ashanti-Twi, Akwapim-Twi, Fante and Ewe]
Journal: Accra: Guinea Press, [1950?]
Volume: 40
Keywords: Extension;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 524
Year: 1953
Title: Cocoa cultivation in the Central Region
Journal: El Agricultor Venezolano
Keywords: Regional
Venezuela;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2453
Year: 1953
Title: The Golden harvest: the story of the Gold Coast cocoa industry
Journal: Accra: Information Services Department
Volume: 56
Keywords: History;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 516
Year: 1954
Title: River Estate: Field visit on March 18,1954,by Agr. Soc. Trin. Tob
Journal: Journal of Agric. Soc. Trin & Tob
Volume: 54
Pages: 79-87
Keywords: Research; Research-Institute
Trinidad
Abstract: New facts on various experiments
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 517
Year: 1954
Title: Discussion on cacao in Ceylon
Journal: Trop. Agric.
Volume: 110
Pages: 61-71
Keywords: Regional
Sri-Lanka;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2285
Year: 1954
Title: Institutes concerned with cacao research
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 2606
Keywords: Research-insitutes;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2331
Year: 1954
Title: Proceedings. West African international cacao research conference, 1st, held at Tafo, Gold Coast, December 1953
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Volume: 100
Keywords: Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Proceedings. West African international cacao research conference, 1st (December 1953; Tafo)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2366
Year: 1954
Title: Cacao: the chocolate tree
Journal: Washington: [s.n.]
Volume: 19
Keywords: usa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - OAS. Organization of American States


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2370
Year: 1954
Title: Expansion of cacao cultivation in the British West India
Journal: Turrialba: [s.n.]
Volume: 3
Issue: 1954
Pages: 5
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 p. - Overdr.: Cacao. Inter-American cacao center


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1627
Year: 1956
Title: Molybdenum in plant and animal nutrition, its deficiency symptoms and their occurrence
Volume: 81
Issue: 3
Pages: 159-258
Keywords: Deficiencies Deficiency-symptoms; Disorders; Mo-deficiency; Trace-elements; Molybdenum
Abstract: The whole number is devoted to molybdenum. There are 16 coloured plates illustrating deficiency symptoms, and a bibliography of 392 items. Horticultural and field crop plants are chiefly affected. Hibiscus, Prunus, Citrus and Cacao have all revealed symptoms. Some peat soils and forest litters carry high, and some pastures poisonous, levels of Mo. Special value is attached to its role in nitrate fixation and reduction in Leguminosae.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Soil Sci. 1956


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1750
Year: 1956
Title: Basic Slag for coffee shrubs, tea bushes and cocoa
Journal: Bruxelles: [s.n.]
Volume: 18
Keywords: Manure; Fertilizers;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1774
Year: 1956
Title: Bibliography on cacao soils, (1931 - 1955)
Journal: Harpenden: [s.n.]
Pages: 39
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2338
Year: 1956
Title: A guide to the growing and cultivation of clonal cocoa
Journal: St. Vincent: [s.n.]
Volume: 12
Keywords: Clones; Culitvation;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2490
Year: 1956
Title: Pollen compatibility in cacao and methods of hand pollination
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3079
Keywords: Bibliography; Artificial-pollination; Incompatibility
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2269
Year: 1957
Title: Proceedings of the cacao breeding conference held at the West African cocoa research institute, Tafo, Ghana, 1st to 3rd October 1956
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Volume: 49
Keywords: Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Proceedings of the cacao breeding conference; West African cocoa research institute (1st to 3rd October 1956; Tafo). - Rugtitel: West African cacao breeding conference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2334
Year: 1957
Title: Silver jubilee celebrations: Pembroke, Roxborough and Delaford. The co-operative cocoa fermentaries of Tobago, 17th June, 1957
Journal: Port of Spain: [s.n.]
Volume: 31
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; Equipment;
Trinidad; Tobago
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1050
Year: 1958
Title: Work programme of the IFCC research centre in Ivory Coast
Journal: Paris: [s.n.]
Volume: 32
Keywords: Research;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [fr]. - Institut francais du cafe et du cacao et autres plantes stimulantes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1629
Year: 1958
Title: Methods of sampling for foliar analysis in connection with fertilizer requirements
Volume: 7
Issue: 5
Pages: 273-302
Keywords: Leaf-analysis; Soils; Fertiliser-requirements;
Abstract: Covers types of problem, principles, general advice on sampling, choice of site, foliar sampling of Coffee, Oil Palm, Cacao, Citrus spp., Tea, Hevea and annuals, soil sampling, the interpretation of two cases from the foliar and soil data presented, standard forms for requesting information and the labelling of samples.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bull. Inform. Inst. nat. Etude agron. Congo Belge 1958


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2492
Year: 1958
Title: An annotated bibliography on shade for cacao and coffee in horticultural abstracts, vol. 1-28
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3406
Keywords: Shade-trees;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
20 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2304
Year: 1959
Title: Report of the FAO technical cacao meeting, 1st, Accra, Ghana, 8 - 15 february 1959
Journal: Rome: [s.n.]
Volume: 32
Pages: 8-15
Keywords: Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Report of the FAO technical cacao meeting, 1st (february 1959; Accra). - (Meeting report, FAO 1959,1)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2309
Year: 1959
Title: List of principal post - war papers on cacao (Netherlands language)
Journal: Amsterdam: R.T.I., [1959?].
Volume: 6
Keywords: Bibliography;
Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Documentation bureau. Tropical products' department. Royal tropical institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2491
Year: 1959
Title: An annotated bibliography on the drying of cacao beans
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3452
Keywords: Drying;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2362
Year: 1960
Title: Cacao: its cultivation and curing
Journal: Colombo: [s.n.], [1960?]
Pages: 7
Keywords: Agronomy; Processing;
Sri-Lanka
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15 p. - (Cash crops bulletin. Department of agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2460
Year: 1960
Title: The chemistry of cocoa
Journal: Papers presented at a symposium, Bornville, September
Pages: 38
Keywords: Biochemistry; Composition;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Leatherhead: British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, 1961. - 56 p. Chemicstry of cocoa (September 1960; Bornville). Scientific and technical surveys. British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1745
Year: 1962
Title: Bibliography on nutrition of cacao (1962 - 1951)
Pages: 529
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1746
Year: 1962
Title: Bibliography on cacao soils (1961 - 1956): (supplement to no. 39)
Pages: 525
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2255
Year: 1963
Title: The market of coffee, cacao and bananas in countries of the EC
Journal: Brussel: [s.n.]
Pages: 1
Keywords: Marketing; Import; Consumption;
Europe
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
226 p. - (Verzameling studies (EEG). Serie ontwikkeling van landen overzee


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2261
Year: 1963
Title: Cocoa
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Pages: 6
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Commonwealth institute commodity leaflet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2349
Year: 1963
Title: Fluctuation in the insect populations of cacao in the Atlantic Zone
Journal: San Jose: [s.n.]
Pages: 45
Keywords: Epidemiology; Pests; Population-biology
Costa-Rica
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19 p. - (Boletin tecnico. Ministerio de agricultura y ganaderia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2445
Year: 1963
Title: Review of the world cocoa economy and the work of the FAO Cocoa Study Group
Journal: [Rome]: FAO
Volume: 78
Keywords: Trade; Production; Import; Export;
World
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 71
Year: 1964
Title: The Netherlands Cocoa and Cocoa Products' Association, 30th year of the association 1964; annual report and annual figures
Journal: Jaarversl. en Jaarcijfers Ned. Cacao en Cacaoprod. Ver.
Keywords: Trade; Grinding;
Netherlands
Abstract: More than 15%. of the world output of cocoa beans is handled by the Netherlands trade and supplied to consumers in Europe and elsewhere. The Netherlands cocoa industry is the third largest user of cocoa beans in the world. The Netherlands are the largest exporter of cocoa butter and powder and the second largest exporter of chocolate. This annual report provides detailed data on imports and exports as well as information on post-war developments including the year under review. The consequences of the establishment of the European Common Market for the the Netherlands cocoa industry are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
51p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1873
Year: 1964
Title: Fertilisation
Journal: 1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome
Keywords: Nutrition;
Africa; Cameroon
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept. Paper CA 64/29b


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2271
Year: 1964
Title: Report of preparatory meeting on cocoa research 29th - 30th January, 1964: organised by The cocoa, chocolate and confectionary alliance, London
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Volume: 86
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Report of preparatory meeting on cocoa research; organised by The cocoa, chocolate and confectionary alliance (29th-30th January 1964; London)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2280
Year: 1964
Title: The inheritance of, and relationships among growth characters of young cacao seedlings
Journal: University of the West Indies St. Augustine Lisboa: [s.n.], [1964?]
Pages: 37
Keywords: Heritability; Growth; Genetics;
trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
72 p. - (Comunicacoes. Missao de estudos agronomicos do ultramar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2457
Year: 1964
Title: Agricultural calendar of Ivorian coffee and cacao planters: Labour tasks performed each month in cacao and coffee
Journal: Paris: [s.n.]
Volume: 72
Keywords: Labour; Smallholders
Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [fr]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 89
Year: 1965
Title: A review of the cocoa processing industry in producing countries
Journal: Foreign Agr. Circ., U.S. Dep. Agr., FCB
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: Storage; Grinding; Grinding-capacity;
Abstract: In their efforts to industrialise, a great many cocoa producing nations are opening or expanding cocoa processing and storage facilities. A review is given of the cocoa processing industry in Brazil, the Dominican Rep., Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela and other Latin American countries as well as in the following African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo (LÈopoidville), and the Malagasy Rep. Lists of processing industries include (where known) number of factories, operating capacity, location and other relevant information pertaining to the industry
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2-65, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2390
Year: 1965
Title: Cocoa research in Jamaica
Journal: [s.l.]: [s.n.], [1965?]
Volume: 12
Keywords: Jamaica
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1775
Year: 1967
Title: Bibliography on cacao culture and nutrition, particularly in West - Africa, 1967 - 1951
Journal: Harpenden: [s.n.]
Issue: 1212
Keywords: Fertilizition; Minerals;
England; West-Africa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2272
Year: 1968
Title: Expert commission: session of Stockholm 1968: session of the experts of the international cacao and chocolate office: 5 - 7 june 1968
Journal: Bruxelles: [s.n.]
Volume: 18
Pages: 18
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
30 p. [fr]. - (Numero special. Circulaire periodique. Office international du cacao et du chocolat


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2324
Year: 1969
Title: Classification norms of cacao
Journal: Itabuna: [s.n.]
Pages: 27
Keywords: Quality; Grading;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
9 p. - (Communicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2330
Year: 1969
Title: Summary of the comments of governments on the Draft Model Ordinance of 1963
Journal: Rome: [s.n.]
Volume: 10
Keywords: Quality; Grading;
Italy;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Working party on cocoa grading. Study group on cocoa. Committee on commodity problems. - FAO


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2329
Year: 1970
Title: Report of the meeting of the technical advisory committee FAO technical commission on cocoa production and protection, held at Accra, Ghana 24 November, 1969
Journal: Rome: [s.n.]
Volume: 5
Issue: 14
Pages: M-14
Keywords: Agronomy; Soils-and-Plant-nutrition; Crop-protection;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa; Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (Meeting report.F.A.O. PL-1969


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2494
Year: 1970
Title: Annotated bibliography on responses of cacao to temperature, 1948 - 1969
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Issue: 5725
Keywords: Environmental-responses; Temperature;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 p. - (Query file. The commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops S))


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2359
Year: 1971
Title: Cacao cultivation
Journal: Kasaragod: [s.n.]
Volume: 7
Keywords: India;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Central plantation crops research institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2378
Year: 1971
Title: Progress in tree crop research in Nigeria: cocoa, kola and coffee
Journal: Ibadan: [s.n.]
Volume: 183
Keywords: Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2493
Year: 1971
Title: Annotated bibliography on theobromine in cacao, 1932 - 1969
Journal: Maidstone: [s.n.]
Issue: 5852
Keywords: Biochemistry; Composition; Quality; Methyl-xanthines;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Query file. The commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops S))


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1776
Year: 1972
Title: Annotated bibliography on cacao nutrition, major and minor elements, seedlings and young trees, 1959 - 1971
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 5971
Keywords: Physiology; Mineral-nutrition;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 p. - (Query file. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2387
Year: 1973
Title: Our new refractory
Journal: Koog Zaandijk
Pages: Koog-Zaandijk
Keywords: Cocoa-powder; Cocoa-butter; Refraction;
Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2396
Year: 1973
Title: Thailand: agricultural development studies: a survey of rubber growing areas
Journal: Hat Yai: [s.n.]
Pages: 1
Keywords: Intercropping;
Thailand;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
63 p. - (Technical report. Rubber development project


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2397
Year: 1973
Title: Rubber development project Hat Yai, Thailand: phase 2
Journal: Hat Yai: [s.n.]
Volume: 4
Keywords: Intercropping;
Thailand;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1974. - vols. - FAO


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2502
Year: 1973
Title: Recommended method for aflatoxins in cocoa beans
Journal: Oxford: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Food Contaminants Commission
Pages: 8
Keywords: Contamination; Quality;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
12 p. - (Information bulletin. Technical reports. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 764
Year: 1974
Title: Growing of miscellaneous tree crops
Journal: Farmer (Jamaica)
Volume: 79
Issue: 3
Pages: 61-66; 68-75.
Keywords: Cultivation;
Jamaica
Abstract: Recommendations are made on how to grow tree crops, such as citrus, pimento (P. officinale), cacao, coffee, avocado (P. americana), guava (P. guajava), ackee or akee (B. sapida), breadfruit tree (A. altilis) and annona (Annona spp.) in Jamaica.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 777
Year: 1974
Title: Second American regional meeting of Phytophthora palmivora group Guayaquil-Equador, June 8-23-1973
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 44-52.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases
Americas
Abstract: The papers delivered at the above-mentioned deal with canker and black pod of cacao and more specifically with a new species of Phytophthora (Phytophthora megasperma),:species isolated from pods, infection from trunk canker, inoculation tests and black pod epidemiology and control in Bahia, Brazil. Further studies on cacao diseases including Monilia black pod and witches broom caused by Marasmius perniciosus are needed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1051
Year: 1974
Title: A contribution to the study of cocoa and coffee cultivations in Uganda
Journal: Bulletin. Institut francais du cafe et du cacao. no.
Volume: 12
Issue: 68
Keywords: Potential;
Uganda
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1763
Year: 1974
Title: Cacao (Theobroma cacao): its pests, diseases and manuring
Journal: Ludwigshafen: [s.n.], [1974?]
Volume: 33
Keywords: Germany
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1777
Year: 1974
Title: Cacao: soil relationships, nutrition and fertilizing, 1972 - 1965
Journal: Harpenden: [s.n.]
Issue: 1631
Keywords: Fertilisers; Fertiliser-recommendation;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19 p. - (Annotaded bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1879
Year: 1974
Title: The studies of the inorganic nutrition of coffee and cacao, carried out by the IFCC in the Ivory Coast
Journal: Potash Review
Volume: 27
Issue: 63/2
Keywords: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Results are presented of experiments with inorganic fertilizing of cacao and coffee growing on different soils.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pt. 4 p., table


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2383
Year: 1974
Title: Manufacturing programme for cocoa powder
Journal: Koog aan de Zaan: [s.n.]
Volume: 27
Keywords: Production;
Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [nl,fr]. - Cacaofabriek de Zaanb


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2459
Year: 1974
Title: International conference on cocoa and chocolate research, 1., 8 - 10 May 1974, M¸nchen
Journal: M¸nchen: Frank
Volume: 1
Issue: 8.-10. Mai, 1974; Muenchen
Keywords: Manufacturing
Germany
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
349 p. [de, en, fr] Kakao- und Schokoladeforschung: internationaler Kongress


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2495
Year: 1974
Title: Annotated bibliography on Monilia pod rot of cacao, 1952 - 1970
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 30-74
Keywords: Diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; Monillia-pod-rot;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Query file. Commonwealth of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2496
Year: 1974
Title: Annotated bibliography on storage of seed of tropical tree fruits and plantation crops, 1932 - 1971
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 33-74
Keywords: Seed-storage;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
16 p. - (Query file. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5538
Year: 1974
Title: Larger world cocoa bean crop in 1974-75, consumption to fall
Journal: Statistical Report World Agricultural Production and Trade
Keywords: Stimulant-Products
World
Abstract: A short note on production of cacao bean in Brazil and Ghana and on prices of cacao bean is followed by a table showing cacao bean production in specified countries in the years 1969-70 to 1973-74 and a forecast for 1974-75.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
27-28; Dec


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 741
Year: 1975
Title: Root activity patterns of some tree crops
Journal: Vienna
Keywords: Fertiliser-application; Roots; Nutrient-uptake; Phosphorus; Labelled; Radio-activity;
Ghana;
Abstract: This book contains a comprehensive technical report and deals with results of a coordinated research programme over 1967-1972 on factors contributing to efficiency of fertilizer utilization in tree crops. Section 1 and 2 contain general information. In section 3 the development of experimental techniques is presented. Root activity patterns of banana (Uganda), cacao (Ghana), coffee (Colombia and Kenya), coconuts (Philippines and Sri Lanka) and oil palms (Malaysia and Ivory Coast), are presented in Section 4. Section 5 presents a general discussion of results viz. experimental techniques, patterns of root activity in relation to season, soil type, tree age and variety, and fertilizer placement.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5576
Year: 1975
Title: Marketing and distribution system for cocoa; report by the UNCTAD secretariat
Journal: Geneva
Volume: 1
Issue: 164
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Trade-
World
Abstract: This study deals with the structure of the world cocoa market, the main market trends, the organization of production and marketing in exporting countries, the maritime transport, the terminal markets, and the manufacture, marketing and distribution of cocoa products.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
rev. ed., 105 p.; 9 Jan, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5578
Year: 1975
Title: Cocoa products. Facts and figures on the world's major markets
Journal: Geneva
Volume: 396
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Industrial-Production; Reference-Documents
World
Abstract: Market study on intermediate cocoa products (cocoa liquor, butter, cake, powder) in Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany FR, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, USSR, Poland, with selected data on other Eastern European countries - defines products, gives overall data on world production and trade; reviews user purchasing practices, role of dealers, agents, brokers; pricing, cost factors, trade practices, quality standards, packaging; for each country also gives data on production, foreign trade, consumption; major enterprises, industry structure, distribution network, import barriers; lists enterprises with addresses, activity, company links, consumption of products; appendices give definitions, data sources, FAO/WHO standards, tariffs, taxes, freight rates, enterprise data; and bibliography. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.; Nov


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1131
Year: 1976
Title: (Annual Report 1975)
Journal: Rapport d'Activite Institut Francais du Cafe et du Cacao
Volume: 114
Keywords: Africa
Abstract: This report contains firstly information on chemical and technological research conducted in France regarding processing of cocoa and coffee. Furthermore, results are given of research carried out mainly with respect to selection and breeding in (1) the Ivory Coast, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee, cacao and kola, (2) Togo, on Robusta and Arabica coffee, cacao and tea, (3) the Cameroon Rep., on Robusta, Arabica and Arabusta coffee, cacao, and tea, (4) Madagascar, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee, and tea, and (5) New Caledonia, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1147
Year: 1976
Title: Annual report 1976
Journal: Rapport d'Activite Institut Francais du Cafe et du Cacao
Volume: 94
Keywords: Africa
Abstract: This report on activities in 1976 deals with coffee, cacao, tea, and other stimulant crop research conducted in France, Ivory Coast, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Madagascar, and New Caledonia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2266
Year: 1976
Title: Recommended international standard for chocolate
Journal: Rome [etc.]: FAO [etc.]
Volume: 14
Pages: RS87-1976
Keywords: Quality; Chocolate; Manufacturing;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2267
Year: 1976
Title: Recommended international standard for cocoa butters
Journal: Rome [etc.]: FAO [etc.]
Volume: 12
Pages: RS86-1976
Keywords: Quality; Cocoa-butter; Manufacturing;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1766
Year: 1977
Title: Fertilizing cacao, 1971 - 1976
Journal: Muscle Shoals: T
Keywords: Bibliography
usa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
A., - 2 p. - (T.V.A. bibliography. Tennessee Valley Authority no. 1561)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2413
Year: 1977
Title: Technical consultation on agricultural extension methods and techniques for cocoa: Itabuna/Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil, May 1977
Journal: [s.l.]: C.P.A. [etc.]
Volume: 49
Keywords: Extension;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Cocoa producers alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2464
Year: 1977
Title: Cacao bibliography
Journal: Brasilia: Ministerio da Agricultura
Volume: 2
Pages: 2
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1980. - 2 vol. - (Bibliografias agricolas. Serie nacional


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1159
Year: 1978
Title: Annual report 1977
Journal: Rapport d'Activite Institut Francais du Cafe et du Cacao
Volume: 100
Keywords: Africa
Abstract: Research on coffee (Coffea arabica, C. canephora and their interspecific hybrid Arabusta), cacao, tea and kola (Cola nitida) is recorded. Genetic improvement, cultural practices, plant protection measures and improvement of the quality of commercial produce in various countries, including Ivory Coast, Togo and Cameroon, are reviewed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2411
Year: 1978
Title: Cocoa production survey Hilir Perak and Sabak Bernam
Journal: Kuala Lumpur: [s.n.]
Pages: 7
Keywords: Production;
Malaysia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11 p. - (Fama; lembaga pemasaran pertanian persekutuan 1978


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2414
Year: 1978
Title: World cacao production
Journal: Wageningen: Pudoc
Pages: 4198
Keywords: Bibliography
Netherlands
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
10 p. - (Literatuurlijst. Centrum voor landbouwpublikaties en landbouwdocumentatie


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2497
Year: 1978
Title: Control of nematodes on tea, coffee, cocoa
Journal: Farnham Royal: C.A.B.
Issue: H56
Keywords: Pests; Nematodes; Bibliography
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
13 p. - (Annotated bibliography / Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, ISSN 0141-5921


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5584
Year: 1978
Title: Report of the Council and statement of accounts for the year ended 31 December 1977
Journal: Report of the Council Rubber Growers' Association Ltd.
Volume: 25
Keywords: Reference-Documents; Trade-
World
Abstract: This booklet contains the 69th report of the Council of the Rubber Growers' Association in London and statement of accounts for the year 1977. It also contains information on members of the committee, committees and panels 1977-'78, RGA representatives on outside boards, local bodies, honorary gold medallists, past chairmen, company members owning and not directly owning plantations. The report itself deals with the activities of the council, including the director, in the report year, Malaysian affairs, affairs of regions other than Malaysia, rubber, oil palm and cacao, and general matters.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5594
Year: 1978
Title: Coconut smallholders in Peninsular Malaysia
Journal: Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Cocoa and Coconuts. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June
Pages: 721-730
Keywords: smallholders-; production-economics; development-programmes
Malaysia
Abstract: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) cultivation in Peninsular Malaysia is mainly undertaken in small farms averaging 1.5 to 3 ha. Coconut estates used to be important but now account for only 7% of the total coconut area. The estates, besides providing high-yielding seedlings, are demonstrating the techniques of intercropping coconuts with cacao and these are being utilized by smallholders. Various programmes are being implemented to raise the productivity of coconut smallholders as part of the National Policy of eradicating poverty and raising the standards of low income groups. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21-24, .1980, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2486
Year: 1979
Title: The cocoa swollen-shoot research project at the cocoa research institute, Tafo, Ghana 1969-1978: a general report
Journal: London [etc.]: B.O.D.A.
Volume: 54
Keywords: Diseases; Viruses; Cocoa-Swollen-shoot-virus
Ghana; Tafo
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4971
Year: 1979
Title: Annual report 1979
Journal: unda
Volume: 159
Keywords: Cashews-; Guavas-; Bananas-; Citrus-; Mangoes-; Rambutans-; Durians-; Sorghum-; Cotton-;
Malaysia; Sabah
Abstract: Research on cocoa, coffee, coconuts, cashews, guavas, potatoes, fruit trees (including bananas, citrus species, mangoes, rambutans and durians), soyabean, sorghum, cotton, rice, and oil palms is reported under the following headings: agronomy, plant breeding, chemistry, entomology, plant pathology and plant physiology. A brief report from the soil survey division is also included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Sabah, Malaysia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5017
Year: 1979
Title: Entomology
Journal: Cocoa Research Institute annual report
Keywords: Pests-; Pests; Lepidoptera; Natural-enemies; Pest-resistance; Hymenoptera Pest-control; Epicampoptera-strandi-glauca; Epicampoptera-ivoirensis; Anomis-leona; Parasites-; Euplectrus-leonae; Hosts-; Insecticides-; Nontarget-effects
Ghana
Abstract: The results are presented of numerous projects on the biology and control of insect pests of cocoa, coffee and Cola in Ghana, together with some studies on soil entomology (with special attention to nontarget effects of insecticides). Among the many projects, special mention may be made of tests for varietal resistance to insect pests in cocoa, some trials with insecticides against cocoa pests, the identification (and biology) of the eulophid Euplectrus leonae as a major larval parasite of the noctuid Anomis leona, the long-term effects of insecticides on the cocoa ecosystem, and an outbreak of the drepanids Epicampoptera strandi glauca and E. ivoirensis (mainly the former species) on coffee.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/80-1980/82. 1985, 23-58; 7 fig. Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5025
Year: 1979
Title: Plant pathology
Journal: Annual Report
Keywords: Diseases-; Cacao-swollen-shoot-virus; Cacao-necrosis-virus; Phytophthora-palmivora; Calonectria-rigidiuscula; Cladosporium-cladosporioides; Mineral-deficiencies; Ridomil-; Control-; Metalaxyl-; Cao-Cobre; Techniques-; Application-; Fungicides-
Ghana;
Abstract: Studies reported on cocoa swollen shoot disease include inspection and removal of diseased trees; resistance assessment trials; tolerance assessment trials; assessing the rate of virus spread; trials to assess the performance of potential seed garden progeny; coppicing trials to assess latent CSSV infection; effect of light and nutrition on CSSV resistance; study of outbreaks; and purification of the virus and storage of the preparations. Work on cocoa necrosis virus dealt with characterization of the virus in the Sesima outbreak; infection of seedlings following mechanical inoculation; association of CNV with mineral deficiency symptoms; the effect of CNV infection on field cocoa; and purification of the virus. Research on black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) covered a nationwide black pod survey; canker caused by the pathogen; chemical control of black pod; method of application of Ridomil [metalaxyl]; comparability of Ridomil with Cao-Cobre; and the results of small and large scale tests. Reference is also made to dieback disease (Calonectria rigidiuscula) and the incidence and control of nursery diseases including leaf blight [Cladosporium cladosporioides] and seedling wilt.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/80-1980/82, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana. 1985, 125-175; 29 tab. See RPP 64, 4832. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5586
Year: 1979
Title: World cocoa bean production down in 1978/79
Journal: Foreign Agriculture Circular. Cocoa
Keywords: Agricultural-Production; Trade-
World
Abstract: World cocoa bean production for 1978/79 is estimated to be 1 441 500 tons, 4% below the 1977/78 harvest. Bean grindings are expected to be no more than 1.37 million tons because of high prices. Cocoa price levels are likely to continue their downward trend but prices of cocoa and chocolate products are expected to remain high. The International Cocoa Agreement is being re-negotiated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
USDA-FCB 1-79, 19 p; Mar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1191
Year: 1980
Title: Malaysian cocoa: some observations on its quality and value
Journal: Planter
Volume: 56
Issue: 650
Pages: 189-192
Keywords: Product-Properties; Quality; Bean-size; Flavour; Dry-nib-yield; Fat-yield; Grading;
Malaysia
Abstract: This article provides information on the quality and value of Malaysian cacao as compared with Ghana cacao. The Malaysian cacao is considered inferior in respect of dry nib yield, fat yield, bean size and quality/flavour. Much Malaysian estate cacao is well prepared and as good as cacao produced anywhere else in the world. Some estate and most smallholder cacao, however, is not well prepared and steps should be taken to introduce grading standards so that buyers of Malaysian cacao know what they are getting. The grades should conform to the FAO grade model ordinance. It is also proposed that parcels should be classified according to bean size, for instance as no more than 110 beans per 100 g and over 110 beans per 100 g.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2477
Year: 1980
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Farnham Royal: C.A.B.
Pages: 117
Keywords: Bibliography
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
[8 p.] - Annotated bibliographies. C.A.B. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5179
Year: 1980
Title: Agro-forestry. A pilot project by the Forest Department, Sabah
Volume: 12
Keywords: Agroforestry-; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Projects-;
Malaysia-; Sabah-;
Abstract: A brief account of a project to reafforest 54 000 acres of logged over forests with dipterocarps and other fast growing exotic broadleaves, underplanted over 300 acres with cocoa. The project includes the construction of a forest nursery designed to handle 100 000 to 150 000 seedlings at any one time. Wildings are also used as planting stock. The cocoa production is to provide the necessary funding for the establishment of the forest plantation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
iv + pp. Sandakan, Sabah; Forest Department


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1205
Year: 1981
Title: The financing of palm oil and cocoa industries with special reference to the Agricultural Bank of Malaysia
Journal: Planter
Volume: 57
Issue: 664
Pages: 401-418
Keywords: financing-; oil-palm; industry-; cacao-; industry-; development-banks
Malaysia
Abstract: The financing of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) industries are discussed, with special reference to the Agricultural Bank of Malaysia, its loan terms and conditions, some aspects of its loan appraisal and supervision, and the prospects, problems and constraints of the industries. The background of both industries in the country is also described. In 1979 the production of palm oil was 2 188 000 tons (54.2% of the world's production) and of kernels 423 000 tons. Its share in the world's export of palm oil was 70%. For cocoa bean the production in 1978 was 21 900 tons (1.52% of the world's production). For both products production figures are expected to increase.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Jul


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2472
Year: 1981
Journal: Ilheus: CEPLAC
Volume: 52
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5597
Year: 1981
Title: The cocoa of discord: the Indian dilemma
Journal: Planters'-Chronicle (India)
Volume: 76
Issue: 8
Pages: 360-369, 384; Aug,
Keywords: cacao-; production-survey; agricultural-operations; trade-; prices-
India, World
Abstract: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) ranks second to coffee in world trade. Most of the annual world production of some 1.5 million tons is export. India started growing it in the early 1970s, mostly by small fafarmers interplanted in arecanut or coconut. At present production is around 3000 tons, but this is expected to rise to 10 000 tons by 1982/83 from plants not yet bearing fruit. However this implies oversupply for export, and the prices are low. In this connection the cocoa situation was reviewed at a seminar to initiate the organization of the cocoa growers in the country. Subjects discussed included cultivation techniques, varieties, quality improvement, research, marketing and the International Cocoa Agreement.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5598
Year: 1981
Title: Record world cocoa bean crop forecast for 1981/82
Journal: Foreign Agriculture Circular. Cocoa
Keywords: cacao-; production-trend; supply-and-demand; trade-
World
Abstract: Cocoa production, consumption and trade are reviewed against the background of the expected bumper crop of 1.73 m tons for the 1981/82 crop year.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
USDA-FCB 3-81, 15 p.; Oct


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5599
Year: 1981
Title: The future of cocoa in Indonesia
Journal: Economic Review Bank Negara Indonesia
Issue: 94
Pages: 35-38
Keywords: cacao-; production-development; market-outlook
Indonesia
Abstract: The growing of cacao (Theobroma cacao) has received the Government's special attention for export promotion. Its cultivation will be extended to cover 190 000 ha with an expected production of 170 423 t in 1988. The development of cacao growing, and the cacao development programme are reviewed. It is concluded that cacao is at this time in an unstable condition, especially with regard to world market prices and that Indonesia herself seems to have had no firm strategy for her cacao so as not to be entirely dependent on the international market.3
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1935
Year: 1982
Title: Coconuts: nutrition
Journal: In: Annual report
Pages: 75-78
Keywords: coconut-; Fertiliser-response; nutrient-source
Malaysia
Abstract: This section reports the progress of the following coconut nutritional trials: (1) 4 x 3 NK trial on Mawa hybrid coconut; (2) effect of cacao manuring on intercropped Dwarf coconut; (3) 4 x 3 x 2 NPK trial on Mawa hybrid coconuts; and (4) effect of dried POME application on the growth and yield on Mawa hybrid coconuts. So far the only significant aspect of the nutritional trials is the lack of response particularly to urea applications and to a lesser extent, to muriate of potash. The lack of any consistent effect on the leaf nitrogen levels raises the question of the efficiency of urea as a source of N for coconuts.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1982, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1936
Year: 1982
Title: Cocoa: nutrition
Journal: In: Annual report
Pages: 84-87
Keywords: cacao-; Fertiliser-response; nitrogen-source; NPK-
Malaysia
Abstract: The results of the following cacao nutritional trials are presented in this section: (1) 32x2 NPK trial on mature cacao under old dwarf coconuts; and (2) source of nitrogen for cacao trial. The importance of applying rock phosphate is now supported by the results from the NPK trial, in which a significant yield response to phosphate was recorded. The 2nd trial confirms the suitability of urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer for cacao on coastal soils. The significantly lower leaf nitrogen content 5 months after application, when compared to ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, emphasizes the importance of applying urea under favourable weather conditions and on time.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1982, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1961
Year: 1982
Title: Project on methods of establishment, recovery, management and supplementation of pastures
Journal: Informe tecnico, CEPEC
Keywords: Grasslands-; Establishment-;Fertilizers-; NPK-fertilizers; Stocking-rate; Phosphorus-;
America; Brazil
Abstract: Research projects include adaptation of forage legumes and grasses to oxisols; agronomic evaluation of forage spp. in tropical copses; productivity of Andropogon gayanus and Panicum maximum; methods of establishing mixed pastures; physical/mechanical treatment and fertilizer application for recovery of Brachiaria decumbens pasture; effect of fertilizer on establishment of forage grasses; efficiency of NPK on B. decumbens pasture recovery; effect of stocking rate on B. decumbens, B. humidicola, A. gayanus and Stylosanthes guianensis pasture productivity; effect of P fertilizer and stocking rate on P. maximum productivity; and comparison of ensiled cocoa husks with other forage crops.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1983, 249-269. Itabuna, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5487
Year: 1982
Title: Entomology
Journal: Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana. Report for the period
Keywords: Pollinators-; Insecticides-; Nontarget-effects; Natural-enemies; Pest-resistance; Control-; Insect-pests; Soils-; Pest-control; Coffee-; Cola; Weeds-; Soil-fauna
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The results are presented of about 30 research studies on the biology, incidence and control of insect and other pests of cocoa, coffee and cola in Ghana. The topics dealt with include varietal susceptibility to cocoa insect pests; laboratory and field studies on insecticides; natural enemies of pests (including nontarget effects of pesticides on them); soil entomology; the effects of weed control on the soil fauna; and natural pollination of cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/83-1984/85. 1986, 53-109. Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5626
Year: 1982
Title: Project biology and control of weeds
Journal: Informe tecnico, CEPEC
Keywords: Weeds-; Flora; Seeds-; Germination-; Setaria-plant-poiretiana; Pueraria-phaseoloides; Soyabeans-; Weed-control; Chemical-control; Simazine-; Diuron-; Cucumbers-; Soils-; Paraquat-; Setaria-poretiana; Seed-germination
Brazil;
Abstract: Grass weed spp. in cocoa plantations are identified and listed with their subfamily and tribe. The effect of time, temp. and RH on germination of Setaria poretiana seeds is outlined mathematically and the morphology and anatomy and absorption and translocation of glyphosate within S. poiretiana is described. The effect of simazine and diuron on soyabeans and cucumbers in greenhouses, the persistence of simazine in soil under controlled conditions, the effect of simazine, paraquat and diuron on soil microflora in cocoa plantations, reinfestation of plantations with weeds after herbicide use and control of Pueraria phaseoloides with 2,4-D and MCPA are briefly described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1983, 73-77. Itabuna, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1251
Year: 1983
Title: 25e anniversaire 1958-1982
Journal: Paris
Volume: 120
Keywords: agricultural-research; Research-institute; IRCC;
France, Africa
Abstract: Forty short papers, mostly on coffee and cacao, describe the most important activities and findings of the IFCC, now IRCC, which celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1983.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1937
Year: 1983
Title: Cacao Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Revista Cafetalera ANACAFE
Issue: 237
Pages: 29-32
Keywords: cacao-; Fertiliser-management; shading-; review-
Tropical Regions
Abstract: The ecological growing conditions of cacao are similar to those existing in the humid rainforests, i.e. conditions with partial shade, high humidity and the presence of mild humus layers. Climate, soil and fertilizer requirements, the occurrence of deficiencies, the application of leaf fertilizers, the cultivation under shade and pruning systems are reviewed. A highly efficient system of fertilizing is to apply a mulching consisting of cuttings of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) or Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), which received the normal dosage of fertilizers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Dec, fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2444
Year: 1983
Title: True to nature description of coffee, chocolate,tea, tabacco: in four separate parts
Journal: London: British Library Reference Division, [1983]
Volume: 4
Issue: 71
Keywords: History; Morpholgy; Anatomy; Uses;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
microfiches - Microfilmuitgave van de oorspr. uitg.: Hamburg: Gottfried Schultzen, 1684. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4891
Year: 1983
Title: Research at Dami Oil Palm Research Station, the first 15 years 1968-1982
Volume: 73
Keywords: Papua-New-Guinea; West-New-Britain; Dami
Abstract: The main areas of interest during the first 15 years were oil palm genetics, breeding, selection and pollination. Results of trials on these aspects, and on spacing, nutrition and physiological responses are reported. Brief reports on cocoa, coconut, coffee and rubber research are also included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Lae, Papua New Guinea


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4919
Year: 1983
Title: Annual report, CEPEC 1982
Keywords: Annual-reports; Weed-control; Countries-of-cultivation
Brazil;
Abstract: Research projects are collected under 18 headings on topics of cocoa agronomy and regional developments and also on production of rubber, palms, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, sweet potato, soyabean and pasture establishment and management. There are also reports from the Amazon region. Relevant projects are abstracted separately.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
356pp. Itabuna, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4937
Year: 1983
Title: Annual report 1981
Volume: 279
Keywords: Areca; Cashews-; Spice-plants;
India
Abstract: Research is reported on coconuts, arecanuts, cashews, spices, cocoa and oil palms.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; several pl. Kasaragod, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5620
Year: 1983
Title: Case studies on industrial processing of primary products. Vol. I. bauxite, rubber, tropical hardwood; Vol. II cocoa, coconut, oil, tea
Keywords: Primary-products; Processing-; Case-studies; Rubber-; Coconuts-; Tea; Economics-
Abstract: Vol. I analyzes primary products of interest to developing countries to provide a basis for some general principles regarding industrial processing in those countries. It is the first of two volumes of case studies based on a joint research project begun in April 1979 between the World Bank and the Commonwealth Secretariat. In Vol. II an in-depth study assesses the problems and potential benefits of processing these primary products and gives policy recommendations. It considers the most important factors in determining the particular location of the processing chains, gains and losses that might result from the initiation or expansion of local processing, and selected policy measures to relocate the processing activities so that a greater share of the value added accrues to developing country suppliers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
364pp.; 290pp. Washington, D.C., USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2443
Year: 1984
Title: Cocoa beans: chocolate manufacturers' quality requirements
Journal: 3rd ed., London: Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance
Volume: 20
Keywords: Quality;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4876
Year: 1984
Title: Cocoa beans
Volume: 3
Issue: 19
Keywords: Quality-; Requirements-
Abstract: The subtitle of this pamphlet is "Chocolate manufacturers' quality requirements". The different aspects of quality are discussed under: (1) flavour, (2) purity or wholesomeness, (3) consistency, (4) yield of edible material, and (5) cocoa butter characteristics. There are 3 appendices: A. International cocoa standards, B. Limits of pesticide residues, and C. Approved pesticides.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Ed. pp. London, UK; Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4907
Year: 1984
Title: Annual Report of the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute 1980
Volume: 215
Issue: 78
Keywords: Diseases-; Spice-plants;
India
Abstract: Included in this report are details of work on the pathology of coconut, arecanut, spices and cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; manyref., tab., 10 append. See RPP 63, 1544. Kasaragod, Kerala, India; CPRI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4922
Year: 1984
Title: Management report 1983. Informe de gerencia 1983
Volume: 199
Keywords: Colombia,-Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario; Maps-; Annual-reports; Colombia; Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario; Sugarcane-; Tropical-fruits; Vegetables-; Oilseeds-
Abstract: This comprehensive report includes summaries of research and trials on many horticultural and agricultural crops including annual and perennial oilseed crops, cereals, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, tropical fruits, tuberous crops and vegetables.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; many col. pl., maps. Bogota, Colombia; Ministerio de Agricultura


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4929
Year: 1984
Title: Annual Report of the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute 1982
Volume: 143
Issue: 63
Keywords: Reports-; Diseases-;
Inidia
Abstract: In the plant protection section of this report details are given of work on the pathology of coconut, arecanut, cocoa, cashew and spices.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; See RPP 1544. Kasaragod, Kerala, India; CPCRI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4935
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1980
Volume: 215
Keywords: Areca; Cashews-; Pineapples-; Pawpaws-; Eugenia-caryophyllus; Myristica-fragrans; Trigonella-foenum-graecum; Fennel-; Aubergines-
India
Abstract: Research is reported on the following crops: coconuts, arecanuts, cashews, pineapples, pawpaws, oil palms, cocoa, black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, coriander, cumin, fenugreek, fennel and aubergines.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kasaragod, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4936
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1982
Volume: 143
Keywords: Areca; Cashews-; Piper-nigrum; Amomum-; Zingiber-officinale; Curcuma-longa; Myristica-fragrans; Cinnamomum-
India
Abstract: Research is reported on coconuts, arecanuts, oil palms, cocoa, cashews, black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg and cinnamon.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kasaragod, india


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4956
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1976/77-1978/79
Journal: Report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 353
Issue: 50
Keywords: Insect-pests; Cola; Coffee-; Butyrospermum-parki
Ghana
Abstract: This annual report on cocoa (and to a lesser extent also cola and coffee) research in Ghana contains contributions on plantation management, agronomy, entomology, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant physiology, soil science and meteorology. Relevant items are abstracted separately and can be traced via the subject index under Annual reports, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4989
Year: 1984
Title: Nematology
Journal: Annual Report
Volume: 5
Pages: 14-16
Keywords: Nematicides-; Fungi-; Spice-plants; Essential-oil-plants; Nuts-; Tropical-fruits; Beverage-plants; Root-crops; Reports-; Plant-parasitic-nematodes; Bananas-; Pawpaws-; Dioscorea; Zingiber-; Cardamoms-; Pests-; Radopholus-similis; Disorders-; Root-wilt-disease
India
Abstract: Work reported on includes: the role of Radopholus similis in coconut root wilt disease; the role of nematodes (mostly R. similis, Meloidogyne and Trophotylenchulus piperis) in the incidence of slow wilt of pepper; pathogenicity and nematicidal control of M. incognita and R. similis on black pepper; the role of plant parasitic nematodes in Thanjavur wilt of coconut; population levels of plant parasitic nematodes in multispecies cropping systems (R. similis an arecanut, pepper and banana, M. incognita on papaya, cocoa, elephant-foot-yam and ginger, Pratylenchus on napier grass) and control with furadan; pathogenicity and control of R. similis in association with Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum on arecanut and of M. incognita on cardamom (in association with Rhizoctonia solani); role of nematodes in the transmission of coconut root wilt disease.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1985, 23, 39-40, 86-88, 132-133. Kerala, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5069
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1984
Volume: 136
Keywords: Reports-; Malaysia,-MARDI; Coconut; Tropical-fruits; Vegetables-; Spice-plants; Sugarcane-; Ornamental-plants; Groundnuts-; Agricultural-research; Rice-; Pest-control; Fruits-; Tobacco-; Spices-; Maize-; Soyabeans-; Cassava; Sweet-potatoes; Root-crops
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Research work conducted at the MARDI in 1984 is described. Among the crops covered were rice, cocoa, coconuts, fruit and tobacco. Vegetables, spices and beverages, ornamentals, sugarcane, maize, groundnuts, soyabeans, cassava, sweet potatoes and other root crops are dealt with in a chapter on miscellaneous crop research. Aspects of breeding and selection, agronomy, pest, disease and weed control and crop technology are covered. Other fields of research surveyed include livestock, food technology and biotechnology.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; MARDI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5187
Year: 1984
Title: Annals of the VI Seminar on forest conditions and perspectives. Situation of forest entomology and pathology in Brazil. Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, 16-17 Feb. 1982
Journal: Documentos, Unidade Regional de Pesquisa Florestal Centro Sul, EMBRAPA, Brazil
Issue: 14
Keywords: Oncideres-impluviata; Mimosa-scabrella; Insect-pests; Damage-; Oncideres-; Eucalyptus-; Diseases-; Pinus-;
Brazil
Abstract: Fourteen papers are presented, with particular reference to Eucalyptus, Pinus, Hevea brasiliensis, and cocoa, tree seed pests and/or diseases, and Oncideres impluviata (Cerambycidae) damage to Mimosa scabrella.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
81 pp.; manyref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5416
Year: 1984
Title: Miscellaneous pests
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Pages: 75-81
Keywords: Bathycoelia-thalassina; Biology-; Anomis-leona; Earias-biplaga; Characoma-stictigrapta; Natural-enemies; Arthropods-; Distribution-; Parasites-; Food-plants; Trissolcus-; Hosts-; Predators-; Formicidae-; Araneae-; Prey-; Nematoda-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Short accounts, with some results, are presented on 4 research projects on pests of cocoa in Ghana. The species (and topics) dealt with are Bathycoelia thalassina (including its seasonal population cycle, insect population and tree density, egg parasitism (by Trissolcus spp.) and predation (by ants and spiders)), Anomis leona, Earias biplaga and Characoma stictigrapta (especially their biology and a range of arthropod and nematode parasites).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5417
Year: 1984
Title: Mealybug studies
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Pages: 62-75
Keywords: Pest-resistance; Planococcoides-njalensis; Cacao-swollen-shoot-virus; Transmission-; Planococcus-citri; Phenacoccus-hargreavesi; Vectors-; Oecophylla-longinoda; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Interactions-; Pseudococcidae-; Tetramorium-aculeatum; Tetramorium-; Pheidole-; Crematogaster-; Food-plants; Resistance-; Toxoptera-aurantii; Mesohomotoma-tessmanni; Miridae; Distantiella-theobroma; Helopeltis-; Bathycoelia-thalassina; Insect-pests; Formicidae-; Distribution-;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Short accounts, with some results, are presented on 7 research projects, mainly on mealybugs, on cocoa in Ghana. The topics dealt with include the rate of spread of cacao swollen shoot virus (with Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri and Phenacoccus hargreavesi as vectors), varietal resistance to mealybugs, ant-mealybug interactions (with reference to Oecophylla longinoda, Tetramorium, Macromischoides aculeatus [T. aculeatum], Pheidole spp. and 16 species of Crematogaster), varietal resistance in cocoa to insect pests (especially Planococcus citri, Planococcoides njalensis, Toxoptera aurantii, Tyora tessmanni [Mesohomotoma tessmanni], Distantiella theobroma, Helopeltis spp. and Bathycoelia thalassina), within-tree mealybug distribution, screening insecticides for mealybug control and the biology of mealybugs
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5418
Year: 1984
Title: Capsid studies
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Distantiella-theobroma; Distribution-; Sahlbergella-singularis; Anomis-leona; Earias-biplaga; Mesohomotoma-tessmanni; Xylosandrus-compactus; Leiophron-sahlbergellae; Biology-; Natural-enemies; Arthropods-; Food-plants; Pseudococcus-; Acrididae-; Aphididae-; Crematogaster-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Parasites-; Hosts-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Short accounts, with some results, are presented on 7 research projects on cocoa pests (mainly mirid bugs, especially Distantiella theobroma and Sahlbergella singularis) and their natural enemies in Ghana. The topics dealt with include bug population cycles, seasonal movement of mirids in an infested area, the rehabilitation of areas damaged by mirids, parasitism of S. singularis (especially by Euphorus sahlbergellae [Leiophron sahlbergellae]) mirid movement and oviposition as related to light intensity, and insect succession on cocoa (with notes on several species including Crematogaster sp., Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, Anomis leona, Earias biplaga, Tyora tessmanni [Mesohomotoma tessmanni], Pseudococcus sp., D. theobroma, S. singularis, aphids and Xyleborus morstatti [Xylosandrus compactus]).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
57-62; 3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 418
Year: 1985
Title: Proceedings 9th international coca research conference
Journal: Lagos
Volume: 760
Keywords: Agronomy; crop-protection; plant-breeding; utilization; socio-economics; soils-and-plant-nutrition
Tropical Regions
Abstract: This volume presents the proceedings of the 9th International Cocoa Research Conference held at Lome, Togo, from, 12 to 18 February, 1984. Papers submitted to the conference were grouped under the following headings: (1) priorities of cacao research in the next decade; (2) agronomy, physiology, soils and nutrition; (3) genetics and breeding; (4) diseases; (5) by-products and bean utilization; (6) pests; (7) extension, fermentation, storage, marketing and quality.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., figs, bibliography (vp.); summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2433
Year: 1985
Title: De Zaan Far East
Journal: Singapore: Zaan Far East, [1985]
Volume: 11
Keywords: Cocoa-powder;
Singapore
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4951
Year: 1985
Title: The Dutch cocoa processing industry
Journal: Agri Holland
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: Cocoa-industry; Netherlands-
Abstract: Cocoa manufacturing in the Netherlands goes back to the 17th century. Of the total volume of cocoa beans imported into the Netherlands, over 80% is re-exported in the form of semi-manufactures (cocoa powder and cocoa butter). The Netherlands is the main exporter of both these (total value over f 1495 million), and of chocolate products (f 640 million). Production of cocoa butter has risen to 75 000 t/year, with imports of 25 000 t, and export value of f 1057 million. Cocoa powder production rose to 80 000 t in 1984, with exports of 72 000 t, worth f 439 million. Chocolate products are sold mainly within the EC.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pl., tab., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4954
Year: 1985
Title: CIBC Annual report 1984-85
Journal: Report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control
Volume: 58
Issue: 11
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; IPM-; Mollusca; Sarasinula-plebeias; Reports-; Biological-control; Arthropods-; Plants-; Lucerne-; Pest-control; Apples-; Pastures-; Cassava Sugarcane-; Coffee-; Coconuts-; Mangoes-; Forest-pests; Control-; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Carduus-; Centaurea Euphorbia Ulex-europaeus; Cytisus-scoparius; Pteridium-aquilinum; Acacia-arabica; Parthenium-hysterophorus; Abutilon-theophrasti; Hydrilla-verticillata; Eichhornia-crassipes; Molluscs-; Glossina-aa Annual-reports
Canada-; India-; Pakistan-; United-Kingdom; Trinidad-and-Tobago;
Abstract: Information is provided on numerous projects in Commonwealth and other countries on the biological control (using arthropods and pathogens as control agents) of invertebrate pests (mainly arthropods) and weeds. The programmes on agricultural pests discussed include those for Canada (on pests of lucerne, apple and pastures) and those on cassava pests, Conopomorpha cramerella (on cocoa), sugarcane borers, coffee pests, coconut pests, mango pests, and the slug Sarasinula plebeias. Programmes on forest pests and Glossina spp. are also described. The target weeds discussed include knapweeds (Centaurea spp.), Carduus spp., Euphorbia spp., gorse (Ulex europaeus), broom (Cytisus scoparius), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Acacia nilotica [A. arabica], Parthenium hysterophorus, velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti), Hydrilla verticillata and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Summaries are included of 11 projects in Europe, 5 in India, 7 in Kenya, 6 in Pakistan, 9 in the United Kingdom and 5 in the West Indies (mainly Trinidad). Numerous services and shipments of natural enemies are also summarized.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; fig., published by Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, United Kingdom


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4958
Year: 1985
Title: Dutch trade with Africa in 1984. Rapid advance in cocoa and coffee imports and stagnation of exports. For Africa: import share 5.9%; export share 3.2%
Journal: Marches Tropicaux et Mediterraneens
Issue: 2085
Pages: 2623-2625
Keywords: International-trade;
Africa-; Netherlands-
Abstract: Imports into the Netherlands from Africa in 1984 increased by only 4.2%. This near stagnation is explained by a slight set-back of crude oil deliveries (-5%), as well as purchases of oil products (-16%) and tobacco leaves (-32%). On the other hand, African deliveries of cocoa (+37%) and coffee (+40%) significantly increased. The article analyzes underlying trends in exports and imports between African countries and the Netherlands in 1984.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 tab., BIDS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4973
Year: 1985
Title: Management report 1984
Volume: 155
Keywords: Maps-; Phaseolus-vulgaris; Vegetables-; Bananas-; Sugarcane-; Sorghum-; Cotton-; Agricultural-research
Colombia
Abstract: This report includes summaries of research on industrial crops (including cotton, cocoa, coconuts and oil palms), annual crops (including Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna mungo, maize, sorghum and rice), miscellaneous crops (including vegetables, bananas, sugarcane and tobacco) and on animal husbandry (cattle, poultry, rabbits and pigs).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; many col. pl., maps. Bogota, Colombia; Ministerio de Agricultura


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4979
Year: 1985
Title: Annual report for the year 1984
Keywords: Sugarcane-; Vegetables-; Citrus-; Agricultural-research
Fiji
Abstract: The state of the main agricultural sectors in Fiji in 1984, including sugarcane, rice, coconuts, cocoa, root crops, vegetables, fish, beef and dairy cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep, goats and bees are reported. The work of various divisions of the ministry is outlined. Results of research on rice, root crops, vegetables, cocoa, coconuts, citrus, other fruits, pulses and maize carried out by the research division are summarized.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
109pp. Suva, Fiji


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4986
Year: 1985
Title: The world cocoa market. Le marche mondial du cacao
Keywords: International-agreements; World-markets
Abstract: World production, consumption, export and stock levels of cocoa, between 1978-85, are presented. High prices in the mid 1970s encouraged farmers to improve yields and expand area under cocoa production. The extent of overproduction is estimated at 98 000 t in 1984/85. The leading producers are Ivory Coast, Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, with GFR, USA, Netherlands, USSR and UK as the main importing nations. Cocoa marketing is analysed focusing on the roles of the New York and Paris stock exchange markets, international cocoa agreements and Nestle. It is argued that Nestle supports international product agreements which allow an equitable earning among producer nations and long term market stability.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11pp.; OAE. Lausanne, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4987
Year: 1985
Title: Cultivars released in 1983 and 1984. Cocoa
Journal: Agronomico
Volume: 37
Issue: 2
Pages: 93
Keywords: Varieties-; Cultivars-; Characteristics-
Brazil-; Cruzeiro-do-Sul;
Abstract: The clonal cultivar IAC1-Cruzeiro do Sul was derived from UF677 by open pollination and individual selection. It belongs to the Segregante Trinitario varietal type and has fruits of 420-940 g with 20-50 seeds/fruit. It forms an erect, vigorous plant and is noted for its tolerance of Phytophthora palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4994
Year: 1985
Title: Annual report for 1983
Volume: 196
Keywords: Piper-nigrum; Vegetables-; Cashews-; Syzygium-aromaticum; Myristica-fragrans; Shorea; Watermelons-; Passion-fruits; Cauliflowers-; Cabbages-; Chinese-cabbages; Aubergines-; Tomatoes-; Capsicum-; Groundnuts-;
Malaysia; Sarawak
Abstract: Results of research on the following crops and subjects are reported: rice, pepper (Piper nigrum), tree crops (cocoa, coconuts, coffee, illipe nut (Shorea sp.), cashews, cloves, nutmeg, tea and oil palms), sago, field crops (soyabeans, maize, groundnuts, mung beans, cowpeas and tapioca), fruit crops (including watermelons and passion fruits), vegetables (cauliflowers, cabbages, Chinese cabbages, aubergines, tomatoes and Capsicum peppers), peat utilization for annual and perennial crops, soil surveys, animal husbandry (including duck rearing), inland fisheries and aquaculture, and sericulture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; maps. Kuching, Sarawak; Ministry of Agriculture and Community Development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5007
Year: 1985
Title: CEPLAC. Report of researches in 1983. CEPLAC
Volume: 1
Keywords: Lepidoptera; Stenomidae-; Hemiptera Miridae-; Hymenoptera Formicidae-; Acari-; Eriophyidae-; Pyralidae-; Coleoptera Curculionidae-; Cerambycidae-; Natural-enemies; Arthropod-pests; Conotrachelus-; Steirastoma-breve; Stenoma-decora; Monalonion-; Atta-cephalotes; Eriophyes-reyesi; Clastoptera-aa Terastia-meticulosalis; Ephestia-cautella; Control-; Mating-disruption; Sex-pheromones; Cercopidae-; Microbial-pesticides; Metarhizium-anisopliae; Biology-; Beneficial-arthropods; Insecticides-; Nontarget-effects; Equipment-; Insecticide-application; Araneae-; Prey-; pests
Brazil-;
Abstract: This report contains details of the work carried out under the auspices of the Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Brazil, in 1983; the work was mainly concerned with cocoa cultivation and production. The sections that contain information of entomological interest include one (pp. 61-69) on equipment for the application of insecticides and other phytosanitary treatments; one (pp. 77-98) in which the topics include the control of arthropod pests of cocoa (including Stenoma decora, Monalonion spp., Atta cephalotes, Eriophyes reyesi, Clastoptera sp. and Terastia meticulosalis), beneficial species in cocoa plantations (pollinators, parasites and predators), residues of plant protection chemicals in produce and water, and the control of Ephestia cautella in stored cocoa using synthetic sex pheromones; one (pp. 297-300) on the use of Metarhizium anisopliae to control pasture froghoppers [Cercopidae]; and one (pp. 453-456) on the bioecology and control of the cocoa pests Conotrachelus sp. and Steirastoma breve, the effect of insecticides on cocoa pests and the spiders preying on them in Amazonia, and the insect fauna in cocoa plantations in Altamira, Para.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xiii+485pp.; many fig. (col.). Ilheus, Brazil; Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5026
Year: 1985
Title: Annual Report for 1983 and 1984
Keywords: Reports-; Rubber-; Paspalum-conjugatum; Ottochloa-nodosa; Calopogonium-caeruleum; 2,4-D; Residues-; Soils-; 2,4,5-T; Paraquat-; Analytical-methods; Malaysia,-Guthrie-Research-Chemara; Guthrie-Research-Chemara; Oil-palms; Cocoa-
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Research work conducted at the Guthrie Research Chemara, Malaysia is described, including oil palm agronomy, nutrition and breeding, rubber exploitation and agronomy, control of [Paspalum] conjugatum, [Ottochloa] nodosa and [Calopogonium] caeruleum in the inter-rows of rubber plantations, rubber factory effluent, rehabilitation of low-yielding cocoa trees, sheep upgrading and production, pasture undergrowth and crop management studies, utilization of agroindustrial byproducts in animal farming, plant protection against insects, vertebrata and diseases, chemistry and technology in relation to the analysis of oil palm and rubber samples, pesticides/herbicides (including 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and paraquat) in soil, and other samples such as ethylene release from ethephon samples or the determination of polysaccharide contents in root crops, and statistical techniques including data processing, statistical analyses and computer facilities.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
59pp. Seremban, Malaysia; Guthrie Research Chemara


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5047
Year: 1985
Title: Western Samoa agriculture sector study, Volume I: recommended strategies and programs; Volume II: background and sector review
Journal: Manila, Philippines
Keywords: Regional; Agricultural-policy; Agricultural-situation;
Western-Samoa
Abstract: This report identifies constraints that have inhibited agricultural growth in Western Samoa in the past and recommends strategies that will make sustained and rapid growth possible in the future. Policies and developments in different subsectors were examined. Problems identified include: age of coconut and cocoa trees, of which a high proportion have reached senescence; poor disease and pest control; inefficient husbandry practices; and inadequate support services and marketing systems. An evident need exists to raise the productivity of smallholder agriculture through better marketing arrangements, higher producer incentives and the introduction of improved crop varieties and farming practices. Export performance has also posed a major problem. The principal export crops have been copra, cocoa, banana and taro. The production of copra has been virtually stagnant for a number of years, and its export has fluctuated widely from year to year. Cocoa production is now half to one-third of what was recorded in the early 1970s. Banana production is now principally for the domestic market, as the export performance deteriorated after the mid-1960s following extensive cyclone damage and agronomic and marketing problems. To a certain extent banana has been replaced as an export crop by taro, which remains the principal staple for domestic food consumption. Parts 1, 2 and 3 along with their appendices (including project profiles) constitute Volume I and are of special value to planners and those interested chiefly in the proposed directions of Western Samoan agriculture. Parts 4 and 5 and their appendices constitute Volume II, where the supporting data and analyses that back up the strategy and recommended programmes and projects in Volume I are contained. A bibliography is included at the end of Volume II.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
296p. 269p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5073
Year: 1985
Title: Research Division.Fiji, Ministry of Primary Industries\ Ministry of Primary Industries, Fiji
Journal: Annual report for the year
Issue: 79
Keywords: Pests; Diseases; Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae-; Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae-; Natural-enemies; Agricultural-research; Pest-control; Plutella-xylostella; Cabbages-; Othreis-fullonia; Citrus-; Oryctes-; Coconut; Control-; Microbial-pesticides; Baculovirus-oryctes; Against-; Biological-control; Arthropods-; Crops-; Rice-; Vegetables-; Maize-mosaic-virus; Cereals-; Root-crops; Maize-; Fodder-crops; Nuts-; Fibre-plants; Beverage-plants; Plant-viruses; Weeds-; Plant-parasitic-nematodes; Fruits-
Fiji-;
Abstract: This report on agricultural research in Fiji includes information on rice (including varietal trials, fertilizers, and the biology and control of weeds, diseases and insect pests), root crops (including varietal trials and the control of diseases and nematode pests), vegetables (including varietal trials, control of diseases and the biological control of diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella] on cabbage), tropical fruits (including varietal trials, fertilizers and the biological control of the noctuid Othreis fullonia on Citrus), maize (including varietal trials for resistance to maize mosaic virus), cocoa (including varietal trials and the control of pests and diseases) and coconut (including intercropping with annual crops and microbial control of rhinoceros beetles [Oryctes] with the virus Baculovirus oryctes).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Ministry of Primary Industries, Fiji. 1986, 35-41; Parliamentary Paper Fiji; Parliament of Fiji


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5434
Year: 1985
Title: Research Reports 1983
Volume: 485
Keywords: Reports;
Brazil
Abstract: Research on agroclimatology, soils, pasture management, rubber production and mixed farming systems in the cocoa-producing regions of Bahia and Espirito Santo is reported, in addition to recent trials on genetic improvement, physiology, nutrition and fertilizer regimes, cultural techniques, and control of weeds, pests and diseases in cocoa crops. Relevant reports are abstracted separately.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Ilheus, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5493
Year: 1985
Title: Insecticides
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 86
Pages: 31-38
Keywords: Hemiptera; Insect-pests; Natural-enemies; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis; Pesticides-; Nontarget-effects; Insecticides-; Fungicides-; Resistance-; Insecticide-resistance; Miridae-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The results are presented of 6 laboratory and field investigations on pesticides against insect pests of cocoa in Ghana. These were on laboratory testing for insecticide resistance in the mirids Distantiella theobroma and Sahlbergella singularis; field trials with insecticides against these mirids; field trials with mixtures of insecticides and fungicides against these mirids and black pod; side effects of the pesticide used against other arthropods, including natural enemies of pests; taint and residue tests; and long-term effects of insecticides (on pests and natural enemies).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/ 1987, Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5494
Year: 1985
Title: Miscellaneous insects
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 86
Pages: 30-32
Keywords: Orthoptera; Coleoptera Lepidoptera Noctuidae-; Insects-; Hymenoptera Eulophidae-; Insect-pests; Natural-enemies; Tettigoniidae-; Rutelidae-; Anomis-leona; Parasitoids-; Euplectrus-leonae; Hosts-; Plantations-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: In 1985-86, populations of the noctuid Anomis leona on cocoa in Ghana were high throughout the year, with a peak in January. Parasitism of larvae by Euplectrus leonae began to build up in April and reached a peak in August; parasitism averaged 4.1%, as compared with 7.9% in 1984-85. In an assessment of populations of minor insect pests on mature cocoa, the population of a tettigoniid was consistently the highest, followed by that of a leaf-eating rutelid.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/ 1987, Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5495
Year: 1985
Title: Mealybug studies
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 86
Pages: 24-30
Keywords: Pest-resistance; Hemiptera; Insect-pests; Pseudococcidae-; Natural-enemies; Planococcoides-njalensis; Planococcus-citri; Phenacoccus-hargreavesi; Pseudococcus-concavocerarii; Ferrisia-virgata; Sampling-; Varietal-susceptibility
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The results are presented of 3 projects on the biology, incidence and control of mealybugs (especially Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri, Phenacoccus hargreavesi, Pseudococcus concavocerarii and Ferrisia virgata) and other pests on cocoa in Ghana. These were on the field evaluaton of varietal susceptiblity to cocoa insect pests, evaluation of sampling methods for estimating population densities of mealybugs, and natural enemies of mealybugs.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/ 1987, Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4962
Year: 1986
Title: Emptying the cup
Journal: Economist, UK
Volume: 298
Issue: 7432
Keywords: International-agreements
Abstract: The present international cocoa agreement has been in effective suspension since 1982, and expires in September 1986. No decisions have yet been made by representatives of 42 cocoa producing and consuming countries on a new agreement. The international cocoa agreement has a dismal history and the troubles of the International Cocoa Organization have been magnified by the absence of the world's biggest producer, the Ivory Coast, and its biggest consumer the USA. From the new agreement producers want a tougher line, with buffer-stock arrangements and export quotas to defend a floor price of 100 cents per lb. Consumers want no price floor but loose intervention limites on either side of a target price of around 105 cents per lb, and provision for frequent reviews. Export quotas are not favoured by the main consumers; the EC proposes the withholding of limited supplies from the market if the buffer stock manager is near the exhaustion of his resources. If the consumers get their way, the new agreement would simply iron out short term fluctuations around a market-dictated trend.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.56, 58; OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4985
Year: 1986
Title: Chocolate fruit and nut
Journal: Economist, UK
Volume: 300
Issue: 7456
Keywords: International-agreements; Evaluation-
Abstract: The International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) uses the cocoa agreement to reduce price instability, buying cocoa when prices fall below an agreed lower limit and selling from a buffer stock when prices rise above an agreed upper limit. However, cocoa's largest consumer (the USA) and its fastest growing producer (Malaysia) have kept outside the agreement, believing that it increases supply and restrains demand, thus intensifying rather than reducing price instability. The latest cocoa agreement has, however, been improved. The ICCO now uses a crawling-peg mechanism to adjust the price levels it defends. It must also be remembered that if the ICCO disappeared the current cocoa buffer stock of over 100 000 t would suddenly be sold, intensifying the debt-cases of countries such as Brazil and Nigeria. In contrast to the optional choice surrounding the use of hedging and futures contracts, commodity agreements need consensus among competing producers and consumers. This can usually be reached only on terms acceptable to the highest cost producer in the group, which is why the agreements do not generally work.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.16; OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5027
Year: 1986
Title: CIBC annual report 1985-86
Journal: Slough, UK
Keywords: IPM-; Biological-control; Weeds-; Reports-; Arthropods-; Forests-; Arthropod-pests; Control-; Sugarcane-; Cassava; Ulex-; Cytisus-; Pteridium-; Acacia Striga-aa Salvinia-;
Canada-; USA-; Pakistan-; Europe-; India-; Kenya-; UK-; Caribbean-;
Abstract: The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control has been renamed the CAB International Institute of Biological Control and retains the acronym CIBC. This annual report includes a section on highlights (with notes on important projects on the control of arthropod pests and weeds in many parts of the world). There follow sections on agricultural pests, forestry pests and weeds, in which notes are presented on numerous projects, under the headings: investigations for Canada Agriculture; sugarcane pests, coffee pests, coconut pests, cocoa pod borer, cassava pests, PARC-CIBC pest management investigations [in Pakistan], coccid pests, investigations for Canada Forestry Department, mahogany shoot borers, investigations [on weeds] for Canada and USA; gorse [Ulex] and broom [Cytisus]; bracken [Pteridium]; prickly acacia [Acacia sp.]; witchweeds [Striga] and Salvinia. Summaries of these and other projects (totalling about 45 projects), together with notes on numerous biological control services, are provided in appendixes. The projects and services are described under the headings Europe, India, Kenya, Pakistan, UK and West Indies, indicating the CIBC stations responsible for these studies.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5040
Year: 1986
Title: Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1984
Volume: 194
Keywords: Reports-; Malaysia; Dep.-Agric.
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Studies (noticed separately) are reported on some aspects of the pathology of rice, black pepper, cocoa and tomato.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xi + pp. Kuching, Sarawak; Minist. Agric. Community Development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5053
Year: 1986
Title: Annual report 1985. Informe anual 1985
Journal: Turrialba, Costa Rica
Issue: 7
Keywords: Reports-; Costa-Rica; Costa-Rica,-Centro-Agronomico-Tropical-de-Investigacion-y-Ensenanza; Centro-Agronomico-Tropical-de-Investigacion-y-Ensenanza; Bananas-; Coffee-; Cocoa-
Abstract: This report includes progress on research, education and external cooperation. Animal production research includes: pastures and forages; tropical cattle, pig, sheep and goat production programmes; agroforestry systems; and mixed farming systems in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama and Costa Rica. Research on annual crops includes: production systems on small farms; extension work in technology transfer; development of agricultural technology in specific geographical areas; drought resistant crops; and integrated pest management. Perennial crops covered include bananas, coffee and cocoa. Research on natural renewable resources includes forestry, agroforestry systems, forested areas and water.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
127 pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5054
Year: 1986
Title: Annual report for the year 1985
Volume: 77
Keywords: Reports-; Fiji-; Cows-; Ministry-of-Primary-Industries; Fiji,-Ministry-of-Primary-Industries; Sugarcane-; Coconuts-; Zingiber-officinale; Coffee-; Passion-fruits; Citrus-; Pineapples-; Tropical-fruits; Vegetables-; Groundnuts-; Sorghum-
Abstract: The area, production, yield and value of sugarcane, coconuts, rice, ginger, cocoa, coffee, passion fruit, citrus fruits, pineapples, other tropical fruits, root crops, vegetables, sorghum, maize, groundnuts, pulses, tobacco, fish, beef and dairy cattle, poultry, goats, pigs, sheep and bees are summarized. Other aspects of work of the ministry such as education, training, research, extension, information, economic planning and statistics, animal health and production, quarantine, drainage and irrigation, fisheries and an agricultural tribunal are outlined.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Fiji; Parliament of Fiji


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5077
Year: 1986
Title: Management report 1985
Journal: Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario
Keywords: Sugarcane-; Vegetables-; Furcraea; Fruit-crops; Oil-palms; Sorghum-; Cotton-; Sesame-; Groundnuts-; Triticum-; Agricultural-research; Hordeum-
Colombia-;
Abstract: Research is reported on cotton, rice, cocoa, wheat, barley, oats, coconuts, miscellaneous crops (including sugarcane, vegetables, fique [Furcraea sp.] and tobacco), fruit crops, legumes and annual oilseeds (including soyabeans, sesame, groundnuts and lentils), maize, oil palms and sorghum, and on fisheries and animal husbandry (beekeeping, cattle, poultry, pigs, rabbits, sheep and goats).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
197pp.; maps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5090
Year: 1986
Title: Annual report 1985
Journal: India, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
Keywords: Research
India-;
Abstract: Research is reported on crops which include cocoa, coconut, black pepper, cashew, cardamom, cumin, fennel, arecanut, turmeric, oil palm, coriander, fenugreek, rice, ginger, clove, nutmeg and sugarcane.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
213pp. Kasaragod, India; CPCRI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5105
Year: 1986
Title: Annual Report, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 1984
Keywords: Reports-; MARDI-; Plant-diseases; Diseases-
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Reports of studies on plant pathology are included in the sections on various crops including rice, cocoa and coconut, fruits and tobacco.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
vii + 136pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; MARDI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5484
Year: 1986
Title: Report for the period 1982/83 - 1984/85
Volume: 242
Keywords: Entomology-; Arthropod-pests
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Research is reported in the following sections: agronomy; entomology; plant breeding; plant pathology; plant physiology and biochemistry; and soil science. Meteorological data for the years 1982-1984, with a 47-year mean, are tabulated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5080
Year: 1987
Title: Household food consumption and expenditure: 1985
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Keywords: Man-; Reports-; UK-; National-Food-Survey-Committee; Food-consumption
Abstract: Expenditure in the UK on food for consumption in the home was £9.37 per person per week in 1985 (3.8% higher than in 1984). Household consumption of liquid whole milk was 3.24 pints per person per week, 8% lower than in the previous year. This was partly offset by the increase in consumption of low-fat milks which has more than trebled since 1983 and accounted for more than 11% of liquid milk purchases in 1985. Average intake of natural and processed cheese increased between 1984 and 1985 resulting in an intake of 3.91 oz per person per week in 1985. Total expenditure on meat and meat products was just under 30% of total household expenditure on all foods. There was increased consumption of beef, pork, bacon, ham and of other meat and meat products except for lamb and uncooked poultry. Consumption of fresh and prepared fish decreased in 1985 reflecting prices more than 10% higher than in 1984. That decrease was offset by increased purchases of processed and frozen fish where the increase in average prices paid was lower. Consumption of eggs decreased to 3.15 per person per week continuing the long-term decline. Household consumption of butter and margarine decreased slightly from the 1984 amount to 6.59 oz per person per week. Average consumption of lard also decreased but intake of other fat and oils, including low-fat and dairy spreads increased in 1985. Household purchases of sugar decreased continuing a downward trend over recent years. The average consumption of fresh potatoes increased to 40.96 oz per person per week reflecting lower average prices. Although household consumption of fresh green vegetables decreased in total to 9.78 oz per person per week this was offset by increased consumption of other fresh vegetables and processed alternatives, especially frozen products. Average consumption of fresh and processed fruit (including fruit juices) decreased overall in 1985 compared with the previous year. Expenditure on cereals and cereal products increased by over 5% in 1985 ! and the share of total household expenditure on all food was almost 16%. The reduction in consumption of white bread continued but there was a sharp increase in purchases of other bread, notably wholemeal. Purchases of breakfast cereals fell for the first time in many years and consumption of other cereal products, except oatmeal products, was also lower. Household consumption of tea decreased but average purchases of coffee, cocoa and branded drinks were virtually unchanged.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xi + 88pp.; tab., app. London, UK; HMSO


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5082
Year: 1987
Title: Annual report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture for the year 1985
Volume: 226
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora; Cryptophlebia-encarpa; NAA-; Capsicum-annuum; Rice-; Sago-; Soyabeans-; Vigna-radiata; Lepidoptera; Tortricidae-; Control-; Insecticides-; Deltamethrin-;
Malaysia; Sarawak
Abstract: Experimental work conducted by the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak in 1985 is reported. The objective of 1985 research was to generate, adopt and promote appropriate technology for crop production, with emphasis on pepper (Piper nigrum), rice, sago, tree crops including cocoa, and agricultural utilization of peat and acid sulphate soils. In the rice programme, 6 cv. showed good performances under experimental conditions. Pepper research work included trials on the use of NAA, fertilizers, and resistance to and control of foot-rot (Phytophthora palmivora). Further research covered sago processing equipment and control of the cocoa husk borer (Cryptophlebia encarpa) using deltamethrin. High-yielding soyabean cv. (up to 2.42 t seed/ha) and Vigna radiata cv. (>1.2 t/ha) were also studied.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kuching, Sarawak


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5085
Year: 1987
Title: CIBC report April-December 1986
Journal: CAB International Institute of Biological Control
Volume: 8
Keywords: Reports-; Pests; Diseases; Biological-control; Lucerne-; Pest-control; Sugarcane-; Coffee-; Fruits-; Vegetables-; Forests-; Arthropods-; Control-; Weeds-; IPM;
uk-;
Abstract: Investigations on the biological control of weeds and arthropods (using arthropods and pathogens as control agents) in many parts of the world are reviewed. The pests dealt with include those on lucerne, sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, fruits, vegetables and forests. Short reports on about 50 projects and various services are included. An index to the many target organisms and natural enemies discussed is provided.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
51pp.; fig. Wallingford, UK; CAB International


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5123
Year: 1987
Title: Czechoslovakia: a market for products from developing countries
Volume: 1
Issue: 51
Keywords: Imports-; Developing-Countries; Exports-; Markets-
Czechoslovakia-;
Abstract: This study of Czechoslovakia as a market for products from developing countries discusses the basic characteristics and role of foreign trade in Czechoslovakia's economic development; Czechoslovakia's trade with developing countries; its foreign trade system; and practical aspects of operating on the Czechoslovak market. It gives summary data on the Czechoslovak market for a range of products and the appendix lists trade-related organizations with addresses. Products covered include: fish; vegetables; fruit; coffee, tea, cocoa beans and spices; animal and vegetable fats and oils; wine; animal feed; tobacco; minerals; chemical products; plastics and rubber; leather; logs; textiles and clothing and non-ferrous metals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xiii + 149pp.; app., tab., Geneva, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5133
Year: 1987
Title: Management report 1986
Journal: Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario
Keywords: Reports-; Sugarcane-; Vegetables-; Tomatoes-; Onions-; Peas-; Vicia-faba; Cabbages-; Carrots-; Capsicum-; Bananas-; Guavas-; Oranges-; Grapes-; Pineapples-; Melons-; Watermelons-; Oil-palms; Sesame-; Sorghum-; Cotton-; Triticum-; Agricultural-research;
Colombia-;
Abstract: Research is reported on agricultural crops (cotton, rice and cocoa), cereals (wheat and barley), miscellaneous crops (sugarcane, vegetables including tomatoes, onions, peas, Vicia faba, cabbages, carrots and Capsicum, bananas, tobacco and cassava), fruit crops including guavas, oranges, grapes, pineapples, melons and watermelons, pulses and annual oilseeds (Phaseolus vulgaris, soyabeans and sesame), maize, oil palms and Sorghum, and on animal husbandry (cattle, poultry, pigs, rabbits, sheep and goats) and beekeeping.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
100pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5380
Year: 1987
Title: States, development structures, farmers. General report and summary of communications delivered at the seminar held in Montpellier 16-20 September 1985
Keywords: Agricultural-policy; Rice-; Producer-prices; Price-policy; Plantations-; Food-grains; Marketing-policy;Agroforestry-; Conservation-;Economics-; Prices-;
Ivory-Coast; Cameroon-; Togo-; Brazil-; Indonesia-; Mali-; Senegal-;
Abstract: The report contains summaries of seminar papers dealing with various agricultural policy issues in West Africa, Congo, Brazil and Indonesia. The papers focus on: (1) administration of agricultural policy in Ivory Coast; (2) rice producer pricing policy in Ivory Coast; (3) state intervention in cocoa farming in the Congo; (4) colonial agricultural policy in Ivory Coast; (5) state intervention in plantation crop farming (coffee, cocoa and rubber) in Cameroon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Brazil; (6) food grain marketing policy in Senegal; and (7) agroforestry and other land conservation strategies implemented in Indonesia and Mali.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
51pp.; Montpellier, France


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5485
Year: 1987
Title: Annual report 1985/86
Volume: 121
Keywords: Entomology-; Arthropod-pests
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Research is reported in the following sections: agronomy; entomology; plant breeding; plant pathology; plant physiology and biochemistry; and soil science. Meteorological data for 1985 with a 48-year mean are tabulated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5645
Year: 1987
Title: The sixth 5-year economic, social and cultural plan of Cameroon (1986-90): agricultural development (part 1)
Journal: Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire
Issue: 1350
Pages: 4-10
Keywords: Development-plans;
Cameroon-
Abstract: The plan objectives include: increasing food production, expansion of the agro-industrial sector, and assisting young farmers in rural areas. The level of food self sufficiency is expected to increase from 92.8% in 1984/85 to 115% in 1990/91. The expected average annual growth rate is 6.9% for cereals (5.5% for sorghum and 7.4% for maize). Other production targets by 1990/91 are: starchy foods, 3.383 Mt; cocoa, 145 000 t; arabica coffee, 25 000 t; robusta coffee, 125 000 t; and tea, 3600 t.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5650
Year: 1987
Title: Cocoa: a trader's guide
Volume: 8
Issue: 17
Keywords: International-trade; World-markets
Abstract: The guide is primarily concerned with cocoa and four intermediate cocoa products: cocoa liquor, butter, cake and powder. It provides information designed to guide developing countries through the complexities of the world cocoa trading system. Seven sections cover: (1) the structure of the world cocoa economy, identifying major cocoa-producing nations and assessing their potential. It also identifies world markets for cocoa beans and products; provide information on the tariff and non-tariff barriers to the cocoa trade and describes the regulations and operations of the International Cocoa Agreement; (2) the trade structure of producing countries, describing their internal marketing systems and assessing how these systems have affected the performance of cocoa industries. Information on the seasonal pattern of the cocoa trade is summarized; (3) the mechanics of exporting cocoa to consuming nations, acting as a guide to the marketing channels for cocoa, listing the advantages and disadvantages of each channel for producing countries, the various contracts of the principal cocoa associations; and major aspects of the freight of cocoa beans by ocean transport, including insurance; (4) futures trading procedures, and the practices and terminology of commodity markets, including physical and futures trading with a review of the operation and membership of the cocoa exchanges in London, Paris and New York, and a guide to producers on the use of futures markets to maximize incomes and minimize risks from trade in cocoa; (5) information sources on the cocoa trade, and the forms in which cocoa information is stored, and the way in which it is transmitted to interested parties. Available methods for forecasting movements in world cocoa markets are described; (6) financial arrangements for exporting cocoa: forms of payment most frequently used in international cocoa transactions; forms and sources of credit; and methods used to minimize the currency risk of exporting cocoa. (7) different purchasing! strateg ies used by firms which buy cocoa for processing, types of firms in the cocoa-processing industry, and how the structure of the industry these buying policies and affects the use of both future and physical markets.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
269pp.; fig., tab., 2 app., Geneva, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5655
Year: 1987
Title: Commodity review and outlook 1986-87
Journal: FAO Economic and Social Development Series
Issue: 43
Keywords: Agricultural-trade; Trends-; Triticum-; Cereals-
Abstract: World agricultural commodity trade remains in a state of crisis. The partial recovery in global export earnings from this trade achieved in 1984 was wiped out in 1985 and, on present indications, 1986 brought little improvement. As a consequence, total earnings from trade in agricultural, fishery and forestry products in 1986 were 10% less, in current US dollars, than in 1980, affecting both developed and developing countries in 1980. Large declines in commodity export prices, coupled with stagnation in the overall volume of agricultural trade, have been the major factors contributing to this highly unsatisfactory situation, which Parts I and II examine in detail. In 1986, for instance, the export prices of food commodities averaged almost 12% below the already depressed level of the previous year. Even larger declines occurred for cereals, vegetable oils and protein meals and, among raw materials, cotton. The export prices of only a few agricultural commodities showed some recovery, notably coffee, as a consequence of a temporary shortfall in supply, and sugar, following a period of extremely low free market prices. In general prices of temperate zone agricultural products (principally cereals and oilmeals) are under greater pressure than those of the beverage crops and agricultural raw materials. Part I comprises the general review; part II provides review and outlook by commodity: sugar, beverages (coffee, cocoa, tea) and tropical crops (bananas and pepper); oilseeds, fats and oils, oilcakes and meals; cereals, cassava and livestock products (rice, wheat, coarse grains, cassava, meat, milk and milk products); agricultural raw materials (cotton, jute, kenaf and allied fibres, hard fibres, natural rubber, hides and skins); other agricultural commodities (citrus fruit, wine, tobacco); fishery products; forestry products. The special feature in Part III, on the world pulse economy, is abstracted separately. The stagnation of the volume of agricultural trade, which has reflected the slowin! g down o f world economic expansion, is considered mainly attributable to two fundamental weaknesses in the global economic system, the intolerable burden of foreign indebtedness of the developing countries, and the persisting and ever increasing tendency toward protectionism in agriculture, particularly among the industrialized countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
125pp.;ref., fig., tab., OQEH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5681
Year: 1987
Title: Agricultural resources
Journal: Jamaica :country environmental profile
Keywords: Agricultural-development; Constraints-;
Jamaica-
Abstract: During the past two decades, agriculture has continued to be a mainstay of the Jamaican economy, employing between 20%-35% of the labour force. The agricultural sector (including fisheries, forestry and pasture) also dominates the Jamaican landscape, occuping 1 489 188 acres of the island's 2 720 000 acres. Jamaica's agricultural sector can be divided into sub-sectors as follows: export crops such as sugarcane, bananas, coffee, cocoa, citrus, and tobacco; crops for local ocnsumption, such as root crops, vegetables, fruits, and pulses; livestock products; fish and sea food; and commercial forestry. During 1977-86, agricultural performance was adversely affected by high import costs, marketing problems, water supply shortages affecting irrigation, rural emigration, inadequate technological inputs including agro-chemicals, machinery and equipment (due to foreign exchange scarcity), as well as by a decline in the number and size of farms. The deterioration in the balance of trade in agricultural products from the mid-1970s well into the 1980s, and the resulting dependence on imported supplies of dairy products, fish, and especially cereals such as maize and rice, were direct consequences of these problems. Despite these conditions, Jamaican agriculture has continued to respond to overseas demands, with small farms supplying export markets with tubers and plantains, and large farms exporting vegetables, condiments and fruits.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
259-289; fig., tab., published on behalf of the International Institute for Environment and Development, Kingston, Jamaica; Westport, Connecticut


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 423
Year: 1988
Title: 10th international cocoa research conference: proceedings, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 17-23 May 1987
Journal: Lagos
Volume: 968
Keywords: agricultural-research;
World
Abstract: In Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, a conference was held on research dealing with cacao. Papers presented during this conference dealt with: growth and performance of cacao and arecanut; replacing coffee plantations with cacao in the lower coffee-growing region of Colombia; peach palm, a potential multipurpose shade species for cacao in Brazil; cacao planting on the site of mature rubber groves in the south of Bahia, Brazil; "avenue" planting with food crops; models for rehabilitating small-scale cacao farms in Ghana; physiological aspects of growing cacao; soils and nutrition aspects; effects of insect pollinators on fruit set of cacoa flowers; pests and diseases; studies on field resistance of cacao varieties to Phytophthora palmivora, and on other aspects of genetics and breeding; and on production and utilization of cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., figs, bibliography (vp.); summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 687
Year: 1988
Title: List of pests and diseases present but of limited distribution in Asia and the Pacific Region
Journal: Quarterly Newsletter Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 9-13
Keywords: IPM-; Insect-pests; Distribution; Arthropod-pests; Weeds Diseases Hosts; Nematods; Plant-pests; Plant-diseases; Control; Biological-control; Insects Pathogens; Plant-parasitic-nematodes; Pests Nematodes; Pest-disease-management
Asia; Oceania
Abstract: A list of pests (arthropods and nematodes) and diseases which attack banana, cocoa, cassava [Manihot esculenta], citrus, coconut, coffee, cotton, groundnut [Arachis hypogaea], rubber [Hevea brasiliensis], maize, oil palm, papaya [pawpaw], potato, rice, sugarcane, sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas], tea, tobacco and weeds in the Asia and Pacific Region is given, with details of the known worldwide distribution of each.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 692
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report 1987
Volume: 174
Keywords: Research; Diseases Tissue-culture; Cell-culture; Cropping-systems; Breeding-; Selection-; Water-relations; Stress-; Nematoda; Harvesting-; Economics Postharvest-treatment; Pest-control
India;
Abstract: Brief reports are presented on 27 ongoing projects with tropical crops. Topics included were: diseases of coconuts and arecanuts; tissue, anther and cell culture (in coconuts, oil palms, and cardamoms [Elettaria cardamomum]); perennial crop-based farming systems (coconuts, cocoa, arecanuts etc.); breeding and selection; water management and stress physiology; nutritional requirement and crop management; pest management; integrated nematode management; harvest and post-harvest technology; economics of plantation crops; and agriculture, animal sciences and fishery research. Reports on 5 completed projects are also included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kasaragod, Kerala, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1295
Year: 1988
Title: Papua New Guinea: the potential for expansion
Journal: Planter
Volume: 64
Issue: 746
Pages: 211-215
Keywords: Prospects; Regional; crop-production; yield-potential; agricultural-situation; crop-area
Papua-New-Guinea
Abstract: The present situation of cacao production in Papua New Guinea is highlighted. At present the cacao production has stabilized at 30 000 t/year. Smallholders account for approximately 70% of the total production as compared with 35% in 1974. There are 128 000 ha under cacao which should result in a production of 47 000 t/year when the traditional productivity is maintained. Better planting techniques and an increased crop area should increase the yield to a higher level. The Cocoa Board estimates that only 5% of the soil suitable for cacao is at present under cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
May


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2115
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report of the Research Branch - Department of Agriculture Sarawak 1987
Volume: 192
Keywords: Annual-reports; Agriculture-;
Asia; Malaysia; Sarawak
Abstract: This report on agricltural research in Sarawak includes sections on rice, pepper (Piper nigrum), cocoa, coconut, coffee, nuts, oil palms, tea, cloves, cardamom, sago, fruit crops, vegetable crops, peat, soils and animal husbandry and pastures. In some of these, various aspects of the control of pests and diseases, including plant breeding, are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xii + pp.; 22ref. Sarawak


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2144
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report 1985
Volume: 229
Keywords: Reports MARDI; Coconuts Tropical-fruits
Malaysia-;
Abstract: This publication contains reviews on the research activities of the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in 1985. Chapters are included on: rice; cocoa and coconut; fruits; miscellaneous crops (mainly horticultural); tobacco; livestock; fundamental research; food technology; biotechnology; collaborative research; technology promotion; techno-economic and social studies; technical services and courses offered by MARDI. An appendix lists 1984-85 MARDI publications.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2152
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report 1986/87
Volume: 137
Keywords: Arthropod-pests; Insect-pests; Entomology-;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Research reports on: agronomy (mainly cocoa and coffee); entomology; plant breeding; plant pathology; plant physiology and biochemistry; and soil science.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5381
Year: 1988
Title: ICRAF's Collaborative Programmes outreach staff report on preliminary results. Humid lowlands of West Africa
Journal: ICRAF Newsletter and Agroforestry Review
Issue: 24
Pages: 8-10
Keywords: Agroforestry-; Species-trials; Multipurpose-trees; Field-experimentation; Alley-cropping; Improved-fallow; Intercropping-; Trees-; Rotations-;
Cameroon-;
Abstract: A report of field studies in Cameroon. (1) Multipurpose tree species trials were carried out under various management practices (intercropping with maize or groundnuts, pollarding and pruning); suitable species are indicated. (2) Studies were made of a simple improved fallow system using nitrogen fixing shrubs (Crotalaria anagyroides and Cajanus cajan) broadcast sown in fields one year, followed by harvesting and planting with maize in the following year. There were severe problems with weeds during the food cropping. (3) Hedgerow intercropping trials were carried out with Leucaena and intercropped maize and cassava. Maize yields were higher in intercrops where Leucaena prunings were applied to the cropped area and also in pure maize stands treated with prunings. Further trials are also being made with other leguminous multipurpose tree species. (4) Surveys have also been made of local farming practices (intercropping commercial cocoa crops with food crops, the use of fallow techniques) and use of multipurpose trees to improve soil fertility.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5481
Year: 1988
Title: New additive boosts herbicide performance
Journal: Banana Bulletin
Volume: 52
Issue: 12
Pages: 14-15
Keywords: Weed-control; Chemical-control; Glyphosate-; Usage-; Additives-; Herbicides-; Application-
Abstract: A brief account is given of the development and significance of the cationic additive Ethokem for use with glyphosate. Ethokem promotes uptake of the herbicide and improves rainfastness of the spray allowing low rates to be used. The results of trials with Ethokem on tea plantations in Kenya and sugar and cocoa plantations in the Ivory Coast are summarized. Experience with Ethokem used with glyphosate for weed control in banana plantations in New South Wales is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5666
Year: 1988
Title: Commodity prices in orbit
Journal: Economist, UK
Volume: 308
Issue: 7557
Pages: 67-68
Keywords: Maize-; Soyabeans-; Commodities-; Prices-; Trends-; Economics-; World-situation; Triticum-
Abstract: The average price of raw materials has reached its highest point in nearly 15 years. Maize and soyabean prices are both about 75% higher than at the start of 1988; wheat prices have risen by one-fifth. Nickel prices have all but doubled and zinc prices have risen nearly 70%. Both food crops and metals supplies have been temporarily disrupted after a long period in which stocks fell. Prices of agricultural commodities are largely determined by changes in their supply, industrial commodities by changes in demand. In food, governments have cut stocks through quota restrictions in the EC and set-aside programmes in the USA. The prices of temperate crops have increased most spectacularly. The tropical products, on which many of the world's poorest countries rely, have not moved. Prices for coffee have increased 3% so far in 1988; cocoa prices have fallen around 15% and tea by around 20%. Dearer crops in the USA in 1988 will push up food prices in 1989, however, the present high prices it is believed, are likely to be followed by a slow decline.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5672
Year: 1988
Title: Commodity trade: the harsh realities
Journal: Briefing, North South Institute, Canada
Issue: 20
Keywords: International-agreements; Trade-negotiations
Abstract: The briefing reviews the recent record of international commodity agreements, the Common Fund for commodities negotiations, and compensatory finance arrangements. Third world exports dominate several individual commodity markets, notably tropical agricultural products and several key minerals.The international commodity agreements for natural rubber, cocoa, coffee, sugar, jute, timber, and some other products, (dairy, olive oil, wheat, beef), are assessed, as are the problems of non-regulated markets (tea, sisal, oils and oilseeds). Some of the options open to developing countries, given the discouraging outlook for commodity markets and regulatory mechanisms, include producers' associations, improved efficiency, and the lowering of trade barriers. Commodity exporters may look increasingly for solutions outside traditional commodity markets, products and sectors, e.g., small markets like flowers and spices, or may reexamine the bias of their national economies towards production for export. The briefing draws on Managing markets: the developing countries and the international commodity regime (J.A. Finlayson and M.W. Zacher, Columbia University Press, 1988) augmented by contributions from D. Williams and A. Weston.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5673
Year: 1988
Title: GATT report spells out long-term world farm trade contraction
Journal: Agra Europe, UK
Issue: 1299
Keywords: International-trade; Trends-
Abstract: World trade in agricultural products has declined from its 46% share of total world trade in 1950 to a 13% share in 1987, while disputes over farm trade have been increasing. This friction is a consequence of the contraction in world trade; relations between trading partners would have been better if there had been less protection for farming. While the dollar value of world farm exports 1950-87 has increased by an average of 7%, the annual rise in total exports in dollars (including manufactured goods) has been 10.5%. Since 1981 farm export prices have tended to slip against unit cost prices for trade in manufactured products. The share of world farm production being traded in 1987 was slightly below that of 1980. Cheaper freight, communication and storage costs, as well as some dismantling of trade barriers, have encouraged expansion. Improved cultivation techniques have permitted developing countries, in particular, to create (or increase) exportable surpluses. An expansion of farming in the Third World has meant more jobs and better pay for peasants and farm workers, the poorest population groups which often spend 60% of income on food. Greater spending power by these people has increased demand for imported foods. Farm subsidies have artificially enhanced the volume of world agricultural trade and squeezed out exports from more efficient agricultural producer countries from third country markets. As industrialized countries sought self sufficiency and protection of their farmers' income, distorted markets, diminishing world agricultural trade and greater volatility in world market price emerged. Current trade in food products represents 75% of overall farm trade as opposed to agricultural raw materials' share of 25%. While trade in some raw and finished commodities (fish and fish products) increased between 1980-86, dairy and meat have stagnated, oils/fats and oilseeds trade has fallen by an annual 2.5%, cereals and flours by 5.5%, and sugar by 7%. Trade in tropical farm products ha! s steadi ly declined between 1967-87 with a slight break in 1977 when world prices of coffee, tea and cocoa firmed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
E/2-E/4; 2 tab., 2 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5683
Year: 1988
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Agroanalysis
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Pages: 19-24
Keywords: World-markets; Trends-
Brazil-; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: Following drought, cocoa production in Bahia State, Brazil fell by 25% in the 1987/88 season. Exports also fell by 17%, as compared with 1987. International prices were low in early 1988 and domestic prices at that time were higher, but the differential was removed by a series of small devaluations. Figures are given for export volumes, prices, farm gate prices, international supply and demand, and New York futures prices. The status of the international market for cocoa is discussed, including trends on exchanges of other commodities and the failure to reach an International Cocoa Agreement. Reports from the International Cocoa Organization are summarized with respect to prospects for production in Brazil, Ivory Coast and Malaysia, the strengthening of the dollar, and Ivory Coast's output retention programme aimed at improving international prices. An annexe details the proceedings of meetings of the International Cocoa Organization in 1988 which considered the introduction of a levy, regulatory intervention prices, and output retention as an alternative price support mechanism; this was not agreed upon, principally because of lack of funds to finance such an operation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7 tab., 3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5694
Year: 1988
Title: Overview of the Cocoa Rehabilitation Project (1 July 1988 to 30 June 1993)
Journal: Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire
Issue: 1419
Pages: 10-12
Keywords: Rehabilitation-; Projects-;
Cameroon
Abstract: The Cocoa Rehabilitation Programme in Cameroon (planned for 1988-93) will be mainly sponsored by the World Bank. The programme aims to increase production at a lower per unit cost, while ensuring that government intervention in the sector as a whole is reduced. Specific objectives include: (1) encouraging the development of medium sized plantations and increased planting density, (2) price reform, resulting in a short-term rise of 15%, (3) market reorganization, and (4) reduction of subsidy for presticides from a current level of 100% to 50% in 1993.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1946
Year: 1989
Title: Utilization of tropical foods: tropical oil-seeds
Journal: FAO Food and Nutrition Paper
Issue: 47
Keywords: oilseeds-; grain-legume-crops; oil-fat-and-wax-crops; cacao-; processing-
Tropical Regions
Abstract: Various aspects of tropical oil-seeds used as traditional food crops in tropical areas are dealt with. This information includes nutritional value, household processing and distribution. The leguminous oil-seed crop presented in this book are: soya bean and groundnut, the non-leguminous oil-seed crops are: cotton seed, sunflower, safflower, nigerseed, sesame and bungu (Ceratotheca sesamoides). Also included in the book are: cruciferous oil seeds in India; economic aspects of edible oil production; cacao; shea butter of shea nut; melons, pumpkins and gourds with edible seeds; and other edible oil-seeds. Tropical nuts from Central and Latin America (Brazil nut and cashew nut and cashew apple) are included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5), 98 p., figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2042
Year: 1989
Title: Plant biotechnologies for developing countries: conclusions and recommendations. CTA/FAO Symposium, Luxembourg, 26-30 June 1989
Volume: 52
Abstract: The objective of the Symposium was to design action plans for further development of plant biotechnologies in developing countries. Summaries of 8 background talks are presented, followed by recommendations arising from 8 workshops covering propagation and breeding, plant protection, training, collaborative networks and research needs with regard to specific major crops. RFLPs and ELISA are considered particularly appropriate tools for transfer from developed countries. Suggestions for (1) cereal improvement are dependent on the development of transformation systems. Other crop groups considered were (2) roots, tubers, plantains and bananas; (3) fruit trees, palms, multipurpose trees, coffee, tea and cocoa and (4) legumes, vegetables and oilseed crops. Tables depict the state of the art of biotechnological methodologies for groups 1 and 2. A Food and Agriculture Organization plant biotechnology programme was recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Wageningen, Netherlands; CTA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2086
Year: 1989
Title: Third Annual Research Report (1988-1989)
Volume: 272
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora
Papua-New-Guinea;
Abstract: The major sections of this report are those on the breeding and pathology of cocoa, with emphasis on resistance to the canker and pod rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Other sections include Cocoa Agronomy (fertilizer trials), Cocoa Quality (fermentation trials, acid off-flavour, microbiology) and Economics (performance in different years at many locations). Coconuts are dealt with in one large section, covering the characteristics of populations at various locations, their cross-breeding, and yield trials on cultivars. A short Biometrics section describes the computerized data entry and statistical analysis performed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Keraval, Papua New Guinea; Tavilo Research Centre


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2106
Year: 1989
Title: World commodity outlook 1990: food, feedstuffs and beverages
Keywords: Forecasts Wheat-; Maize-; Barley-; Oats Sorghum-; Rice-; Soyabeans Coffee-; Tea; Sugar-; Tobacco-; Crops Production-; Consumption-; Prices Trends Economics World-markets; Triticum-; Hordeum-
England
Abstract: Following a brief look at global warming and technical progress, the world picture for commodities in 1990 is considered, given that GATT negotiations continue and a new farm bill in the USA is to be enacted. In the USSR, radical political and economic reform is occurring, putting farm policy near centre stage. The key to higher production is the motivation of farmers, hence the policy of offering long leases of collectively owned land to cooperatives or families and a scheme to pay farmers in hard currency for output above a fixed quota. The effects of these changes, however, are unlikely to be felt in 1990. In China, the question is whether political repression will lead to a curtailment in agricultural reforms. Farm trade issues crucial to GATT are the elimination of subsidies, conflict between the USA and EC, and finding an acceptable basis for health and safety measures (for example, the EC is curtailing fertilizer applications to reduce nitrate levels in drinking water, banning the use of growth promoting hormones in beef, and considering the use of BST). The green lobby is growing in influence and retailers are responding; organic farming is now being taken seriously as a sustainable method of farming for the future. The popularity of international agreements for some commodities, primarily to aid Third World producers, is also growing although new agreements are unlikely and saving existing ones will not be easy. Given these background pressures the prospects for cereals (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, rice); oilseeds and oils (soyabeans, sunflower seeds, cottonseed, groundnuts, rape, copra and palm oil); beverages (coffee, cocoa, tea); sugar and tobacco are reviewed. Wheat prices are expected to fall with production, consumption and stocks rising. Maize prices are expected to rise as is production, consumption and stocks. Price falls are expected for barley as production, consumption and stocks rise. Rises in consumption and prices of oats are likely with production and st! ocks rem aining constant. Rises in sorghum production and stocks are likely to be accompanied by falls in prices and consumption. Rice prices, stocks and production could fall and consumption rise. The outlook for soyabeans is that production and prices will rise and stocks fall. Coffee and cocoa production, consumption and stocks will rise and prices fall. The supply and price of tea is likely to increase and demand fall in 1990. Finally, sugar and tobacco production, consumption and prices will likely rise and stocks fall.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
134pp.; BLDSC. London, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2342
Year: 1989
Title: Research on Cocoa VSD in Sabah
Journal: Sabah: Department of Agriculture
Pages: 9
Keywords: Vascular-streak-dieback; Diseases;
Malaysia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
70 p. - (Technical bulletin / Department of Agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5490
Year: 1989
Title: World commodity forecasts
Journal: World Commodity Forecasts
Keywords: Coffee-; Cereals-; Maize-; Barley-; Oilseeds-; Tea; Cotton-; Rubber-; Commodity-markets; Forecasts-
Abstract: In line with expectations of trends in OECD economies, a gentle decline is expected in the EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) Commodity Index in 1989, turning into a sharper decline in 1990. The International Cocoa Council's failure to agree a strategy to deal with its mounting problems is another bear signal for cocoa. Unilateral stockpiling by Ivory Coast is virtually the only block to total collapse. The recent weakness in coffee prices has more to do with bunched shipments than negotiations for a new agreement but if the International Coffee Organization makes no progress the price outlook will be bleak. Weather, especially in southern USA, continues to dominate prospects for grains. Price stability depends heavily on a recovery of maize yields. US-EC export competition will damage barley prices. US weather also dominates prospects for the oilseeds complex. Growth in demand for meal will be stronger than for oil. Laurics will stay glutted. The lifting of import restrictions by Pakistan is good news for black tea producers. Sri Lanka is the key to supply prospects. For industrial raw materials, demand for cotton will remain weak, but supply will be weaker and prices will revive. Inauguration of the new international agreement finds rubber in a strong position.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
April, 24pp.; tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5619
Year: 1989
Title: (Study of cocoa production in Brazil)
Journal: London
Volume: 85
Keywords: cocoa-industry; production-economics; production-structure; policies-
Brazil
Abstract: An analysis is presented of the structure of the cocoa economy in Brazil (production, trade, consumption, chocolate industry and organizations involved), economic aspects of cocoa pod production (production structure, inputs, productivity, production costs and prices), national policies and programmes, and prospects of cocoa production in Brazil.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5692
Year: 1989
Title: Foreign agricultural trade of the United States
Journal: FATUS Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States
Volume: 3
Issue: 10
Keywords: USa; Exports-; Imports-; Agricultural-trade; Trends-; Economics-
Abstract: Increased exports of virtually every major agricultural product boosted US agricultural exports by 29% to $37 000 million in 1988. Wheat exports rose by 10 Mt and maize exports by 5.6 Mt. Average export prices for wheat and maize were 28% and 18% higher, respectively. Exports of bulk products, such as coarse grains, wheat, and soyabeans, staged one of their largest year-to-year gains of the 1980s in 1988, rose $5100 million to $19 700 million. High-value exports reached a record $17 400 million, supported by record exports of meats, fruits, juices, nuts, and hides and skins. US agricultural imports rose 3% in 1988 to a near-record $21 000 million, more than 20% of total US agricultural imports. Coffee imports totaled $2500 million in 1988. Coffee, cocoa, and spices dropped among noncompetitive imports (products not grown in the USA). Total noncompetitive imports were 5% below a year ago. US imports of competitive products (grown in the USA), such as fruits, vegetables, meats, and grain products, set a record for the fifth consecutive year. Japan was the top market for US agricultural exports for the past 5 fiscal years, followed by the Netherlands, Canada, the USSR, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, and the GFR. Feed grains and products led US exports, followed by soyabeans and products, wheat and products, and cotton and linters. The USA will continue to be a major agricultural exporter to the developed Pacific Rim countries of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The share of US agricultural export shipped to these countries rose from 29% in 1968 to 39% in 1988.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
January/February, 15pp. + app.; app., tab., 1 fig., OQEH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5695
Year: 1989
Title: World cocoa situation
Journal: Circular Series, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Issue: FCB
Pages: 1-89
Keywords: Production-; Consumption-; Prices-; Stocks-; International-agreements
usa
Abstract: Global cocoa production for the 1988/89 season is estimated at a record 2.3 Mt, 6% greater than a year earlier, and continues above world consumption for the fifth consecutive year. The expansion in supplies in recent years is the result of new plantings in the Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Brazil, and Indonesia, although a sharp recovery in Ghanaian production has contributed to the record harvest this season. The cocoa market is currently characterized by the long-term bearish influence of new plantings in several producing countries and a short-term restrictive supply availability brought about by the controlled marketing policies of the Ivory Coast. The shortage of Ivorian beans has resulted in a shift by many importers to Malaysian cocoa, despite its less desirable quality. However, the market has also been helped by larger availabilities of good quality Ghanaian cocoa, as Ghana is enjoying its largest harvest since 1976/77. World cocoa bean grindings during 1988/89 are estimated at an all-time high of 2.08 Mt, an increase of 80 000 t over 1987/88 grind. Grindings would probably have been higher in 1988/89, if it were not for the restrictive sales policy of the Ivory Coast. Thus, if current estimates of world production and consumption are realized, stocks will increase 201 000 t, following the addition of 147 000 t in 1987/88. Cocoa bean prices averaged $1524 per t in 1988, down from $1917 a year earlier and the lowest since 1975. Cocoa prices are expected to remain low, based on the high level of global stocks and the large number of new plantings yet to reach full bearing age. The failure of the International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) to stabilize prices has added to the bearish tone of the market. The January 19-27, 1989 meeting of the International Cocoa Council (ICCO) ended without agreement on the key issues of intervention prices and producers' arrears on the export levies. Pessimism remains high for reaching a successful conclusion.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
22pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5706
Year: 1989
Title: Commodity review and outlook 1988-89
Journal: FAO Economic and Social Development Series
Issue: 46
Keywords: Agricultural-trade; Trends-; Evaluation-;
Abstract: The general review in Part I provides a global view of agricultural trade in 1987 and 1988; assesses short-term prospects for agricultural commodity markets; looks at international policy responses to trade problems, particularly those of developing countries; gives a mid-term review of the GATT Uruguay Round; and gives a brief synoptic view of commodity consultations in 1988. Some of the main trends identified are: in 1987 the nominal value of world trade in agricultural, fishery and forestry products rose 14% to $ 351 000 million, but the purchasing power of these exports, against manufactured goods, was virtually unchanged. Most of the increase in the value of this trade in 1987, as in the previous year, accrued to developed countries, whose exports rose by $ 40 000 million or 18%. By contrast, developing countries' exports rose by only $ 3000 million, or 4%, reflecting in particular depressed world prices of the main beverage crops. Globally, the fishery and forestry sectors had the most dynamic trade growth in 1987, expanding by 19% and 28% respectively. Nonetheless, the value of agricultural export trade rose by 10%, the best performance so far in the 1980s. Substantial recovery in commodity prices and a small increase in export volumes led to a further increase in the value of world agricultural trade in 1988, in nominal terms. In 1988, world cereal and oilseed prices rose dramatically, primarily as a result of severe drought in North America. Prices also strengthened for livestock products. In contrast, several major tropical products remained in ample supply in 1988. In particular, world prices remained depressed for tea and cocoa and only improved late in the year for coffee. Continued growth in the world economy contributed to further increases in the prices of several major agricultural raw materials in 1988. For 1989, the tightness of the world markets for major food commodities, due to the reduction in stocks of cereals, oilseeds, livestock products and sugar, meant that in! ternatio nal prices would be more than normally sensitive to crop conditions and forthcoming supplies. For agricultural raw materials, world prices were expected to be somewhat lower in 1989 than in the first half of 1988, but nonetheless firm. Import demand of many developing countries for agricultural products was expected to be constrained again in 1989. Part II, as in previous editions, provides a review and outlook by commodity, subdivided into: sugar, beverages and tropical crops; oilseeds, fats and oils, oilcakes and meals; cereals and pulses ;livestock products; agricultural raw materials; other agricultural commodities; fishery products; and forestry products.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
109pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 201
Year: 1990
Title: Feasibility study of the reorganization of the cooperatives in Moungo, Cameroon
Journal: Paris
Volume: 215
Keywords: cooperative-activities; Management;
Cameroon
Abstract: Given the difficult situation facing the coffee and cocoa producers cooperative of Moungo, southern Cameroon, the Cameroon government has decided to carry out a thorough reorganization of this cooperative sector. The study of the socioeconomic factors governing production, the administrative and commercial environment, and the situation of the cooperative has led to the proposal of a series of recovery actions. This reorganization project should last 5 years and cost 1215 million CFA francs. The Moungo region produces 40% of the country's Robusta coffee; 15 to 20% of this production passes through 9 cooperatives; 6870 t of cocoa is produced. One union of cooperatives (UCAL) has been designated to deal with exporters and will complete this ready-for-export production chain. Growing conditions, coffee production characteristics and the situation of each of the 10 cooperatives are analysed. The overall situation is catastrophic, because of deficient installations, poor management, embezzlement and huge liabilities. This is a particularly difficult context for reorganization. Recovery action should be based on a 3-step approach, consisting of the elimination of deficits, then mergers and/or redeployment to strengthen the potential of a limited number of cooperatives, and finally, a reconditioning effort focused on cooperative education of growers, contract policies and the organization of collection and of personnel. (Diffusion restricted)
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1029
Year: 1991
Title: Annual report of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for 1990
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-95,
Keywords: research-institutions;
Ivory Coast
Abstract: A report is presented of the research of the IRCC for 1990, organized around various programmes, such as: (1) coffee (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (2) cocoa (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (3) kola (agronomy and plant pathology), and (4) logistic support (biometrics, documentation and publications).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1038
Year: 1991
Title: (Annual report of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for 1990)
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-95,
Keywords: Ivory-Coast
Abstract: A report is presented of the research of the IRCC for 1990, organized around various programmes, such as: (1) coffee (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (2) cocoa (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (3) kola (agronomy and plant pathology), and (4) logistic support (biometrics, documentation and publications).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1734
Year: 1991
Title: Development of conservation farming systems: report of the review workshop
Journal: Contour (Indonesia)
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 18-23, photos
Keywords: soil-conservation; development-plans; constraints-; cropping-systems
Asia, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua-New-Guinea, Thailand, Philippines
Abstract: The review workshop for the ASOCON (Asia Soil Conservation Network) regional action learning programme on the development of conservation farming systems was held at Lumut, Perak, Malaysia, during 26-30 Aug. 1991. The objectives of the review workshop included a review of case studies from Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand and the Philippines. Also reported are field trips to 6 sites in Malaysia: cocoa intercropped with fruit trees; idle land (Tanah Terbiar) and group replanting of rubber; paddy rice; a traditional orchard and a mixed-fruit orchard (mostly durian). Also included are an overview of soil conservation problems and programmes in Vietnam, experience with the ASOCON approach, and future needs and activities.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1741
Year: 1991
Title: Cocoa nutrition, 1973 - 1989: [an annotated bibliography]
Journal: Wallingford: CAB International
Volume: 90
Pages: 90
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
[53] p. - (CAB abstracts; C12/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2241
Year: 1991
Title: Cocoa harvesting and handling, 1972 - 1990: [an annotated bibliography]
Journal: Wallingford: CAB International
Volume: 21
Pages: 90
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (CAB abstracts C10/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5530
Year: 1991
Title: Fine or flavor cocoa: an overview of world production and trade.CA: UNCTAD/GATT, International Trade Centre
Volume: 3
Keywords: production-; prices-; world-markets
Abstract: The decision to plant cocoa, whether fine or flavour or bulk cocoa, must be made on the merits of the overall cocoa market. The market prices of fine or flavour cocoa beans fluctuate with world market prices. Only very small quantities fetch the extraordinarily high premiums of 200% to 300% above the prices of bulk beans that buyers are reported to pay when world prices are low. The absence of universally accepted and clear criteria for determining whether a bean falls into the category of bulk cocoa or into that of fine or flavour cocoa complicates the market situation. High premiums are essentially a function of the scarcity of the product at the time it is needed in the spot markets in consuming countries. This study aims to provide information for decision makers choosing between planting bulk cocoa or the fine or flavour varieties. The study begins with a definition of terms and presents some of the botanical distinctions between bulk beans and fine or flavour cocoa beans. The fundamentals of chocolate manufacturing are discussed, to place the use of fine or flavour cocoa beans in its proper context. The history of this type of cocoa, its origins and major uses are described. The assumed or existing potential for obtaining a price premium for fine or flavour cocoa beans in the world market and the economic aspects of this potential are explored. In conclusion, the study identifies certain areas of potential demand, the marketing realities to be considered to allow the realization of this potential, and the steps necessary at production level to support the market for fine or flavour cocoa beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
vii + 58pp.; tab., fig., app., Geneva, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1028
Year: 1992
Title: Report on the activities of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in 1991
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-75,
Keywords: research-institutions;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: A report is present on the activities of the IRCC in 1991; IRCC missions were carried out within 3 technical programmes, the viz. the coffee programme (Arabica and Canephora), the cocoa programme and the logistic support programme. Research carried out in 1991 in the areas of agronomy, plant improvement, phytopathology, applied zoology, and the chemistry and technology of coffee and cocoa is presented, as well as activities involving training and technology transfer. The activities of the biometrics, documentation and publications services are also described. Lists of missions, conferences, lectures, training sessions and publications are also included.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1039
Year: 1992
Title: (Report on the activities of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in 1991)
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-75,
Keywords: Ivory Coast
Abstract: A report is present on the activities of the IRCC in 1991; IRCC missions were carried out within 3 technical programmes, the viz. the coffee programme (Arabica and Canephora), the cocoa programme and the logistic support programme. Research carried out in 1991 in the areas of agronomy, plant improvement, phytopathology, applied zoology, and the chemistry and technology of coffee and cocoa is presented, as well as activities involving training and technology transfer. The activities of the biometrics, documentation and publications services are also described. Lists of missions, conferences, lectures, training sessions and publications are also included.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1064
Year: 1992
Title: Research report 1991
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 76p
Keywords: Reports-;
France; Ivory-Coast; Togo; Mexico; Burundi; Nicaragua; Sao-Tome; Principe;
Abstract: IRCC is the department within CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement) responsible for research, development and training programmes on stimulant crops. Research carried out during 1991 on coffee and cocoa, on agronomy, plant improvement, chemistry/technology, plant pathology and applied zoology, is described. Work of the development programmes for coffee in Laos, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo, Mexico, Burundi, Nicaragua and France, and for cocoa in Sao Tome, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire and France is also briefly described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1087
Year: 1993
Title: Producers, consumers seek to stabilize the market for cocoa
Journal: Planter
Volume: 69
Issue: 802
Pages: 27-32.
Keywords: Marketing; Trade; Production; Prices; International-agreement
World
Abstract: Popular account of the United nations cocoa Conference, held from 21 April- 1 May 1992. An overview of the current production situation is given, 8 countries produce more than 85% of the world cocoa, they are concentrated in the tropics. 80% of the world cocoa is bought by the USA and EC only. The price cojntrol mechanisms, based on a bufer stock and production quota has failed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1790
Year: 1993
Title: The italian chocolate market
Journal: Industrie Alimentari
Volume: 32
Issue: 316
Pages: 685
Keywords: Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jun )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4739
Year: 1993
Title: Research Department, Agriculture Division, annual report 1983
Journal: unda
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Keywords: Chinese-cabbages; Tomatoes-; Plant-nutrition;
Solomon-Islands
Abstract: Research is reported from the Departments of Plant Pathology (diseases of cassava, cocoa, coconuts, sweet potatoes, taro and Dioscorea spp.), Entomology (pests of coconuts, sweet potatoes and taro, and oil palm pollination), Agronomy (breeding and selection of cocoa, sweet potatoes, Dioscorea alata, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. rotundata and D. trifida, K nutrition of coconuts and nutritional values of root crops), Coconut Breeding, and Soils and Plant Nutrition (nutrition of Chinese cabbages, groundnuts, maize and tomatoes).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; pl. Honiara, Solomon Islands


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4326
Year: 1994
Title: Highlights '93
Volume: 175
Keywords: research-institutions; agronomy-; technology-
Philippines
Abstract: An overview is given of the advances in agriculture, forestry and natural resources research and development in the Philippines in 1993. The developments are classified in accordance with their actual phase of development. A wide range of technologies and information, that are considered ready for dissemination, are described in detail. Other technologies may still require verification or piloting or seem particularly suitable for commercialization. The subjects covered include: new releases of maize, sorghum, soybean, rice and rootcrops: various recommendations for the cultivation of coconut, banana, durian, cocoa, black pepper, rice, rootcrops, bamboo and rattan; watershed management, forestry, agroforesty, bio-fertilizers and bio-insecticides; rice hull-fuelled pump irrigation, a multicrop seeder-fertilizer applicator, a rice hull stove and a rice micro-mill; livestock and pasture improvement.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4330
Year: 1994
Title: Challenge of competitiveness in Central American agriculture
Journal: Ponencias, Resultados y Recomendaciones de Eventos Tecnicos IICA
Issue: A1
Pages: 94-04
Keywords: agricultural-sector; economic-competition; world-markets; production-data
Central America
Abstract: Data on world markets and the situation in Central America are given for a series of important farm products in the region: coffee, sugar, oil, rice, cotton, beef, banana, cocoa and rubber.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
SC- 168 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4332
Year: 1994
Title: (Entomology meeting, CIRAD)
Volume: 77
Keywords: IPM-; pest-insects; chemical-resistance; insecticides-; integrated-control; pest-resistance
Abstract: During a meeting held by CIRAD on 30 March 1994, pest resistance to insecticides and integrated control of crop pests were examined. Some specific studies of resistance were presented: cocoa mirids, cabbage moth and melon borers. The resistance studies included genetics, study of natural populations and the ecology of insect pests.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4361
Year: 1994
Title: Hot drinks: the international market
Journal: Euromonitor Publications Ltd.
Keywords: beverage-industry; coffee-; tea; beverages-; world-markets; trends-
Abstract: The international market for hot drinks is static in overall terms, and recent sales have been hit by fluctuating commodity prices, adverse health criticisms, the trend to soft drinks and the growth of own-brands. Within the total market, however, significant opportunities exist especially for essenced coffee and herbal teas. This report looks at the world markets for coffee, including instant, roast and ground essences and beans, teas including speciality and herbal teas, food drinks including cocoa, drinking chocolate and malted drinks in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, USA, Japan and UK.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4373
Year: 1994
Title: Evaluation and exploitation of genetic resources: pre-breeding. Proceedings of the Genetic Resources Section Meeting of Eucarpia, 15-18 March 1994, Clermont-Ferrand, France (Appendix)
Volume: 27
Keywords: grasses-; genetic-resources; plant-genetic-resources; wheat-
Abstract: Four papers were presented at this meeting of the Genetic Resources Section of Eucarpia, covering the following topics: evaluation of genetic resources, use of wild emmer wheat to increase yield and protein content in durum and common wheat, the results of a 10-year experiment to pre-breed perennial ryegrass, and the use of genetic markers to study cocoa diversity (abstract).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5200
Year: 1994
Title: Cocoa production and replanting in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Bibliographies du CIRAD
Issue: 5
Keywords: production-economics; ecology-; plant-diseases; pest-insects; bibliography
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: A bibliography of the economics of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil, is presented, an explanatory model of the cyclic development of cocoa production in Bahia is examined, and a comparative study of cocoa production elsewhere in the tropics is provided. In Bahia 95% of all Brazilian cocoa is produced. The analytical biography reviews publications on the subjects of: (1) production economics; (2) ecology, pests and diseases; (3) the problems of planting and replanting; (4) marketing and the national cocoa processing industry of Brazil; and (5) the role of the state in stimulating cocoa production. It is argued that the exploitative and speculative mentality of the large landowners of Bahia is largely to blame for the successive cocoa crises, including the latest of the 1980s-1990s. The apparent efficiency of large-scale cocoa planting and replanting seems largely due to state support, through the mechanisms of non-payment of debts and lax labour laws. The need for economic diversification is emphasized with possibly viable alternatives in the fields of dairying, small-scale food processing and tourism.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
187 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5511
Year: 1994
Title: Eighty years of trading and stability on the coffee, sugar and cocoa exchange
Journal: Sugar y Azucar
Volume: 89
Issue: 8
Pages: 23-25
Keywords: trade-associations; sugar-; international-trade; history-
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
31-32


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 98
Year: 1995
Title: Colombian cacao
Journal: Cacaotero Colombiano, No
Volume: 39
Issue: 52
Keywords: cultivation; production; consumption; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata;
Colombia
Abstract: The cultivation of cocoa and rubber in South America is discussed, and the world production and consumption of cocoa during 1993-1994 is reviewed. Cocoa production in Colombia amounted to 53 504 t in 1993, an increase of 14% above the 1992 level. Data on the world production and world processing of cocoa, and cocoa production in Colombia during 1984-1993 are tabulated. A study of the relationship between climate and cocoa production in South America, using a regression equation, revealed a correlation between production and rainfall during the 6 preceding months. The susceptibility of cocoa clones or hybrids to Ceratocystis fimbriata, especially that of clones ICS 1 and IMC 67, was investigated in Colombia. The history, importance and cultural practices of rubber growing in South America are reviewed. It is concluding that growing of some 30 000 ha of rubber in Colombia is to be recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 152
Year: 1995
Title: First meeting on the agriculture of Sao Tome and Principe. Lisbon, National Museum of Ethnology, 9-11 December 1993
Journal: Comunicacoes. Serie de Ciencias Agrarias
Issue: 19
Keywords: agricultural-policies; animal-production; plant-production; agronomy-
South Atlantic Islands; Sao Tome and Principe
Abstract: A workshop on agriculture in Sao Tome and Principe was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in Dec. 1993. Subjects dealt with included: (1) soil fertility and fertilization of cocoa and coffee; (2) conservation measures for forests and endemic species; (3) strategies for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry; (4) epidemic parasitosis of animals; (5) the need for a veterinary diagnosis laboratory; (6) projects for cocoa improvement; (7) development of oilseed crops; medicinal plants and their uses; (8) selection and introduction of food crop species and varieties; (9) cocoa pod rot; (10) coffee nematodes and the selection of resistant cultivars; (11) the promotion of integrated pest management; (12) the present status of cocoa cultivation and technology; (13) technological aspects of coffee quality; and (14) agro-food industries in developing countries. In addition, agrarian reforms and their prospects, and options available for agricultural development are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
282 p., figs, bibliography (vp.); summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2600
Year: 1995
Title: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th-30th June 1995, Yaounde, Cameroon
Journal: ICCO, London
Volume: 283
Keywords: cocoa-industry; consumption-; production-; supply-balance; marketing-; trade-policies; world-markets
Abstract: Themes discussed at the 8th meeting of the Advisory Group on the World Cocoa Economy, held in Cameroon in June 1995, include: (1) supply rationalization; (2) promotion of cocoa consumption; (3) terminal markets and risk management instruments; (4) marketing arrangements for cocoa; (5) the use of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter in chocolate; and (6) effects of institutional, political and legislative developments on the world cocoa market. Greater priority needs to be given to harmonizing the management of production programmes and to promoting consumption in all countries. The recovery of world cocoa prices can come about only if all the producing countries align their particular interests to ensure the rationalization of supply. Programmed interventions will enable obstacles to the development of cocoa consumption to be identified, so that possible solutions may be found in relation to promotional and associated commercial activities. Despite the virtues of free competition, it is essential that programmes for restructuring cocoa marketing systems take account of the present fragility and lack of organization of the producers. Articles are summarised separately.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4546
Year: 1995
Title: Focus on pheromones
Journal: International-Pest-Control (UK)
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Pages: 72-76; May, table,
Keywords: IPM-; pest-insects; pheromones-; integrated-control
Abstract: Articles are presented on various aspects of the use of pheromones in pest control. Subjects dealt with include: (1) problems of pheromone production and application in relation to the collapse of the USSR; (2) the use of pheromone traps for the control of storage pests of cocoa beans during shipment; (3) the use of pheromones for pest control in cotton in Pakistan; and (4) control of pink bollworm in cotton in Egypt by pheromones as a stand-alone measure. Pheromone-baited traps are now being used for monitoring insect pests of cocoa. These include SP Locator Traps for the cocoa moth Ephestia cautella, and Window Traps for beetle pests, such as Tribolium castaneum, infesting cured cocoa beans. The SP Locator Trap is a low-cost, low profile, cardboard trap designed to pin-point moth infestations in relatively inaccessible locations. The Window Trap, which was recently modified to enhance its attractiveness and ease the entry of the beetles, is small, compact and suitable for use within a limited space. The use of pheromone-baited traps during shipment of cocoa beans restricts fumigations at the port of entry to only those consignments or containers in which insect pests are trapped and identified.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4801
Year: 1995
Title: Production of chocolate, spreads, coatings and compounds
Journal: Industrie Alimentari
Volume: 34
Issue: 341
Pages: 1034-1037
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Oct )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1522
Year: 1996
Title: Additives, colorants and sweeteners in confectionery
Journal: Pasticceria Internazionale
Volume: 19
Issue: 111
Pages: 154
Keywords: ice-cream; food-additives; legislation-; food-colourants; sweeteners-; confectionery-; foods-; chocolate-; European-Union
Italy-
Abstract: Italian Ministerial Decree No. 209/1996, dated 27 February 1996, and published in Supplement No. 69 to Gazzetta Ufficiale RI of 24 April 1996, is discussed. This regulation lists the various additives, colorants and sweeteners permitted for use in a range of confectionery products, including ice cream and chocolate. The Decree, which harmonizes Italian legislation with relevant EU regulations, specifically Directives 94/34-36EU and 95/2-3EU, gives the E-numbers and maximum permitted doses.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
150, 152


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2589
Year: 1996
Title: International markets survey
Journal: Documents de Travail en Economie des Filieres CIRAD
Volume: 28
Issue: 82
Keywords: international-trade; production-data; consumption-; prices-; world-markets; agricultural-products; wood-
Abstract: The principal trends of the main agricultural commodities in the international markets are outlined. Long-term trends mainly concern the time series 1980-1995. The following products are dealt with: groundnut, cotton, maize, cassava, rice, sesame, soybean, sugar, cocoa, coffee, natural rubber, copra, palm kernel oil, onion, pineapple, banana, and tropical wood. The different data sheets provide the following information: global production and surfaces, yields, global consumption, international trade, world prices, the principal trading companies, and the future prospects of world trade. It is expected that by the year 2000 the Middle East and Africa will constitute the 2 main rice-importing regions with 5 million t and 4.5 million t, respectively.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4744
Year: 1996
Title: (Green parchment grafting on young rootstocks and sidegrafting on adult cocoa trees)
Journal: Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia). 1996
Volume: 15
Issue: 41
Pages: 38-48; Nov,
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Green-patch-budding; fungal-diseases; Oncobasidium-; disease-resistance; grafting-; rootstocks-;
Malaysia
Abstract: In Malaysia, cocoa suffered much from the fungus Oncobasidium theobromae, necessitating cloning resistant selections. The use of rootstocks and cocoa buds on green parchment shoots was initiated in 1986. The technique is described. Yields of adult trees originating from seeds can be enhanced through side-grafting with clones tolerant of O. theobroma. The production costs of green parchment grafts amounted to half of those of conventional grafts, with an average success rate of 88%.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2591
Year: 1997
Title: U.S. exports of tropical products set another record in 1996. Calendar years 1992-1996
Journal: Tropical Products: World Markets and Trade. Circular Series FAS, USDA
Volume: 1
Issue: 110
Keywords: imports-; exports-
usa;
Abstract: Data on USA imports and exports of various tropical commodities are listed. Total exports of essential oils, cocoa and cocoa products, coffee and coffee products, spices, tea (including herbal tea) and tea products, and ginseng showed in 1996 an increase of nearly 8% from the previous year, and exports of coffee and coffee products increased by more than 2%. Exports of cocoa and cocoa products were up over 12% from 1995. Canada is by far the largest market for both of these product groups. Exports of tropical and related products, plus sugar and related products, showed an increase of more than 6% from the 1995 level. Specific essential oils listed in the tables include peppermint, spearmint and menthol.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3224
Year: 1997
Title: Food poisoning, listeriosis, and febrile gastroenteritis
Journal: Nutrition Reviews
Volume: 55
Issue: 2
Pages: 57-60
Keywords: Quality; Food-safety; Conatmination; bacterial-diseases; gastroenteritis-; milk-products; food-poisoning; microbial-contamination; chocolate-milk; man-; salmonella; clostridium-perfringens; staphylococcus-aureus; Listeria-monocytogenes; Listeria-
usa-
Abstract: This article discusses food poisoning caused by contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. The article focuses on an outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever among people who attended a summer picnic in Illinois, USA. The cause of infection was subsequently traced back to a batch of chocolate milk contaminated with L. monocytogenes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3984
Year: 1997
Title: Cocoa transport: bulk versus containers
Journal: Public Ledger
Volume: 07
Issue: 07
Keywords: Transport; Bulk; Containers;
Netherlands;
Abstract: European brokers and analysts consider that transporting cocoa beans in bulk will replace containers in the coming years. This new mode of transport seems to be more effective and economical than containers, in which the beans are packed in 60-66 kg bags. The port of Amsterdam was the first to receive a bulk cocoa shipment in March 1996, on a ship from CÙte d'lvoire. Bulk cocoa quality does not deteriorate. Moreover, the technological progress made with port equipment now facilitates bulk transport. The trend is seen as irreversible; this year, some 260 000 t of cocoa transported in bulk are due to be unloaded in Amsterdam. Given that the Netherlands consume 390 000 t of cocoa per year, it is clear that the new method is now preferred to containers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3985
Year: 1997
Title: Ghana: higher prices for growers
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Keywords: Producer-prices;
Ghana
Abstract: The Finance Ministry has increased the price paid to cocoa producers by 60%, from 1.2 to 1.8 million cedis ($ 590 to $ 886) per tonne. The increase represents 64% of the estimated FOB (Free On Board) price for the mid crop, due to begin in July. The Ghanaian Vice-President for Finance announced that the new price represented an undertaking to 'steadily increase the price paid to growers, to reach at least 60% of the FOB price by 2000'. According to the Committee in charge of overseeing the price paid to growers, the 1997 cocoa crop in Ghana should reach 360 000 t, compared to 299 000 t last year. Cocoa provides Ghana with over a third of its export earnings.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3986
Year: 1997
Title: Indonesia: increase in chocolate production capacity
Journal: Aproma
Volume: 55
Pages: 97
Keywords: Processing; Processing-plant; Presser; Capacity; Davomas-abadi; Chocolate;
Indonesia;
Abstract: The Indonesian cocoa processor PT Davomas Abadi, the country's largest cocoa butter producer, has announced plans to double its cocoa butter production capacity to 160,000 t by the end of the decade. The company is also planning to embark upon chocolate manufacture between now and 1998 to take advantage of the huge market potential in Indonesia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3987
Year: 1997
Title: Construction of a cocoa processing plant in CÙte d'lvoire
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 26
Issue: 7
Keywords: Processing; Processing-plant; Presser; Capacity;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Cargill, the American multinational specializing in commodities, and the Ivorian cocoa exporter SICC are apparently on the brink of joining forces in CÙte d'lvoire to build a 66 000-t cocoa processing plant. The deal will mark the end of talks begun at the end of 1996 and could lead on to an integrated agreement encompassing cocoa marketing and sea freight operations. CÙte d'lvoire is keen for the plant to be built as part of its policy to process at least 60% of domestic output locally by the year 2000.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3988
Year: 1997
Title: World cocoa processing leaders
Journal: Usine Nouvelle
Volume: 10
Issue: 7
Keywords: Economics; Consumers; Processing-industry; market-leaders;
World;
Abstract: Within a few months, the world cocoa primary processing industry has been thrown into disarray. The affected sector is that which processes beans to produce cocoa solids, butter and powder for chocolate manufacture. Chocolate manufacturers consumed 2.7 million tonnes (+ 3%) in 1996, 40% from CÙte d'lvoire. The American agribusiness giant ADM (Archer Daniels Midlands) has bought the industrial division of the British trader E.D. & F. Man (processing 160 000 t of beans). Over a third of world processing capacity is now held by the ADM-Cargill-Barry Callebaut trio. The world leaders in the sector are: ADM (USA): 350 000 t; Barry Callebaut (Switzerland): 260 000 t; Cargill (USA): 230 000 t; NestlÈ (Switzerland): 230 000 t; Hamester (USA): 140 000 t; Blommer (USA): 100 000 t; Hershey (USA): no coo t; Cadbury (Great Britain): 86 000 t; Philip Morris (USA): 80 000 t. Industrialists are expecting a strong increase in demand from Asia, where consumption of both chocolate and industrial products has risen by 16.Û% since lD94 (8% in Europe).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3989
Year: 1997
Title: Concentration on cocoa and chocolate
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Keywords: Merger; Callebaut; Barry;
World
Abstract: The British Monopolies and Mergers Commission agreed on 13th June to the merger of two cocoa companies, Barry and Callebaut. The operation had already been approved by the American, German, Italian and French authorities. To date, only Belgium has refused to give it the go-ahead. The new group, Bard Callebaut SA, formed by the merger of the French company Cacao Barry and the Swiss company Callebaut, and owned by the Swiss group Klaus Jacobs, the world leader in the cocoa and chocolate sector, is planning a Zurich stock market launch for the first half of 1998 provided market conditions are right.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3990
Year: 1997
Title: CÙte d'lvoire: Sifca results
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
Keywords: Marketing; Sifca; Unicao; Palmindustrie; Unilever; Rivaud;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Sifca, the agribusiness branch of Sifcom, leads the coffee and cocoa export sector. The company is also strongly involved in cocoa marketing, through its Unicao and Omnipar subsidiaries. In 1995 the Sifcom group took over certain Palmindustrie agro-industrial complexes: it bought Cosmivoire, the second edible oil and soap manufacturer (60 000 t) in October 1995. Via Siparal, Sifca also has links with the Unilever subsidiary Blohorn, and with Socfinco, part of the Rivaud group.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 58
Year: 1998
Title: ED&F Man Group plc
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Traders; EDF-Man; ADM; Grinding; Mergers;
England
Abstract: The 1998 ED& F Man Group plc annual report gives a profit before tax and exceptional items figure as at the end of March 1998 of £97.6m, up 16% on the previous year. A pre-tax exceptional profit of £21.5m was made on the sale of cocoa processing facilities to Archer Daniels Midland in September 1997.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 85
Year: 1998
Title: Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit
Journal: PRNewswire
Pages: OCT-98
Keywords: Manufacuring; Companies;
Polans; USA; France;
Abstract: Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
26


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 86
Year: 1998
Title: Ivorian 97
Journal: Reuters
Pages: OCT-98
Keywords: Stocks; Farmgate-prices; FOB;
Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: ABIDJAN, Oct 23 (Reuters) - Stocks of cocoa from the 1997/98 crop season in Ivory Coast's ports of Abidjan and San Pedro total around 70,000 tonnes of generally low quality beans while there were few arrivals of new 1998/99 crop, exporters and shippers said on Friday.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 553
Year: 1998
Title: Archer Daniels Midland Shuts Ecuador Cocoa-Processing Plant
Journal: Reuters
Pages: OCT-98
Keywords: Manufacturing; Grinding; Capacity; Company; Production;
Ecuador
Abstract: NEW YORK, Oct 6 (Reuters) - U.S. food processing giant Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM.N) said on Tuesday it has closed a cocoa processing factory in Ecuador and transferred its capacity to other ADM plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
06


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 572
Year: 1998
Title: Kraft Jacobs Suchard
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Companies; Kraft-Jacobs-Suchard;
Germany
Abstract: Kraft Jacobs Suchard is to launch Terry's All Gold Mint selection. The after-dinner mint market is reportedly worth some £58m and the new All Gold Mint will be supported by a £400,000 advertising campaign.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 573
Year: 1998
Title: NestlÈ and Danone split Cokoladovny
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Companies; Nestle; Cokoladovny
Tsjechoslvakia
Abstract: In May, NestlÈ SA and Groupe Danone announced their intention to split the Czech company, Cokoladovny in two. NestlÈ will take the chocolate and confectionery operations (NestlÈ-Cokoladovny) and Danone will take the biscuit side of the business to form Danone-Cokoladovny. In 1997, Cokoladovny's sales were worth some 11bn crowns (US$337m). Sales forecasts for 1999 for the new Danone-Cokoladovny venture are in the region of 6bn crowns, while those for NestlÈ are about 9.5bn crowns (although these would include sales from a NestlÈ factory in Slovakia. Cokoladovny enjoys a 60% share of the overall domestic chocolate market, 70% of the chocolate bar market and about 80% of the biscuit market.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 574
Year: 1998
Title: Liffe
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Trading; Stock-market; Electronic-trading;
England
Abstract: On 9 June, at an extraordinary general meeting, members of LIFFE voted on wide-ranging proposals which covered electronic trading and changes to the exchange's structure. The move to an electronic trading system would replace the current "open outcry" system which involves the use of tic-tac hand signals to trade. The proposed electronic trading system is planned to be launched in 1999.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 575
Year: 1998
Title: Barry Callebaut
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Grinder; Barry-Callebaut;
France
Abstract: Chocolate maker and cocoa bean processor, Barry Callebaut, successfully completed its initial public offering in the first phase of a capitalization programme. The price of each share was fixed at SFr310, giving the company a market capitalization of SFr1.6bn. A total of 1.42m shares were sold representing 27.5% of the company's 5.17m share capital. When the final 155,000 shares are sold in July, it will reduce Barry Callebaut's ownership to 66.7%.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1499
Year: 1998
Title: Nigerian Cocoa Crop Shapes up in Critical Phase
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Forecast; Production;
Nigeria
Abstract: LAGOS, Sept 14 (Reuters)- A stretch of favourable weather has improved the prospects for Nigeria's 1998/99 main cocoa crop and there are few signs of damaging disease, industry sources said on Monday.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
14


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1501
Year: 1998
Title: Interview-Sheanuts Draw Aarhus to Grow in Africa
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Manufacturing; Chocolate; Cocoa-butter; CBE; Legislation;
Ivory-Coast; Ghana; Mali; Burkina-Faso; Denmark; EC;
Abstract: ABIDJAN, Sept 7 (Reuters)- Danish vegetable oil miller Aarhus Olie A/S (AOACb.CO) is expanding with new offices in West Africa, drawn by the availability of shea nuts which can be used in making chocolate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
07


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2210
Year: 1998
Title: Cadbury Buys Poland's Top
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Socio-economics; Consumption; Confectionary; Cadbury; Wedel;
Poland
Abstract: In 1997 the Polish confectionery market was around 205,000 tonnes, comprising 119,000 tonnes of chocolate and 86,000 tonnes of sugar confectionery.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
07


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2211
Year: 1998
Title: Cadbury Schweppes PLC to Acquire E. Wedel S.A. Chocolate Business from PepsiCo
Journal: PRNewswire
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Manufacturing; Mergers; Cadbury; Pepsico; Wedel;
Poland; England; USA;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
07


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2224
Year: 1998
Title: Details of Ivorian Cocoa
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Marketing; Trade; Liberalisation; SAP; Structural-adjustment-programmes;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: ABIDJAN, Sept 2 (Reuters)- More details on Ivory Coast's cocoa and coffee liberalisation plans are expected to emerge over the next couple of weeks as the government cpncludes talks with trade and farmer groups, donor sources said.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
02


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2535
Year: 1998
Title: Nestle Tries to Increase Market Share in Central Europe
Journal: CNN news
Keywords: Chocolate; Manufacturing; marketing;
Bulgaria;
Abstract: Nestle Tries to Increase Market Share in Central Europe
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2687
Year: 1998
Title: Good year for most commodities
Journal: International Agricultural Development
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-17
Keywords: prices-; commodities-; international-trade; trends-; fluctuations-; market-prices; agricultural-production
Abstract: Prices of seven commodities are presented in a table for the period 1996-97, and six of the seven are discussed briefly. The six crops discussed are: tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, rubber, and palm oil, and the seventh crop that is just listed is cotton. Five of the seven agricultural crops rose in 1997, although the price of rubber fell dramatically, losing a third of its start-of-the-year price. Another exception was cotton, which fell by about 10%. It is suggested that dry spells in some countries and torrential rain in others, cause by the El Nino weather system, reduced harvests and were partly responsible for some of the rises. A brief examination is presented of the possibility that genetically altered cotton may not be safe.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 615
Author: Aartsen, J. P. van
Year: 1949
Title: Cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Tijdschr. Econ. en Soc. Geogr.
Volume: 40
Pages: 36-37
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1360
Author: Abang, S. O.
Year: 1984
Title: Stabilization policy: an economic analysis and evaluation of its implications for Nigerian cocoa producers
Journal: Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 184p
Keywords: Price-stabilization;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: The impacts of past and present policy initiatives on Nigerian producers of increasing cocoa prices to reflect world competitive prices are investigated. The supply and demand responses were estimated at the aggregate level, the supply response models being of the semi-log form, and the aggregate demand response models of the double-log form. Ordinary least squares estimation procedures are applied to estimate the models empirically. From these equations, two alternative models were developed to estimate the possible effects of farmers facing prices derived directly from the world price levels. The demand and supply equations showed relatively high R values (0.81 or above), with coefficients statistically significant at the 5% level. The own- and cross-price elasticity estimates were inelastic in the short run, ranging in absolute values from zero to 0.23, and more elastic in the long run. Estimated average annual revenues under Model 1, representing world market prices, were 5.7% lower than the actual average revenues of $22.7 million. Under Model II, revenues were estimated to be 90% higher under world market prices. The variability of revenues was greater under both world market price models. The coefficients of variation were 50 and 105 under the models, as compared with 44 under actual prices. From these estimates, it was concluded that cocoa production was not affected significantly by actions of the Nigerian Cocoa Board, but that producer revenues were more stable and perhaps slightly lower, based on the results of Model II. The study suggests that the Cocoa Board should consider a combination of options in addition to price, if cocoa production is to be increased by a significant amount.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2063
Author: Abbas, B. S.; Dja'far; Daswir
Year: 1989
Title: Sensitivity analysis of cocoa cultivation: relative profitability of coconut and Leucaena glauca [L. leucocephala] as shade plants, based on a case study at Bah Lias Plantation, North Sumatra
Journal: Buletin Perkebunan
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 97-103
Keywords: Intercropping-; Profitability-; Shade; Shade-trees;
Indonesia; North-Sumatra; Bah-Lias
Abstract: Linear programming and sensitivity analysis are used to evaluate the use of coconut as a shade plant for cocoa cultivation in North Sumatra. Data for the first 10 years showed that at the current level of production, i.e. 15.5 coconuts/tree/year, and under the prevailing land and labour constraints, coconut should only be used as the shade tree if the price per coconut is Rp 474.44 or higher. At Rp 40/coconut, production must be at least 184.2 coconuts/tree/year. If production increases to 50 coconuts/tree/year, the price of Rp 147.34/coconut is enough for this intercropping system to be recommended, even without the land constraint. If land is the only constraint, then the coconut intercropping system can be recommended so long as its profit is no lower than that under monoculture. Under the current level of production this occurs only if the price per coconut is Rp 313.77 or higher. If the price is still Rp 40/coconut, production must be at least 121.8 coconuts/tree/year. At 50 coconuts/tree/year, a price of Rp 97.44/coconuts is enough for this intercropping system to be recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bldsc


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4338
Author: Abdoellah, S.; Wardani, S.
Year: 1993
Title: Impact of cocoa development on marginal land to farmers' income: a case in Gunung Kidul regency, Indonesia
Journal: Pelita-Perkebunan-Pusat-Penelitian-Kopi-dan-Kakao (Indonesia)
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 97-104; Oct, figs, summaries In)
Keywords: income-; diversification-; cropping-systems; cash-crops
Indonesia, Java
Abstract: Cocoa development in Indonesia on heavy soil which is poor in organic matter, N, P, K, and S has been conducted in Gunung Kidul regency, Java, Indonesia, since 1988. Cocoa is planted in the farmers' houseyards and on non-irrigated land. The aims of the development are to increase farmers' income and to extend it throughout the year, as well as to improve the quality of the environment. The farmers' annual income per ha did in fact increase considerably in the first year of cocoa harvesting, and it is expected to increase further in the following years as the cocoa plants mature. Income is more evenly distributed over the whole year. Before the introduction of cocoa, the farmers depended entirely on annual crops which were only planted in the rainy season. The established social institution in Gunung Kidul regency has contributed to the success of cocoa development. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1647
Author: Abdoellah, S.; Prawoto, A. A.; Campbell, K. L.
Year: 1995
Title: The use of flooded land for foodcrops
Journal: Versatility of wetlands in the agricultural landscape: Hyatt Regency, Tampa, Florida, USA
Pages: 699-703
Keywords: flooding-; land-types; marginal-land; cropping-systems; agroforestry-; Soil-Cultivation
Indonesia-
Abstract: Data are presented on growth and yields of bananas and cocoa grown as upper crops during the flooded season and of rice and vegetables during the dry season (surjan method) on marginal lands in Indonesia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-20 September, 1995


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3258
Author: Abdoellah, S.; Sudarsianto; Sikusno
Year: 1996
Title: Response of bulk cocoa seedlings to available soil moisture
Journal: Pelita Perkebunan
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 127-136
Keywords: cultivars-; drought-resistance; cocoa; water-stress; responses-;
Indonesia;
Abstract: Seven cocoa clones were tested for their responses to soil moisture availabilities of 25, 50, 75 or 100% in greenhouse experiments. Clones fell into 3 groups. Sca 6 and Amelonado were very tolerant of drought, Sca 12, GC 7 and ICS 6 were moderately tolerant and ICS 60 and UIT 1 were the least tolerant.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1452
Author: Abdoellah, S.
Year: 1998
Title: The use of cover crops in cocoa plantations on acid soils
Journal: A.E. Johnston & J.K. Syers
Pages: 358-359
Keywords: Soil-nutrients; Cover-crops; Ultisols; Avilable-P; P-bray;
Indonesia; Kalimantan;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4363
Author: Abdul Latief, T.; Johana, C. L.; Djajanegara, A.; Sukmawati, A.
Year: 1994
Title: Feeding cocoa leaf to Kacang goat
Journal: Sustainable animal production and the environment. Proceedings of the 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bali, Indonesia
Volume: 3
Pages: 195-196
Keywords: feed-intake; liveweight-gain; body-weight; mortality-; composition-; goat-feeding; leaves-; intake-; proteins-; minerals-; blood-
Indonesia; Sulawesi;
Abstract: Three groups of 8 young female Kacang goats (8.33 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the following ad libitum feeding treatments: fresh cocoa leaf (CL), natural grasses (NG) or a combination of CL and NG. Each goat also received a mixture of rice bran, coconut meal, molasses, mineral mix and salt (200 g/day). During the 4-month experimental period, mean DM intake/day was lower in the CL group than in NG and CL + NG groups (0.153 vs. 0.271 and 0.259 kg, respectively). However, the mean body weight of goats in the CL group was significantly higher than those of the other 2 groups (10.66 vs. 9.43 and 9.82 kg, respectively). Overall mean daily gains in CL, NG and CL + NG groups, respectively, were 16.45, 14.64 and 13.35 g. During the experimental period 5 goats died in group CL, while only 2 died in each of the other groups. In group CL, serum contents of protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, selenium, molybdenum and cobalt were 78.6 g/litre, 0.17, 4.03, 7.07, 6.06, 0.08, 0.02 mg/litre, 0.003 and 0.65 Êg/litre, respectively. Corresponding values for group NG were: 76.9 g/litre, 0.31, 4.09, 6.98, 6.28, 0.08, 0.02 mg/litre, 0.005 and 0.62 Êg/litre, respectively. It was concluded that cocoa leaf has potential to increase the body weight of goats due to its higher protein content relative to that of natural grasses (15.09 vs. 8.38%). However, its use is restricted due to low DM intake and increase in mortality. It was suggested that the increase in mortality could be due to a high level of poisonous substances in fresh cocoa leaf. Possible improvement of the crop residue by physical and chemical treatment was suggested.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11-16 July, poster papers. 1994


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4378
Author: Abdul Samah, O.; Ibrahim, N.; Alimon, H.; Abdul Karim, M. I.
Year: 1993
Title: Fermentation studies of stored cocoa beans
Journal: World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
Volume: 9
Issue: 5
Pages: 603-604
Keywords: Fermentation; Microbiology; Acidity; Acetic-acid; Lactic-acid; organic-acids; quality; cocoa-beans; population-dynamics; acetic-acid; lactic-acid; production-;
Malaysia-RN: 64-19-7; 50-21-5
Abstract: Changes in microbial population during the fermentation of cocoa beans were investigated. Ripe cocoa pods were stored for 7 days after harvesting to enhance flavour, followed by 6 days' fermentation with aeration. Acetic and lactic acid bacteria on fermented cocoa beans were determined. Acetic and lactic acids were detected on the second and fourth days of fermentation. There was a positive correlation between the sizes of the relevant microbial populations and the amounts of acids produced during fermentation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1063
Author: Abdul-Samah, O.; Mohd. Fared, Putih; Jinap, Selamat; Lee, C. H.; Othman Abdul, Samah
Year: 1992
Title: Free amino acids in fresh and fermented cocoa beans inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild strain)
Journal: Planter
Volume: 68
Issue: 790
Pages: 3-6
Keywords: Fermentation; seeds; composition; Proteins; metabolism; Amino-acids
Malaysia
Abstract: Cocoa beans of the Sabah hybrid (UIT1 X NB32) inoculated with a wild strain of S. cerevisiae or not inoculated (controls) were placed in plastic bags (60 X 35 cm) and left to ferment in the dark for 6 days with regular turning at 12 h intervals. After fermentation, the protein content of control beans was higher (2.76 g/10 g bean DW) than that of inoculated beans (2.30 g) or freshly harvested beans (1.07 g). Freshly harvested beans contained higher percentages of various amino acids (including lysine, serine, isoleucine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine and glycine) than inoculated or control beans. Inoculated beans had higher percentages of some amino acids than control beans. The major amino acids found in cocoa beans were aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4590
Author: Abdulai, A.; Rieder, P.
Year: 1995
Title: The impacts of agricultural price policy on cocoa supply in Ghana: an error correction estimation
Journal: Journal of African Economies
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 315-335
Keywords: producer-prices; maize-; monetary-parity; agricultural-policy; prices-; supply-; markets-; economic-analysis; supply-response; price-policy
Ghana-
Abstract: This paper presents an empirical investigation of the supply of cocoa in Ghana over the period 1960-89. The error correction model which avoids the familiar partial adjustment model's unrealistic assumption of a fixed target supply based on stationary expectation is used in the analysis. The model provides good empirical results, and is preferred in specification tests to the partial adjustment model. The results reveal that cocoa supply is significantly influenced by the real producer price of cocoa, real price of maize, the supply of manufactured goods and the real exchange rate. The supply of cocoa was found to be inelastic both in the short and long runs. However, the elasticities obtained in the study suggest that supply of cocoa is more responsive in a shorter time than thought previously.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3938
Author: Abeele, M. van-den
Year: 1933
Title: Cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 24
Pages: 69-93
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 620
Author: Abels, A. P. G.
Year: 1866
Title: The artificial drying of coffee and cocoa. Description of the machine and its use
Journal: Batavia, Lange & Co. 40p.
Keywords: Drying; Driers;
Indonesia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4340
Author: Aberra, D.; Aquino, A.; Alex, N.; Ebong, C.; Kipo, T.; Turton, C.; Zhong, B. F.
Year: 1994
Title: A dynamic farming system: the case of Kyela district, Tanzania
Journal: Working Document Series ICRA
Issue: 37
Keywords: farming-systems; constraints-; agricultural-development; farm-surveys
Tanzania, Mbeya
Abstract: Base-line data on the farming systems of Kyala district, in Mbeya, Tanzania, were collected in 1994, and the main production constraints and potentials were identified. Several survey methods were used, including participatory rural appraisal techniques, and discussions were held with various development agents. The farming systems in the district are subsistence-oriented and dominated by rice cultivation, with maize, root crops and bananas becoming more important in the higher areas. Perennials are a prominent feature, with crops such as cocoa, oil palm, banana, citrus and cashew nuts. The main problems include: (1) rice, cocoa and cattle diseases; (2) weeds in rice; (3) declining soil fertility; (4) disastrous flooding, with a 4-year cyclical pattern; (5) land pressure for grazing; and (6) weak research and extension services. Suggestions are made to address each of these problems.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
109 p.; Jul, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1340
Author: Abidin, M. I. Z.; Bakar, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Studies on cuttings in cocoa
Journal: Planter
Volume: 60
Issue: 696
Pages: 111-112
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Cuttings-; Types-; Summer-cuttings; Winter-cuttings; Leaf-cuttings; Treatment-; Waxes-; Growth-regulators; IBa; Responses-; NAA-
Abstract: Softwood cuttings gave a much higher rooting percentage than semi-hardwood cuttings, and single-leaf cuttings rooted much better than 2-leaf cuttings. Waxing the top end of the cutting and the cut ends of the leaves also improved rooting. Effects of IBA and NAA, each at 6000 p.p.m., were similar.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 318
Author: Abidogun, A.
Year: 1979
Title: Cost-benefit analysis of agricultural research in Nigeria: a case study of cocoa
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: cost-benefit-analysis; agricultural-research; crop-improvement
Nigeria
Abstract: The analytical model employed involved deriving a productivity index of improved cacao varieties by measuring the shift in the long-run cacao supply function as a way of estimating the annual values of resource ""savings" resulting from increased productivity. The annual value of resource savings (representing the gross benefits) was then adjusted for the value of additional inputs contingent to the introduction and adoption of improved variety, thus deriving the stream of net benefits. This was matched against the stream of annual research costs, and the cost/benefit ratio computed, using appropriate discount rate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 605-609, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 387
Author: Abidogun, A.
Year: 1981
Title: Producer-countries' share of total benefits from national investments in cocoa research: a case study of Nigeria
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; agricultural-research; public-investment; cost-benefit-analysis
Nigeria
Abstract: Based on the shifts in the supply curve arising from increased productivity due to research, the present value of the flow of producer benefits was estimated and expressed as a proportion of total benefits. The producer benefits were found to be 82% of the total benefit from cacao research. Apart from the distortion in resource allocation which such situation might have engendered it raises some serious issues of international equity. Thus rich consumer countries have been subsidized over the years by poor producer countries. It is stated that one possible approach to solving the problem is to embody in the International Cocoa Agreement provisions for appropriate levels of contribution by consumer countries to research support in producer countries. Such provisions also lead to better allocative efficiency.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 627-632, fig, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5642
Author: Abidogun, A.
Year: 1985
Title: The transnational externality component of benefits from cocoa research in Nigeria
Journal: Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-22
Keywords: Research-; Cost-benefit-analysis;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: The paper estimates the externality component of the social benefits accruing from investments in cocoa research in Nigeria. Measuring the shifts in the supply curve due to increased productivity brought about by cocoa research, the present worth of the flow of external benefits is estimated and expressed as a proportion of present worth of total social benefits. The externality was found to be 18% of the overall social benefits from cocoa research. It indicates that, apart from the distortion in resource allocation which an externality of such magnitude might have engendered, it raises some serious issues of international equity. Thus, it is concluded, rich consumer countries have been heavily subsidized over the years by poor producer countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5177
Author: Abington, J. B.; Walton, P. D.; Solomon-Islands, Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Lands
Year: 1987
Title: Research Department, Agriculture Division, annual report 1985
Volume: 65
Keywords: Insect-pests; Reports-; Solomon-Islands; Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Lands; Agricultural-research; Root-crops; Coconut; Fruits-; Pastures-; Plant-parasitic-nematodes
Abstract: The results are presented of numerous research and other studies on agriculture in the Solomon Islands. The topics dealt with include cultivar evaluations and the control of pests and diseases of root crops, coconuts, cocoa, fruit trees and pastures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
viii + pp.; Honiara, Solomon Islands; Dodo Creek Research Station


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1950
Author: Abiola, S. S.; Tewe, O. O.
Year: 1991
Title: Chemical evaluation of cocoa by-products
Journal: Tropical-Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago)
Volume: 68
Issue: 4
Pages: 335-336; Oct, table,
Keywords: By-products; Nutritive-value; Chemical-composition; Waste-utilization; Husk; Shell; Cake; Dust; Protein; Fibre; Ash;
Nigeria
Abstract: In Nigeria, 4 main by-products from cocoa (cocoa husk, cocoa shell, cocoa cake, and cocoa dust) were chemically evaluated and compared to determine their usefulness in poultry and livestock feeds. The proximate constituents, gross energy and theobromine content of the samples were determined. All 4 by-products were found to have nutritive value. However, cocoa husk can be considered to be more useful than the others for animal feeds because of its high content of minerals, low level of theobromine and its availability in large quantities in cocoa farms and plantations. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4855
Author: Abo-Hamed, S.; Collin, H. A.; Hardwick, K.
Year: 1983
Title: Biochemical and physiological aspects of leaf development in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). VII. Growth, orientation, surface structure and water loss from developing flush leaves
Journal: New-Phytologist. 1983
Volume: 95
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-17
Keywords: Leaves; Development; Water-relations; Growth-regulators; ABA; Metabolism; Growth; Water-balance; Transpiration; Plant-water-relations; Water-stress; Vegetative-dormancy;
Abstract: It is suggested that perpendicular positioning of young flush leaves, the presence of surface hairs, rapid cuticle synthesis and limited stomatal development during the early stages of leaf expansion restrict water loss from the developing leaves. Maximum rates of water loss from the leaves of a new flush were only attained after leaves were fully expanded, stomata fully developed and the leaves horizontally positioned. It is suggested that the large increases in water loss from the flush leaves following these changes might lead to an internal water deficit in the plant and hence to increased synthesis of ABA in the shoot which, in turn, will maintain dormancy of the shoot apex in at least part of the interflush period. [For part VI see HcA 52, 2580.]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1349
Author: Abo-Hamed, S.; Collin, H. A.; Hardwick, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Biochemical and physiological aspects of leaf development in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). IX. Water relations and abscisic acid in the control of leaf development
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 155-162.
Keywords: Leaves; Development; Water-relations; Growth-regulators; ABA; Metabolism; Drought; Responses; Endogenous-ABA; Water-stress; Apical-dormancy; Growth; Plant-water-relations
England
Abstract: In glasshouse studies with two groups of seedlings at the same stage of the flush cycle, one group of seedlings (cv. Amelonado) was given ample water while water was withheld from the second group, from the start of the I-1 stage of the flush cycle (leaf expansion complete) until the following early F-2 stage (leaf expansion). Drought reduced relative water content to 80%, decreased leaf water potential to -21 mPa and increased the stomatal resistance. Wilting occurred but values for leaf water status rapidly returned to normal on rewatering. In both new flush and mature leaves there was a 5-fold increase in free ABA and a smaller increase in bound ABA in droughted plants whereas in the watered plants ABA declined to a low value. The period of apical dormancy was also extended in the droughted plants but bud break occurred before rewatering. Leaf expansion, however, was delayed until after rewatering. The close correlations between changes in water status, ABA levels and apical dormancy are discussed. [For part VIII see HcA 54, 7712.]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2335
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1969
Journal: Bahia: [s.n.]
Pages: 31
Keywords: Pests; Acro-tetranuchus
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 p. - (Comunicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 765
Author: Abreu, J. M.; Silva, P.
Year: 1973
Title: Control of the leaf-cutting ants Atta cephalotes and Atta sexdens in the cacao region of Bahia
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 3-11.
Keywords: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Field trials were conducted to compare the baits Mirex and Nitrosin Extra (aldrin), and the dusts aldrin, heptachlor and a mixture of aldrin and PDCB for the control of ants. The results showed that the baits were more efficient in controlling A. sexdens, whereas the dusts were more efficient in controlling A. cephalotes. Methods of application of the insecticides are given.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 770
Author: Abreu, J. M.
Year: 1973
Title: Evaluation of insecticides to control cocoa thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 3-10.
Keywords: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The results of trials showed that the insecticides lindane, BHC and carbaryl give effective control of S. rubrocinctus. This efficacy remains for 21 days after treatment, although a slight reduction of the efficacy occurs after the 14th day. Malathion, fenitrothion and parathion-methyl are highly efficient up till 24 hrs after treatment. Phosalone and diazinon were less efficient in controlling the thrips.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3535
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1977
Title: Neotropical Miridae associated with cacao plants
Journal: in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer. p.
Pages: 85-106
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 304
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Soria-V, S. J.
Year: 1979
Title: (Control of cacao pests in South America)
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: insect-pests; mites-; storage-pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-
South-America
Abstract: Selenothrips rubrocinctus and the mirid Monalonion spp. are the most important cacao pests in South America. Other economically important pests are Atta spp., Colaspia spp., Xyleborus, Steirastoma breve, Tetranychus mexicanus and Eriophyes reyesi. The chemical control of these pests is discussed. Side-effects of insecticides on pollinating insects were determined and the most important pests infesting cacao in storage discussed. Methods to protect stored cacao from insect infestation are presented.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 433-441


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 831
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Williams, R. N.
Year: 1980
Title: Chemical control of insect infestation in stored cacao, Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 51-60.
Keywords: pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; spraying-; fumigation-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The effects of insecticide sprays and phosphine fumigation, alone and in combination, on insect infestation of stored cacao were studied also in relation to method of application and duration and frequency of treatment.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 348
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Milanez, J. M.
Year: 1981
Title: (Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum: a cacao pest in Bahia)
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: insect-pests; Hoplophorion-pertusum; pest-control-chemical; pyrethroids-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids in controlling this pest was evaluated in heavily infested cacao trees. An efficiency evaluation was made 8, 24 and 48 hours after application. The average population density varied between 381 and 1526 aphids per tree. The effectiveness of decamethrin in concentrations of 5, 7.5 and 10 g a.i./ha was 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 hours after application. The efficiency of permethrin in doses of 100, 125 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, 24 hours after application. The efficiency of fenvalerate in doses of 50, 100 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, 24 hours after application.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 291-293, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 909
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Milanez, J. M.; De-Abreu, J. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum Germar (Homoptera: Membracidae), a pest of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 149-153
Keywords: Hoplophorion-pertusum; Distribution-; Insecticides-; Deltamethrin-; Against-; Permethrin-; Fenvalerate-;
Brazil;
Abstract: Synthetic pyrethroids were tested in Bahia, Brazil, for the control of Hoplophorion pertusum, which occurred in large numbers on cocoa there (381-1526 individuals/tree) in 1980-81 and also on the shade tree Erythrina glauca. Decis [deltamethrin] at 5, 7.5 or 10 g/ha reduced populations by 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 h after spraying. Permethrin at 100, 125 or 150 g/ha reduced the populations by 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, after 24 h and fenvalerate at 50, 100 or 150 g/ha reduced them by 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, after 24 h.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4860
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1983
Title: Development of research and experimentation in agriculture and animal husbandry. Principal results 1982
Volume: 66
Keywords: Plant-diseases; Capsicum-; Beans-Phaseolus; Passion-fruits; Pawpaws-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Phytophthora-capsici; Corticium-salmonicolor; Verticillium-; Rosellinia; Rhizoctonia Rhizopus-; Catacauma-torrendiella; Copper-Sandoz; Control-; Tecto-60; Thiabendazole-; Bravonil-50-FW; Fungineb-80-S; Calixin-; Tridemorph-; Derosal-; Carbendazim-; Schizophyllum-commune; Fusarium-solani-f.sp.-piperis; Koleroga-noxius; Pseudomonas-; Colletotrichum-lindemuthianum; Thanetophorus-cucumeris; Rhizoctonia-solani; Puccinia Botryodiplodia-theobromae; Pythium-; Germination-
Brazil
Abstract: In the section on cocoa diseases (3-6) work was done on the comparative virulence of Phytophthora palmivora, P. citrophthora and P. capsici; the biological cycle of Corticium salmonicolor; and control of Verticillium wilt. Rosellinia sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. were associated with root and fruit rot, while Rhizopus sp. was confirmed as the pathogen of a fruit rot. Copper Sandoz, Tecto [thiabendazole] 60, Bravonil 50 FW, Fungineb 80S, Calixin [tridemorph] and Derosal [carbendazim] gave good results against Catacauma torrendiella on coconut palm (56). Schizophyllum commune was identified as the fungus inhibiting seed germination of oil palm (57). Capsicum annuum varieties were screened against P. capsici; other diseases recorded (59) were caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis, Pellicularia koleroga [Koleroga noxius], C. salmonicolor and Pseudomonas sp. Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Thanatephorus cucumeris and virus diseases were noted on Phaseolus vulgaris (60). Rhizoctonia solani, Puccinia sp.. and Botryodiplodia theobromae were recorded on passion fruit (64). Pythium sp. was associated with root rot and "vira cabeca" caused plant death of pawpaw (65).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil; CEPLAC, CEPEC


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5067
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1985
Title: Development of research and experimentation in agriculture and animal husbandry. Principal results 1983
Keywords: Paullinia-cupana; Cloves-; Phytophthora; Phytophthora-capsici; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Corticium-salmonicolor; Verticillium-; Rosellinia-pepo; Rosellinia-bunodes; Botryodiplodia Aspergillus-; Inhibition-; Aspergillus-terreus; Aspergillus-giganteus; Microcyclus-ulei; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Triadimefon-; Control-; Triforine-; Chlorothalonil-; Mancozeb-; Carbendazim-; Chlorocarbendazim-; Benomyl-; Captafol-; Metalaxyl-; Catacauma-torrendiella; Copper-Sandoz; Ganoderma-philippii; Calonectria-rigidiuscula; Colletotrichum-guaranicola; Colletotrichum-; Cylindrocladium-; Koleroga-noxius; Disease-control; PDM
Brazil;
Abstract: In the section on cocoa diseases (5-11) work was done on forecasting of Phytophthora spp., populations of P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora and the infective potential of P. spp.; the biological cycle of Corticium salmonicolor; and Verticillium wilt. Aspergillus terreus, A. giganteus and A. sp. inhibited sporulation of P. spp. Rosellinia pepo and R. bunodes were identified as pathogens of root diseases, while canker due to Botryodiplodia sp. causing plant death was newly recorded. In the section on rubber diseases (85-86), triadimefon and triforine were the most effective fungicides against M[icrocyclus] ulei in the nursery, while chlorothalonil and mancozeb at low concn inhibited conidial germination. Carbendazim, chlorothalonil, benomyl, carbendazim + chlorocarbendazim + captafol and metalaxyl + chlorothalonil gave the best results against Ceratocystis fimbriata. On oil palm (88) Catacauma torrendiella was most effectively controlled by copper Sandoz. Pathogens on guarana [Paullinia cupana] (90) were Ganoderma philippii, Fusarium deshencellulare [Calonectria rigidiuscula] and Colletotrichum guaranicola; and on clove (90) Pellicularia koleroga [Koleroga noxius], C. sp. and Cylindrocladium sp.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
96pp.; Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil; CEPLAC, CEPEC


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 429
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Monteiro, A.
Year: 1986
Title: (Cost of application of malathion for the control of insect pests of cacao)
Journal: Boletim Tcnico Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau
Issue: 141
Keywords: Pests-; insecticides-; malathion-; application-methods; cost-analysis; spacing-; pest-control-chemical
Brazil, Bahia
Abstract: In Bahia, Brazil, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the cost of malathion application. Three methods of application, dusting, spraying and thermal fogging, were tested. The experiment was conducted in 12 ha planted with cacao hybrids; 3 x 3 m spacing, shaded with Erythrina sp., with a 24 x 24 m spacing, and with 1 tree in the intersection of the diagonals. Malathion was applied at the rate of 300 g a.i./ha in all formulations. Cost estimates were calculated on the basis of equipment depreciation, interests on capital loans, repairs, replacement of spare parts and other expenses. Results showed that the cost of spraying was 71.34, dusting 81.38 and thermal fogging 83.92 units/ha. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
10 p., summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 938
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Delabie, J. H. C.
Year: 1986
Title: Control of leaf cutting ants in cocoa plantations
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 199-211
Keywords: Hymenoptera; Distribution; Damage; Crop-losses; Acromyrmex; Formicidae; Control; Baits; Organochlorine-insecticides; Pests
Brazil; Central-America; South-America;
Abstract: Information is presented on the geographical distribution and economic importance of and damage caused by leaf-cutting formicids belonging to the genera Atta and Acromyrmex occurring in the cocoa-producing countries of South and Central America, with emphasis on Brazil. Chemical control methods using chlorinated baits are briefly discussed as well as the possibilities for other methods of control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2116
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Nakayama, K.; Benton, F. P.; Cruz, P. F. N. da; Ferraz, E. C. A.; Menezes, M.; Smith, G. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Control of cocoa pests
Volume: 30
Keywords: Morphology-; Economic-thresholds; Anatomy-; Sampling-; Damage-; Stored-products; Stored-products-pests; Insect-pests; Biology-; Control-; Commodities Pest-control; Post-harvest-tecnology;
Brazil-;
Abstract: This book is concerned with the main insect pests of cocoa in Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil. Information is given on morphology, biology, symptoms of damage, favourable development conditions, control measures, sampling techniques and economic thresholds. A short list of the pests that attack stored cocoa is included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; Ilheus, Brazil; CEPLAC/CEPEC


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1690
Author: Achcenich, R.
Year: 1936
Title: Contribution to Vitamin D contents of cacao pod husks
Journal: Tierernhrung, Leipzig
Volume: 8
Pages: 276-286
Keywords: Husks; Feed-value; Vitamins;
Germany;
Abstract: Reports results of tests using shells from various varieties of cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4747
Author: Achung, M. R.
Year: 1995
Title: The role of women in the Peruvian Amazon: agriculture and rural development
Volume: 42
Keywords: women-; socioeconomic-environment; rural-development; agriculture-; role-of-women
Peru; Amazon
Abstract: During the last 10-20 years, violence, drugs traffic, increasing deforestation, river pollution and negative income patterns have added to the burdens borne by women in the Peruvian Amazon since ancestral times. The life of these rural women, who represent 46% of the inhabitants of the region, has been greatly influenced by these factors resulting in a predominance of males in some regions. The population is very heterogeneous, with 52 ethnic groups, 11 languages and a distinction among women depending on their origin: the riparian banks, the inland regions, and those who are settlers. The agrarian policy and rural development measures during the 1980s; the position of women in the light of the expansion of the cocoa culture; increased violence; the female situation at the beginning of the period 1986-1990; changes that have occurred since the early 1980s (including a lack of measures to advance women's development); relief programmes; and the basic aspects of future programmes, are reviewed..
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3896
Author: Ackonor, J. B.
Year: 1984
Title: The activity pattern of the ant Cataulacus guineensis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Ghanaian cocoa farm
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 307-324
Keywords: Cataulacus-guineensis; Foraging-; Distribution-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The activity pattern of Cataulacus guineensis was found to be diurnal; trailing started around 0600 h and ended around 1800 h. The effect of the meteorological factors on the activity pattern of the ant was also investigated and rainfall was found to be the most important factor influencing the ant's activity. The ant was found to be generally very active throughout the year, except when the harmattan conditions were very severe. The species was mainly a canopy forager, although occasionally it might forage on the ground. The mean foraging space was 555.0 m2; but when nests (colonies) were close together, overlapping of foraging spaces did occur.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
20 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 127
Author: Acosta, J. de
Year: 1590
Title: The Natural and Moral History of the Indians
Journal: Impreso en Sevilla en Casa de Juan de Leon. Ano MDXC
Keywords: History; Trade; Roasting; Shade; Health; Medicine; Money;
Abstract: [Mueller] Acosta, Spanish historian, jesuit. Born around 1540 Medina del Campo, Died 1599. Went to America in 1577,after his return in 1586 became rector of the University of Salamanca.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1856
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1963
Title: Some significance of soil organic matter on soil organic phosphorus mineralization in phosphorus nutrition of cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Plant and Soil
Volume: 19
Pages: 65-80
Keywords: Soil-chemistry; Organic-matter; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; pH; Acidity; Minerilization; Fertilization;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Soil samples from a 2^2 NP:KMg factorial experiment, in which yield response of cocoa to NP was highly correlated to organic phosphorus content of the 0-2" layer was studied. It was found that the organic phosphorus content rnaged from 46 to 69.5 % of total phosphorus and was correlated to to the percentage total nitrogen, total Phosphoru, organic carbon and pH. Incubation of the soils at 50% of their water olding capacity and at a temperature of 50C for periods of 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days resulted in the average minerilization of organic phosphorus equivalent to 38.2, 50.0, 54.0 pounds P per acre respectively. More organic P was mineralized at 50C than at 27C or 40C. The percentage of organic P mineralized was generally higher in the plots where NP had been applied. Laboratory application of N or P to the soils before incubation resulted in greater minerilization. The effect of N and P totgehter was greater than in the presence of N alone but only in a few cases was it greater than in the presence of P alone. The effect of N and P was not additive.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1824
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1964
Title: The effect of soil type, nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and foliar composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings
Journal: Emp. J. Exp. Agric.
Keywords: Leaf-analysis;
Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1830
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1964
Title: Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. I. Sampling procedure and analytical methods
Journal: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Volume: 15
Pages: 855-863
Keywords: Leaf-analysis;
Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1616
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1965
Title: Mineralisation of pod husk
Journal: Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst.
Volume: 66
Pages: 137
Keywords: Nutrient-cycles; Decomposition; Mineralisation; Husks;
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: Preliminary results of investigations conducted in Ghana on decomposition of cocoa pod husks, returned to cocoa plots, showed that most of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers, applied at rates of 112-448 kg N and 1,680 kg P/ha, to soil treated with pod husks at 25 tons per ha, were immobilized and rendered unavailable. N applied at the above rates generally had a very small effect on the decomposition of the pod husks. The total K content of the husk was converted into exchangeable form during incubation for 120 days. A higher percentage of husk was mineralized when applied at 25 tons than at 50 tons per ha. Husk particle size had no important effect on the decomposition of pod husk. Fresh wet husk and dried husk decomposed at the same rate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1694
Author: Acquaye, D. K.; Smith, R. W.; Lockard, R. G.
Year: 1965
Title: Development, identification and correction of potassium deficiency in unshaded Amazon cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: J. Hort. Sci.
Volume: 40
Pages: 100-108
Keywords: Nutrient-deficiency; Disorders; POtassium;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Visual symptoms and soil and plant analysis showed that young Amazon cacao established on clear felled land was K-deficient. The symptoms were more complicated than previously supposed and did not appear until the trees were four years old; they became more sever with time. Te symptoms appeared when leaf K was in the range of 0.5-0.6% and when soil exchange K was 0.20 me/100 g soil. mulching and irrigation corrected the deficiencies but were expensive. Cacao needs much K, and therefore applying more K-fertilizer, probably up to fout times the present rate of 75 lb K2O/acre/y, is probably the best way of correcting the deficiency in cacao and building up K-reserves in cleared forest soils such as in this experiment. Foliar spraying of K may also be useful for correcting the deficiency quickly but temporarily.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1859
Author: Acquaye, D. K.; Smith, R. W.; Lockard, R. G.
Year: 1965
Title: Potassium deficiency in unshaded Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana
Journal: J. Hort. Sci.
Volume: 40
Pages: 100-108
Keywords: Nutrient-deficiency; Disorders; Potassium; critical-levels; leaf-levels; soil-level; K
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Visual symptoms and soil and plant analysis showed that young Amazon cacao established on clear felled land was K-deficient. The symptoms were more complicated than previously supposed and did not appear until the trees were four years old; they became more severe with time. The symptoms appeared when leaf K was in the range of 0.5-0.6% and when soil exchangeable K was 0.20 me/100 g soil. Mulching and irrigation corrected the deficiencies but were expensive. Cacao needs much K, and therefore applying more K-fertilizer, probably up to four times the present rate of 75 lb K2O/acre/y, is probably the best way of correcting the deficiency in cacao and building up K-reserves in cleared forest soils such as in this experiment. Foliar spraying of K may also be useful for correcting the deficiency quickly but temporarily.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1865
Author: Acquaye, D. K.; Cunningham, R. K.
Year: 1965
Title: Losses of nitrogen by ammonia volatilization from surface-fertilised tropical forest soil
Journal: Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad
Volume: 42
Pages: 281-292
Keywords: Nutrient-losses; Nutrient-cycle
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4898
Author: Acuna-G, J.
Year: 1974
Title: Undesirable plants in Cuban crops
Keywords: Weeds-; Biology-; Taxonomy-; Flora; Citrus-; Tobacco-
Cuba
Abstract: The problems of weeds in crops are briefly outlined and the general characteristics of weeds described. A dichotomous key for Cuban weeds is presented and weeds most often associated with specific crops including coffee, cocoa, citrus, tobacco, pastures and non-crop situations are listed. There are black and white photographs of the main spp., a glossary of terms and common and Latin name indexes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
241pp.; Havana, Cuba; Academia de Ciencias de Cuba


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5330
Author: Adamo, G. C.
Year: 1955
Title: Trigonelin and niacin in coffee, tea and cacao
Journal: Ann. Chim.
Volume: 45
Pages: 274
Keywords: Composition;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4825
Author: Adams, S. N.
Year: 1962
Journal: In: J.B. Wills
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2547
Author: Adamson, A. M.
Year: 1936
Title: Progress report on the introduction of a parasite of the cacao thrips from the Gold Coast to Trinidad, B. W. I
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 13
Pages: 62-63
Keywords: Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Biological-control; parasites; Dasyseapus-parvipennis;
Ghana; Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4301
Author: Adanson, M.
Year: 1763
Title: Plant families
Volume: 2
Issue: 344
Pages: 382
Keywords: Taxonomy;
Abstract: Cacao (Theobroma) is separated from Guazuma, but, whie Guazuma is kept in the family 'Tilleuls', cacao is placed in the family 'pistchiers' side by side with Diosma, triopteris, Acuju, Hugonia etc., far from its true relationship. [Quatrecasas, 1964]
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4300
Author: Addison, G. C.; Tavares, M. T.
Year: 1951
Title: Observations on species of the genus Theobroma which occur in Amazonia
Journal: Bol. Tecn. Inst. Agron. Norte, Bele Para
Volume: 25
Pages: 1-20
Keywords: Taxonomy; Anatomy; Compatibilty;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21pl


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5298
Author: Addo, N. O.
Year: 1970
Title: Immigration into Ghana: Some social and economic implications of the aliens compliance order of 18th November 1969
Journal: Ghana Journal of Sociology
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 20-30;
Keywords: Labour; Population; Migration;
Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5547
Author: Addo, N. O.
Year: 1974
Title: Some employment and labour conditions on Ghana's cocoa farms
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 204-218
Keywords: Farm-Economics; Labour;
Ghana
Abstract: The overall pattern of employment on cacao farms suggests that employment is related to many factors. A number of these are discussed including the extent to which the farmer can effectively mobilize family labour, the stage of development of the farms, the number and size of farms, the financial position of the farmer and the availability of effective labour for permanent employment.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1184
Author: Adebayo, A. A.
Year: 1980
Title: Cocoa pod rot diseases; assessment of crop losses
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-61; Ja
Keywords: Plant-Diseases
Nigeria
Abstract: A comparison is made between disease incidence and crop losses in cacao in view of the high crop protection costs in this crop. About 90% of all pods infected by Phytophthora palmivora or Botryodiplodia theobromae are non-fermentable. However, only 30% of the pods affected by Fusarium spp. are non-fermentable. In the latter case a straight conversion of disease incidence to crop loss is not justified.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4859
Author: Adebayo, A. A.
Year: 1983
Title: The importance of lower pods in the control of the cocoa Phytophthora pod rot
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 211-214
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora; Control-; Sources-; Diseases-; Disease-control; PDM
Nigeria-;
Abstract: First infections by P. palmivora were usually found among pods lower down the trunks, suggesting soil as a major source of inoculum. Pod production on the lowest 1 m the trunk was 31%, while pod losses for the whole tree were only 4.2%. Suppression or removal of all flowers on the lower trunk is therefore not justified.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5702
Author: Adebowale, E. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Treating maize stover with organic waste ash: effect of source and concentration of alkali on nutrient utilization and performance of West African dwarf sheep
Journal: Journal of Animal Production Research
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 123-135
Keywords: Maize-stover; Alkali-treatment; Sheep-feeding; Feedstuffs; Sodium-hydroxide-treatment; Cocoa-husks; Ash-; Treatment-; Palm-kernels; Waste-management;
Nigeria
Abstract: In a 3 X 4 factorial design trial, 48 West African Dwarf rams, 14-16 kg, were given diets containing maize stover treated with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% sodium hydroxide, cocoa pod husk ash (CPH) or palm bunch ash (PB), with 0.2 kg concentrate daily for 12 weeks. Increasing NaOH concentration caused protein solubilization, increased gross energy and ash contents compared with CPH or PB. DM, organic matter, cellulose and energy digestibilities were higher in stover treated with NaOH than with CPH or PB. Water intake increased (P<0.05) with increasing alkali concentration, and there were no differences between NaOH, CPH or PB. DM, digestibile energy and metabolizable energy intakes increased (P<0.05) with increasing alkali concentration, the greatest increases being with NaOH. Nitrogen absorption and growth rate were highest with 1% alkali treatment, irrespective of alkali source. N intake was higher in NaOH than CPH or PB groups but there were no differences in N absorption between groups. Liveweight gains were 52.2, 43.9 and 44.4 g/day for NaOH, CPH and PB groups, respectively.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1947
Author: Adebowale, E. A.; Orskov, E. R.; Shand, W. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Use of ash of cocoa pod husk as a source of alkali for upgrading agricultural residues with or without hydrogen peroxide
Journal: Tropical-Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago)
Volume: 68
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-32; Jan, figs,
Keywords: husk-; ensilation-; feed-value; crop-residues; wheat-; straw-; wastes;
Abstract: Ash from cacao pod husk was sprayed on wheat straw at 40, 80 or 120 g/kg straw with 30, 45 or 60 g/100 g moisture level, and ensiled for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. The potential degradability or organic matter loss (OML) from samples incubated in the rumens of sheep and assessed by a mathematical model increased from 566 for the untreated to 626 g OML/kg OM for 80 g ash/kg straw treatment. Higher ash levels did not further improve the OML. Increasing the ensiling period from 1 to 3 weeks increased degradability from 584 to 638 g/kg. Increasing the moisture level resulted in an increased potential degradation from 588 to 620 g OML/kg OM. In all cases, treatment with cacao pod ash was accompanied by reductions in lignin, hemicellulose and nitrogen. When maize stover, brewer's dried grains (BDG), cowpea straw or cowpea husk were soaked in solutions containing 10 or 50 g H2O2/l with or without ash as the alkaline source, H2O2 alone had no effect, but alkaline H2O2 did increase OML in maize stover and BDG from 698 to 781 and 723 to 856 g OML/kg, respectively, for the 50 g/l alkaline H2O2 treatment. The cowpea residues were not affected, but the loss of solubilized sugar from all the residues was considerably greater when they were soaked in alkaline H2O2 solutions than when the solutions were sprayed directly on to the material. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1332
Author: Adedeji, F. O.
Year: 1984
Title: Analysis of nesting boundaries of some dominant ants in cocoa trees in Nigeria
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-46
Keywords: Camponotus-acvapimensis; Distribution-; Nigeria; Myrmicaria-striata; Pheidole-megacephala; Crematogaster-depressa; Nests-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Formicidae-; ants; ecology
Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: The nesting boundaries of some dominant ant species involved in spreading the black pod disease of cocoa trees in Nigeria were analysed statistically as a result of field studies at Ibadan. It was found that Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr always occupied the base of cocoa trees if nesting alone, but if Myrmicaria striata Stitz was present both species nested in the tree canopy together. Pheidole megacephala (F.) occupied the base of the tree if nesting alone, but if C. acvapimensis was present P. megacephala moved up the trunk to nest, leaving the base to the other species. Crematogaster depressa (Latr.), the most aggressive of the species discussed, always nested alone in the tree canopy, sometimes after a fight with ants of other species of which the bodies were found under the colonised tree.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 293
Author: Adegbola, M. O. K.
Year: 1979
Title: Cocoa diseases of West Africa
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: plant-diseases; disease-control
West-Africa; Nigeria
Abstract: Black pod disease, canker, seedling blight, leaf fall and chupon wilt, all caused by Phytophthora palmivora, pod rot caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa, charcoal pod rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and the physiological disease cherelle wilt are discussed as well as control methods of these diseases. Also various trunk and root diseases and the problem of epiphytes are mentioned.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 243-250


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5568
Author: Adegboye, R. O.
Year: 1973
Title: Land tenure problems and improved practices
Journal: Ghana-Farmer (Ghana)
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 49-52; Dec, photo,
Keywords: Land-tenure; Rural-Sociology; Land-ownership;
Ghana
Abstract: The introduction of perennial crops such as cacao, rubber and oil palm caused a reappraisal as to land tenure. Among the problems are the land rent charged, extended duration of land use, changes in customary tenure, and competition for land between food and cash crops. The latter even leads to migration. Landlords are increasingly reluctant to approve tree crop cultivation by their tenant farmers in view of ownership disputes when redeeming the land.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5562
Author: Adegboye, R. O.
Year: 1974
Title: Land tenure problems and improved practices
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 159-164
Keywords: Rural-Sociology
Nigeria; West
Abstract: Changes in the land tenure system as a result of introducing the cacao crop (Amelonado var.), and some tenure problems arising the rom are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4928
Author: Adegeye, A. J.; Dittoh, J. S.
Year: 1985
Title: An appraisal of subsidy expenditure and requirements in cocoa production in Nigeria 1969/70-1983/84
Journal: Agricultural Systems
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 85-97
Keywords: Subsidies-; Inputs;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: A subsidy on cocoa-spraying chemicals was introduced in the early 1960s and has continued, though the modus operandi of the scheme has changed since the establishment of the Nigerian Cocoa Board in 1977. The paper analyzes subsidy expenditure 1969/70-1982/83 to show whether the Federal Government has put any emphasis in fund allocation on cocoa production. It is shown that subsidy expenditure has been generally on the decline in real terms since 1976/77 and there has been no increase in nominal terms since the 1980/81 season, i.e. increasingly fewer chemicals were subsidized at the prevailing subsidy levels every year. Even worse, producer prices in real terms have also been on the decrease since the 1977/78 season. At present, the government allocation can only meet 60% of the needs of farmers even at their very low use rate. The £N million subsidy can also meet only 32% of what is needed at the farmers' 'required' use rates and only 14% of what is recommended even at 50% subsidy levels. For minimum effectiveness of the subsidy scheme (at 50% subsidy level) on cocoa production, the Federal Government subsidy allocation should not have been less than £N 12.48 million during the 1982/83 season and should not be less than £N 12.85 million during the current (1983/84) season.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4998
Author: Adegeye, A. J.; Dittoh, J. S.
Year: 1986
Title: Increasing cocoa production through effective marketing of cocoa spraying chemicals in Nigeria
Journal: Agricultural Administration
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Pages: 105-115
Keywords: Pests-; Pest-control; Pesticides-; Marketing-;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Chemicals to control the diseases and pests of cocoa have been used in Nigeria for over three decades. This paper examines the marketing system for these chemicals with the aim of identifying the causes of inefficiency in the system in relation to the problems of on-farm acquisition of subsidized chemicals. All channels through which the chemicals (subsidized and unsubsidized) are distributed were examined. Village markets were visited and 266 farmers from the main cocoa belt of Nigeria were interviewed as to the problems they encounter in acquiring and using chemicals. Over 72% of farmers indicated that they bought their chemicals in the open market, and about 51% indicated that they were not even aware of subsidized chemicals. Other findings include lack of knowledge about new chemicals, inappropriate packaging of some chemicals, late release of subsidized chemicals and release of the chemicals during the 'lean' season. The paper concludes with some recommendations and suggests a distribution system which could ensure more and better utilization of subsidized cocoa spraying chemicals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 fig., 4 tab., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1993
Author: Adejuwon, J. O.; Ekanade, O.
Year: 1987
Title: Edaphic component of the environmental degradation resulting from the replacement of tropical rain forest by field and tree crops in SW Nigeria
Journal: International Tree Crops Journal
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 269-282.
Keywords: Deforestation-; Nigeria; Soil-physics; Density-; Porosity-; Soil-chemistry; Nutrients-; PH-; Ion-exchange-capacity; Soil-degradation; Shifting-cultivation; Soil-fertility; Forestry-; CEC; Nutrient-balance;
Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: An index of soil deterioration derived from data collected in cocoa producing areas showed that when forest was removed and replaced, the following reductions were found under field crops (cultivated as a bush fallow system) and tree crops (in this case Theobroma cacao), respectively: total porosity 12% and 18%; pH 16% and 13%; organic matter 29% and 27%; NO3-N 35% and 27%; available P 19% and 19%; Ca 24% and 41%; Na 50% and 50%; K 19% and 43%; Mg 26% and 47%; CEC 36% and 34%; and base saturation 5.4% and 8.7%. Bulk density increased by 28% and 31%.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2011
Author: Adejuwon, J. O.; Ekanade, O.
Year: 1988
Title: A comparison of soil properties under different land use types in a part of the Nigerian cocoa belt
Journal: Catena
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 319-331
Keywords: Soil-chemistry; Soil-properties; Land-use; Soil-physics; Deforestation; fallows; water-holding-capacity; Oragnic-matter; Nitrogen; CEC; Soil-fertility; Calcium; Magnesium; Cation-Exchange-capacity;
Nigeria
Abstract: The changes that take place in topsoil properties after tropical rain forest has been replaced by fallow and tree crops are considered in a part of south-western Nigeria. Water holding capacity, organic matter content, total nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) under fallow, cocoa and kola differ significantly from those under forest. These results indicate that once the tropical rainforest is removed the soil-vegetation system is disrupted significantly. It also shows that water holding capacity, calcium, potassium and C.E.C. are significantly different between fallow and the tree crops while no soil property differs significantly between cocoa and kola. These results demonstrate that soil under fallow appears better protected than under cocoa and kola and that the tree crops have similar patterns of nutrient absorption. The reasons for these differences are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4, 1 fig., 3 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1802
Author: Adejuwon, J. O.; Ekanade, O.
Year: 1989
Title: Dynamics of the plant-soil system in cocoa farms of different ages in southwestern Nigeria
Journal: National Geographical Journal of India
Volume: 35
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 237-250.
Keywords: crop-management; soil-properties; Nigeria; Soil-physics; nutrient-cycling; Soil-chemistry
Nigeria-
Abstract: The dynamics and interrelationships of soil-plant components in cocoa plant communities over time and space were studied in southwestern Nigeria. Results indicate that tree density, foliage cover and litter accumulation were positively related to most soil physical and chemical properties studied, while biomass variables and weed species were negatively related. The implications of the results with respect to formulating sustainable land use planning and management practices for cocoa growers in southwest Nigeria are discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4391
Author: Adeloye, A. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Intake and nutrient digestibilities of all-concentrate diet from forage and some crop wastes by sheep and goats
Journal: Nigerian Journal of Animal Production
Volume: 20
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: concentrates-; agricultural-byproducts; forage-; nutritive-ratio; digestibility-
Abstract: Twenty adult male West African dwarf sheep and goats (about 18 months old and weighing 19-23 kg) were fed on diets containing yam peel, cocoa-seed testa and leucaena leaf in an all-concentrate diet or a control diet comprising one part concentrate supplement and two parts hay. DM intake was higher for sheep and goats fed on the all-concentrate diet (P<0.05). The digestibilities of DM, crude fibre, and energy were lower (P<0.05) whilst CP and ether extract were higher than those of the control diet. The nutritive ratio of the all-concentrate feed indicated high nutritive value.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
20-24


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5319
Author: Adenier, H.; Chaveron, H.; Ollivon
Year: 1984
Journal: Sciences des Aliments
Volume: 4
Pages: 213-231
Keywords: Tempering; Crystallization; Chocolate;
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4529
Author: Adenier, H.; Chaveron, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Physical properties of cocoa butter/milk fat mixtures as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. Iso-solid curves and kinetics of crystallization
Journal: OCL Oleagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-244
Keywords: fractionation-; temperature-; cocoa-products; chocolate-; manufacture-; tempering-; nuclear-magnetic-resonance; milk-fat; mixtures-; physical-properties; kinetics-
Abstract: Two cocoa butters with differing physical properties originating from Malaysia (hard) and Mexico (soft) were mixed with with either anhydrous milk fat or anhydrous milk fat fractionated at a high melting point, and analysed using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Iso-solid curves were drawn by measuring the solids content at different temperatures, immediately after solidification and after 1 month at 20oC. Study of the kinetics of crystallization (variation in the solids content during solidification) was carried out on tempered mixtures at temperatures where crystals were still present. Each mixture was placed in the measuring cell of the thermostatic NMR spectrometer at 10oC. The cocoa butters studied showed significant differences in physical properties, and these had a marked effect on the milk fat mixtures, necessitating changes in tempering conditions (pre-crystallization). A sample of milk chocolate was also examined during tempering for its crystallization kinetics. It is concluded that NMR spectrometry is a useful method of monitoring the tempering process during chocolate manufacture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1176
Author: Adenikinju, S. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Effects of bean maturity on seedling vigour in cacao (Theobroma cacao)
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 28
Issue: 3
Pages: 225-231.
Keywords: Plant-Growth-and-Development
Nigeria
Abstract: Studies carried out at the Gambari Experiment Station of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria since 1965 have shown that the stage of maturity of cacao beans has definite effects on their development and viability. The maturity of the beans also affects the growth of seedlings while mature green pods can supply beans capable of producing seedlings that are as vigorous or more vigorous than those of ripe pods. By using more vigorous seedlings it is possible to reduce the nursery period by up to 3 months while pods which have attained the mature size and colour prior to ripening could also be used for raising such seedlings for field planting. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1318
Author: Adenikinju, S. A.; Akinfenwa, F. O.
Year: 1991
Title: Preliminary observations on the effects of bryophytes, lichens and other trunk infestations on flowering of cocoa
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 35
Pages: 43-48.
Keywords: Weeds; epiphytes-; crop-losses; seasonality-; climatic-factors
Nigeria
Abstract: The results of preliminary agronomic investigations into the effects of trunk infestation by bryophytes, lichens, mosses, bacteria, fungi, algae, ferns and small orchids on the flowering of cacao cushions in Nigeria is reported. A plot of F3 Amazon cacao was used for the study. Trunk infestation by epiphytes depressed flower production in 4 out of 12 months. The intensity of these effects, however, varied from month to month; this seasonality can be attributed to variations in rainfall and relative humidity. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5472
Author: Adenuga, A. O.; Adeboyeku, K.
Year: 1987
Title: Notes on distribution of ant-Homoptera interaction on selected crop plants
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 239-243
Keywords: Hemiptera; Hymenoptera-a; Homoptera-a; Formicidae-; Interactions-; Mangoes-; Cajanus-cajan; Fruits-; Ornamental-plants; Crops-; Biology-; Phenology-; ants
Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: Information is presented on the distribution of ant-Homoptera associations on various crops, fruits and ornamental plants following a field survey at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, in 1979. The host plants that harboured the ant-Homoptera associations seemed more widespread than hitherto reported in the literature. About 50% of the species of ants examined tended more than one species of Homoptera. Other Homoptera-tending ants seemed to specialize, confining themselves to only one species. The seasonal abundance of some of the homopterans and the ants which tend them was studied on cocoa, mango and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). The populations of the ants tended to synchronize with the populations of the homopterans they tended during the season.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1893
Author: Adeyanju, S. A.; Ogutuga, D. B. A.; Ilori, J. O.; Adegbola, A. A.
Year: 1975
Title: Cocoa husk in poultry diets
Journal: Malaysian Agricultural Research
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-136
Keywords: By-products; Husks; Feed-Additives; Poultry-Husbandry
Nigeria
Abstract: In a feeding trial conducted in Nigeria, 13-week old chickens were fed with diets containing 10, 15 and 20% cocoa husk. Weight gains and feed-gain ratio were depressed by rations containing cocoa husk, however, compared with the control diet, egg production almost doubled when diets containing up to 15% cocoa husk were fed. Beyond 15% cocoa husk, egg production was not only delayed but also greatly reduced.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3534
Author: Adeyemi, S. A. O.; Youdeowei, A.; Omole, M. M.
Year: 1977
Title: The present status of cocoa mirid resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in Nigeria
Journal: In
Volume: 1977
Pages: 11-33
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides;
Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6. International Cocoa Research Conference: proceedings, Caracas, Venezuela, 6-12 Nov p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 705
Author: Adomako, D.; Owusu, G. K.
Year: 1974
Title: Studies on the mechanical transmission of cocoa swollen virus: some factors affecting virus multiplication and symptom development in cocoa
Journal: Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 7-15.
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; Mealybugs;
Ghana
Abstract: The difference between virus infection by mechanical means and by mealy-bugs (Planococcoides njalensis) was studied.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1931
Author: Adomako, D.; Kumaran, K.; Nair, R. V.
Year: 1982
Title: Studies on bean sweatings of five cocoa varieties
Journal: South Indian Horticulture
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Pages: 104-106.
Keywords: By-products; Sweatings; Juice;
Ghana
Abstract: Fresh cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans, when kept for fermentation, sweat and give out small quantities of a sweet juice. A study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating 5 promising cacao varieties for quantity of sweatings produced, the quantity of dry matter and sugar for conversion into alcohol or acetic acid, and the pH of the sweatings. Varieties differed widely in respect of yield of beans per 100 pods and the yield of sweatings, both characters being almost independent in expression. The pH ranged from 3.39 to 4.30, while percent dry matter and sugar content ranged from 11.22 to 18.67 and from 7.2 to 14.00 respectively. An inverse relationship between volume of sweatings and dry matter content was observed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3846
Author: Adomako, D.; Halm, B. J.; Amponsah, J. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Summary of innovations/recommended technologies for cocoa and coffee production, and current research activities
Journal: CRIG, Tafo
Keywords: Research; extension;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1071
Author: Adomako, D.; Frimpong, E. B.; Ampofo, S. T.; Brew, K. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Observations on cocoa flushing in Ghana under different shade regimes, with particular reference to the distribution of natural light
Journal: Planter
Volume: 66
Pages: 565-579
Keywords: Light; Growth-regulators; IAA-; shoots; development; shade; soil-water; responses-; Multipurpose-trees
Ghana;
Abstract: Unshaded cocoa trees growing on low wet ground, as well as shaded and unshaded cocoa trees growing on dry ground, were studied for the effects of sunlight availability and soil moisture on flushing. The studies covered the period Nov. 1982 to Mar. 1987, which included the severe dry seasons of 1982/83 and 1983/84. Growth of cocoa seedlings and one-year-old plants in the greenhouse under 35% shade and in the nursery under 50% shade was also studied. In 1983 and 1986 peak flushing occurred as usual in Jan. when there had been little or no rain during the preceding 10 and 4 weeks, respectively. Flushing was earlier, more frequent and more intense in unshaded or 'broken canopy' and roadside (edge) trees than in shaded trees; and there was no relationship between the flushing pattern and soil moisture content. Seedlings growing under 35 or 50% shade in the greenhouse and the nursery flushed at regular 4-weekly intervals without a seasonal peak. One-year-old jorquetted plants also flushed at regular intervals of 4 to 5 weeks each time at a few growing points; but as in the case of mature trees there was peak flushing involving all growing points during the drier part of the year in Oct.-Nov. and Feb.-Mar. There was a highly significant correlation between sunshine hours and flushing (r = 0.999 and 0.949 for 2 different recordings in one plot). These observations are interpreted in the light of the known relationship between sunlight availability, tissue carbohydrate content, bound and free IAA levels in the plant, and flushing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4787
Author: Adomako, D.
Year: 1990
Title: Increasing production on existing cocoa farms: Research results from CRIG
Journal: 2nd congress of cocoa industry senior staff association, Agona Swedru
Keywords: Research;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23-26 May


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2599
Author: Adomako, D.
Year: 1995
Title: Non-traditional uses of cocoa in Ghana
Journal: In: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th 30th June
Pages: 79-85
Keywords: Waste-utilization; crop-residues; byproducts-; processing; Sweatings; Alcohol; Husks;
Ghana
Abstract: A wide range of products can be produced from fresh cocoa pods and from cocoa butter and powder: fresh drinks, alcohol, animal feed, pectin and marmalade from fresh pod wastes; soap and cosmetics from cocoa butter; and cocoa powder-based confectionery and breakfast foods. Few studies have dealt with the economic feasibility and commercial-scale production. A project was started in Ghana in August 1993 on the establishment of pilot plants on 3 cocoa plantations to process cocoa by-products, to produce the major items on a commercial scale and conduct marketing and profitability studies. Pod production on the farms is limited to the period of Sep.-Jan., with a minor peak in May-June. Socio-economic studies aimed at collecting more by-products (husk and sweatings) from neighbouring farms to supplement the quantities available on the plantations have been initiated. Agronomic measures were taken to intensify production on the plantations. Due to the seasonal nature of pod production, processing of by-products from the fresh pods is not possible for more than 6 months of the year. A scheme for the use of alternative raw materials to feed the animal feed and alcohol distillation plants is described. It is suggested that the use of fruits to fill the gap will ensure the viability of the project and offer small farmers new opportunities for diversification and higher incomes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Yaounde, Cameroon. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5674
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Afza, R.; Durren, M. van
Year: 1987
Title: Determination of methodology to obtain shoot tip culture of cocoa
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Micro-propagation; Tissue-culture; Propagation; Meristems; Irradiation; Gamma-radiation; Growth-regulators; NAA; GA; Cultivars-; Shoot-tips; Gibberellic-acid; Mutagenesis; Radioactivity;
Abstract: Mature beans of cultivars Amelonado (P30) and T79/501 were planted under aseptic conditions in test tubes containing a medium made of half strength MS salts, sucrose (8%) and agar (7%). Two or four weeks later, 0.5-2.0 mm shoot tips were cut from the resulting seedlings and cultured for 4 weeks on a medium containing the following: MS salts (full strength), thiamine (1 mg/litre), sucrose (30 g/litre), adenine sulphate (80 mg/litre), zeatin (1 µM), cysteine-HCl (10 mg/litre), coconut water (10%) and varying levels of NAA (0.01-2.0 µM) and GA3 (1-3 µM), at pH 5.8. The shoot tips were further subcultured for 4 weeks on either of the above media with or without agar or on a liquid medium containing MS (half strength) and 5% sucrose. In a second experiment, secondary shoot tips developing in cotyledon axils after the removal of primary shoot tips on seedlings were subjected to the same procedure as described above. In a third experiment both primary and secondary shoot tips were subjected to gamma radiation ranging from 100-400 rad before culturing as described. Both primary and secondary shoot tips cultured on all agar media initially resulted in a slight elongation, but this was followed by an excessive callus formation with no shoot tip growth. Subculturing of shoot tips in all liquid media promoted their rapid elongation but the sucrose solution could only support growth for up to 7 days. For rapid elongation of shoot tips and consequent development of plants it is proposed to culture them first on an agar medium with 0.01 µM NAA and 1 µM GA3 for 4 weeks, then to transfer them into a liquid medium having the same concentrations of NAA and GA3 for 2 weeks, and finally to subculture them on an agar medium containing NAA (0.05 µM) and GA3 (3 µM). Under these conditions secondary shoot tips grew faster than primary shoot tips. Also, T79/501 grew faster than Amelonado either as a primary shoot tip or a secondary one. Subjecting shoot tips to low doses of gamm! a radiat ion reduced or eliminated callus formation and promoted shoot tip elongation even on solid media. The best growth was obtained when tips were exposed to gamma rays in the range 300-400 rad. A protocol for the production of cocoa plants by shoot tip culture is described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 137-142; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5675
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Afza, R.; Durren, M. van
Year: 1987
Title: Embryoid and plant production from cultured cocoa explants
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Micro-propagation; Tissue-culture; Propagation; Embryos; Growth-regulators; NAA; GA; Cultivars; Gibberellic-acid; Zeatin;
Abstract: To obtain embryoids, immature beans from 100-day-old pods of 3 cocoa types, Amelonado (P30), T79/501 and T63/967, were separated into cotyledon and zygotic embryo axis and inoculated onto basal media consisting of MS macro- and micronutrients supplemented with sucrose (40 g/litre), casein hydrolysate (2 g/litre), coconut water (15%), agar (8 g/litre) and varying levels of both thiamine (0.5-2.0 mg/litre) and NAA (5.0-20.0 µM), at pH 5.8. Incubation was carried out at 28C in the dark for 7 weeks, and the embryoids formed were isolated and the explants again subcultured on the same medium for a further 7 weeks. To find the best medium for germination, isolated embryoids were cultured for 7 days on one of the following: (1) full MS plus thiamine (1 mg/litre), sucrose (30 g/litre), adenine sulphate (80 mg/litre), zeatin (1 µM), cysteine-HCl (10 mg/litre), with or without agar (7 g/litre) and varying concentrations of NAA (0.01-10.0 µM) and GA3 (1.0-3 µM); and (2) liquid media made of MS (half strength) with varying levels of sucrose (2-10%). Germinated embryoids were further transferred with or without their cotyledons onto solid or liquid media with low (1 µM) or high (3 µM) GA3. All levels of thiamine and NAA promoted callus and embryoid proliferation but 1 mg thiamine and 10 µM NAA produced the highest number of embryoids per cotyledon. Cultivar differences in ability to produce embryoids as well as rate of embryoid production were observed, with T63/967 having the highest of these attributes, followed by T79/501 and then Amelonado. Attempts to germinate embryoids on all solid media resulted in only callus formation, while the various liquid media enabled embryoid germination. An endogenous factor appeared to be present that needed to be leached out from embryoids to prevent callus formation and promote germination. The liquid half strength MS medium containing 5% sucrose gave the highest germination. Transfer of germinated embryoids to solid media with! either low (1 µM) or high (3 µM) levels of GA3 resulted in an excessive development of embryoid cotyledon while the embryo axis ceased to develop. However, removal of cotyledons of germinated embryoids, followed by subculturing in liquid medium with high (3 µM) GA3 enhanced differentiation of embryoids into shoots and leaves. There were no differences between cultivars in the ability of their embryoids to produce plantlets. A protocol for the production of plantlets via somatic embryoids in cocoa tissue culture is described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 129-136; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1398
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Afza, R.; Duren, M. van; Perea-Dallos, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Initiation and growth of somatic embryos of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 187-200
Keywords: Tissue-culture; Embryogenesis-; Propagation-; Embryos-; Growth-regulators; NAA-; Gibberellic-acid; Responses-; Cultivars-; Embryo-culture
Ghana
Abstract: Callus initiation and somatic embryogenesis occurred when cocoa zygotic embryo tissues were cultured in vitro on NAA-containing media. On hormone-free medium a low frequency of smaller somatic embryos was produced. Culturing the somatic embryos in hormone-free liquid medium minimised callusing (as seen on solid media) and allowed differentiation into plantlets in the next medium containing NAA and gibberellic acid. The removal of cotyledons promoted shoot growth and true leaf formation. The Upper Amazon varieties T79/501 and T63/967 produced a greater number of larger embryos than the Amelonado variety S19, although the situation was reversed upon further subculture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2940
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Lamptey, T. V. O.
Year: 1991
Title: Use of irradiated pollen as mentor pollen to induce self-fertilization of two self-incompatible Upper Amazon clones
Journal: Euphytica
Volume: 51
Pages: 219-225
Keywords: Gamma-irradiation; Flat-beans; Temperature; Axil-spot; Incompatibility; Mutagenesis; Radioactivity;
Ghana
Abstract: Two self incompatible Upper Amazon clones, T78/799 and T79/501, were hand pollinated with compatible Amelonado pollen subjected to varying doses of gamma irradiation (10-100 Gy). The proportion of flat non-viable beans to fully formed, viable beans in the pods increased with an increase in dosage of gamma irradiation. At 60Gy all the beans produced were flat and non-viable, beyond this dosage fruit set was zero. Pollinating the self incompatible cacao clones with a 1:1 mixture of compatible mentor pollen irradiated at 60 Gy and normal pollen produced a mixture of flat, non-viable beans and fully-formed, viable beans. Similar experiments using irradiated pollen with a marker gene suggested that the fully-formed viable beans resulted from selfing. increasing the proportion of the radiation-treated compatible pollen in the mixture increased the number of fully formed beans. However, when compatible pollen which had been treated either at 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35C, 40C and 45C for periods of five, ten and fifteen minutes in factorial combination were mixedwith self pollen, no succesful pollinations were achieved. pollen viability tests indicated that, whilst pollen treated at 60 Gy were about 50% viable, those treated at eiterh 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35-45C wer mostly not viable. This suggests that, to overcome the incompatibility in cacao, the tubes of the mentor pollen grains should at least grow into the style. The possible causes for overcoming the self incompatibility in cacao are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4566
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Amponsah, J. D.; Abdul-Karimu, A.; Sersah, J. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Cocoa germplasm conservation in Ghana
Journal: Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
Issue: 103
Pages: 14-18
Keywords: conservation-; seeds-; storage-; in-vitro-culture; tissue-culture; plant-introduction; plant-breeding; genetic-resources; gene-banks; germplasm;
Ghana-
Abstract: A major component of successful breeding programmes is the collection and conservation of germplasm with a view of exploiting the variation that may exist in the introduced accessions. At the Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana efforts have been made since 1944 to introduce, conserve and utilize various cocoa accessions. These introductions have made a significant contribution to the development of improved cocoa hybrid cultivars. Loss of germplasm through diseases such as cocoa swollen shoot disease (CSSVD) and other environmental hazards have been associated with the conservation of cocoa germplasm in field gene banks. Efforts to introduce and conserve cocoa germplasm in Ghana in field gene banks, threats to the collection, and work undertaken to safeguard germplasm through duplication, CSSVD control, seed storage and tissue culture methods are described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
22ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2641
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.
Year: 1996
Title: The cocoa breeding programme in Ghana: achievements and prospects for the future
Journal: Cocoa Growers' Bulletin
Volume: 50
Pages: 17-21
Keywords: Breeding-programme; disease-resistance; plant-diseases; pathogenic-fungi; plant-genetic-resources; cacao-swollen-shoot-badnavirus; Phytophthora-megakarya
Ghana-
Abstract: The objectives of the present breeding programme at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana are to improve yield and establishment potential, as well as breeding for resistance to Phytophthora megakarya and cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSV). Breeding to improve establishment potential and crop yield made significant progress with the development of hybrids between selected upper Amazon types and crosses of West African Amelonado and local Trinitario types. Breeding for CSSV resistance has achieved very little mainly due to poor sources of strong resistance to the disease. Studies on virus detection and identification and on host effects have been initiated to help in the development of laboratory screening procedures for selection of resistant parents. A breeding strategy being adopted for P. megakarya resistance is to develop varieties with peak yields outside the rainy season during which time the P. megakarya infection is low. The cocoa breeding objective in Ghana will in future focus on maximizing potential and realizable yield in areas favourable for cocoa cultivation and in marginal areas. Novel methods such as mutation breeding together with tissue culture and genetic transformation will have to be investigated, and methods that could speed up breeding programmes should be devised and adopted. This will require closer collaboration between research institutes in Ghana and advanced laboratories outside cocoa producing countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4772
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Owusu, G. K.; Sackey, S.; Padi, B.; Abdulkarimu, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Use of gamma rays to induce mutants resistant to cocoa swollen shoot disease in Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Plant Breeding
Volume: 115
Issue: 1
Pages: 74-76
Keywords: Diseases; cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; CSSV; mutagen; Virus; Mutagenesis; Resistance-breeding; Radioactivity;
Ghana
Abstract: Vegetative buds of three cocoa varieties, 'Amelonado' (P30), 'Trinitario' (K5) and 'Upper Amazon' (T85/799) were irradiated with 15, 20 and 25 Gy of gamma-rays, respectively, and budded on to rootstocks to generate MV1 shoots. The terminal buds of the shoots were removed to induce the formation of MV2 shoots, from which MV3 shoots were similarly derived. The MV3 plants were screened for resistance to the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) by patch-graft inoculation of the rootstocks. Only a few plants from each of the three cocoa varieties were found to be symptomless after indexing. These plants were multiplied by budding to the MV4 and MV5 stages and screened at each stage for CSSV resistance by inoculation using virus-carrying mealybugs. At the MV5 stage, some plants still remained symptomless and this was confirmed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study reveals that gamma-rays can be used to induce genetic variability for resistance to CSSV in cocoa, as well as for other traits such as chlorophyll deficiency.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1687
Author: Adu-Dapaah, H. K.; Cobbina, J.; Asare, E. O.
Year: 1994
Title: Effect of cocoa pod ash on the growth of maize
Journal: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science
Volume: 122
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-33.
Keywords: Potassium; Husks; Fertilizers; Phosphorus; Potassium; Crop-residues;
Ghana;
Abstract: Pot and field experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Arable Crops Farm, Kumasi, Ghana during the major rainy season to compare the agronomic efficiency of potassium in cocoa pod ash with that of muriate of potash and to determine the optimum rate of application of cocoa pod ash to maize (Zea mays L. cv. La Posta). Results from the two experiments indicated that the application of 90 kg N/ha and 67 kg P2O5/ha did not increase shoot dry matter (DM) yield over the control. However, significant increases in DM yield over the control were obtained when N and P were applied together with 56 kg K2O/ha, demonstrating the complementarity of the major nutrient elements N, P and K. Shoot and root DM increased with increasing application of cocoa pod ash. Application of 140 kg/ha cocoa pod ash (equivalent to 56 kg K2O/ha) produced the same DM and shoot potassium yields as 56 kg K2O/ha as muriate of potash. The optimum rate of application of cocoa pod ash was 280 kg/ha (112 kg K2O/ha).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2470
Author: Affou, Y. S.
Year: 1987
Title: Absentee planters in Ivory Coast
Journal: Paris: ORSTOM
Pages: 210
Keywords: Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
95 p. [fr]. - (Travaux et documents / ORSTOM, Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, ISSN 0371-6023


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5292
Author: Affou, Y. S.; Tano, K.
Year: 1992
Title: Rural migration and socio-economic dynamics. In the South West Ivorian cocoa zone
Journal: Association Ivorienne des Sciences Agronomiques ORSTOM, 36p
Keywords: Labour;
Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 350
Author: Afolami, S. O.
Year: 1981
Title: Changes in nematode types and population density in the first two years of cocoa establishment
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; nematodes-; population-dynamics; crop-establishment; intercropping-
Nigeria
Abstract: A plot freshly cleared for cacao planting was sampled to determine the nematode types and their population level. Samples were taken from seedling rhizosphere three months after transplanting, and subsequently at two month interval. Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Scutellonema spp., Trichodorus spp., Criconemoides limitaneum, Hemicycliophora sp., Hoplolaimus pararobustus and Xiphinema spp., were recovered in low numbers from samples taken prior to planting. In the second year the nematode population had changed considerably. Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. became predominant while Scutellonema spp. were found only in traces. Meloidogyne spp. were found in largest numbers in plots where cacao was intercropped with maize/cowpea, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. in plots intercropped with yam. Cassava/cacao plots had the least of all nematode types. There were seasonal fluctuations in nematode populations. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 301-306, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1237
Author: Afolami, C. A.; Ajobo, O.
Year: 1983
Title: An economic evaluation of a cropping system: the case of cocoa grown in combination with oil-palm
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 27
Pages: 121-126.
Keywords: Inter-cropping; Disease-control
Nigeria
Abstract: This study examines whether pod loss due to pests and diseases in cacao, grown in combination with oil palm, nullifies the increase in pod yield that arose from the cropping system. The experimental design is a randomised block design of six blocks and three treatments: pure stands or control, avenue plantings and hollow square plantings. Annual yields of healthy pods, black pods and damaged pods, taken for the period 1968/69 to 1978/79 were used for analysis. Results showed that the absolute number of damaged and black pods was greater on cacao grown in combination with oil palm, but the increase in yield of healthy pods in the cropping system was higher than the pod loss due to pests and diseases. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4874
Author: Afolami, S. O.; Caveness, F. E.
Year: 1983
Title: The frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with Theobrama cacao in Nigeria
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 97-100
Keywords: Nematoda; Xiphinema-brasiliense; New-host-record; Xiphinema-bergeri; Paralongidorus-; Longidorus-; Eutylenchus-africanus
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Out of 1500 samples taken from 72 farms in the 6 cocoa-growing states of Nigeria, 25 species belonging to 17 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, Meloidogyne, Scutellonema and Hemicycliophora were the most widespread, occurring in 66.1%, 56.5%, 8.6%, 8.2% and 6.5% of samples, respectively. Xiphinema brasiliense, X. bergeri, Paralongidorus sp., Longidorus sp. and Eutylenchus africanus were found for the first time on cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5433
Author: Afrane, G.
Year: 1992
Title: Leaching of Caustic Potash from Cocoa Husk Ash
Journal: Bioresource Technology
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 101-104
Keywords: Leaching; Wood-Ash; Alkali; Soap-Making; Caustic-Potash; Processing; By-products
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Wood has been known for a long time to contain nitrogen and mineral elements like potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium. These elements are found as carbonates in the ash when wood is burnt. The finding that the ash of cocoa husk contains a higher than average percentage of potassium carbonate has been reported repeatedly in the literature. A carbonate content of 40-60% and 3-5% based in the ash and dried husk, respectively, confirmed the reported values. The objective of this work was to obtain the ashing and leaching parameters which would optimize the extraction from the ash of potassium carbonate, which could be used directly in soap manufacture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5207
Author: Agamuthu, P.; Sivaraj, S.; Mukherjee, T. K.
Year: 1996
Title: Nutrition and in vitro digestion aspects of napier grass (pennisetum purpureum) grown with palm oil mill effluent (POME) as fertiliser for goat and sheep
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
Volume: 66
Issue: 9
Keywords: Cropping-system; Waste-management;
Abstract: POME-treated Napier grass was consumed as readily as grass from other plots by gears and shed, anti the differences were not significant for both goats and sheep. In vitro digestibility studies indicated that POME-treated Napier grass was digested significantly faster than grass from untreated control plot.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Sep )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3812
Author: Agostini, J. L.
Year: 1925
Title: Shaping the cacao tree
Journal: Trinidad
Volume: 24
Keywords: Pruning;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2517
Author: Agromisa
Year: 1969
Title: Cacao in the producing countries
Journal: Wageningen, Agromisa
Pages: 3
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
46 p. - (Agro-ment. Agromisa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1166
Author: Agudelo, F.; Falcon, L. A.
Year: 1977
Title: Some naturally occurring insect pathogens in Colombia
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 423-424;
Keywords: Plant-Pests; Animal-Biology
Colombia
Abstract: Five pathogenic fungi, 1 bacterium and 1 virus were isolated from sick or dead insects, which attack cotton, citrus, cacao and soya beans.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5541
Author: Agudelo-M, A.; Velez-E, G.
Year: 1974
Title: Cacao, a crop of economic and social potential in Colombia
Journal: Revista Nacional de Agricultura
Volume: 67
Issue: 810
Pages: 36-39.
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Agricultural-Production
Colombia
Abstract: The situation and trends in world cocoa production and consumption are described and followed by a discussion of the national industry of Colombia. The economic and social aspects of the crop are compared with those of other crops and animal husbandry. Cacao is considered to be an attractive crop under Colombian conditions.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3260
Author: Aguilar, P.
Year: 1997
Title: Cocoa cultivation in Sao Tome and Principe
Journal: Plantations
Volume: Recherche
Issue: Developpement, 4
Pages: 165-174.
Keywords: Regional; crop-production; exports-; plant-breeding; fermentation-; drying-; sorting-; storage-; crop-quality; research-; production-; tropical-crops; stimulant-plants
Sao-Tome-and-Principe
Abstract: Cocoa was first introduced into Africa in 1822, in Sao Tome and Principe, a Portuguese colony until 1975 and the world's leading producer at the beginning of the 20th century until the collapse of its production. The causes of the slump were historical, political and agricultural. Current production is around 5000 t/year, and exports account for 80% of the country's foreign currency earnings. The early studies on genetic improvement of cocoa, and the effects of techniques implemented between harvesting and export (fermentation, drying, sorting and storage) on cocoa quality are discussed. The government launched a national cocoa plantation rehabilitation programme in 1985 which has received backing from international donors. CIRAD-CP is in charge of an agricultural research project working to help revitalize cocoa cultivation.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5435
Author: Agyeman, K. O. G.; Oldham, J. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Utilization of cocoa by-products as an alternative source of energy
Journal: Biomass
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 311-318
Keywords: Energy-sources; Crop-residues; By-products-; Ethanol-; Production-; Waste-utilization; Fuels-; Plant-residues; Utilization-; Fodder-; Energy-; Sources-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Cocoa sweating (the liquid which drains from the fresh bean when exposed to air) can be collected and fermented to produce alcohol. The 2 commonly used, on-farm collection methods in Ghana (the basket and the sweat-box methods) were investigated and adapted for larger-scale collection. The sweat-box proved to be more convenient and less time-consuming. Fermented sweating, with an alcohol level of 7-10% (weight/weight) is either distilled to obtain ethyl alcohol for use as a fuel or converted into vinegar. Other by-products dealt with briefly include empty pods and testa (utilized for potash, fertilizer, soap and animal feed production) and sun-dried husks (a substitute for firewood).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1834
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1967
Title: The status of an Amelonado shade and manurial experiment (K1) at Tafo
Journal: Proc. 2nd Int. Cocoa Res. Conf. Salvador, razil
Pages: 325-330
Keywords: Shade; Fertiliser; Physiology
Africa; Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1828
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1968
Title: Phosphorus retention capacities of some cocoa growing soils in Ghana and their relationship with soil properties
Journal: Soil Sci.
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-30.
Keywords: Phosphorus; P-retention;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: P-retention and its relationship with the soil pH and with its organic C, Fe, At, and clay contents was studied in 17 cocoa-growing soils in Ghana. In 13 latosolic soils (pH 5.3 7.8), P-retention was significantly related to organic C and Fe together with organic C, Fe, pH, and clay interactions. The relationship was closest for organic C and the interactions of pH x Fe, organic C x Fe, and organic C x pH. In 9 soils with pH 6.0-6.5, retention was mainly related to Fe and the interaction of pH x Fe. In both groups of soils, retention was not associated with clay content or Al. The dominant factors in P-retention in all these soils appear to be soil organic C, Fe, and their interaction with pH.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1835
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1968
Title: Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) shade and manurial experiment (K2-01) at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. I. First five years
Journal: Agron. J.
Volume: 60
Pages: 591-594
Keywords: Shade; Fertilizers; Physiology; Potassium; Soil-fertility
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: The soil supply of potassium was strongly depleted after 7 years of continuous cropping wit Amazon cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1829
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1969
Title: A note on zinc deficiency of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Ghana J. Agric. Sci.
Volume: 2
Pages: 3-6
Keywords: Deficiencies; Nutrients; Zinc;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: A zinc deficiency problem of field cacao at Tafo, Ghana, is reported. The malady is comparatively more common with Amazon varieities than with the Amelonado. A dose equivalent of 4.4 lb/acre zinc sulphate applied either to the soil or as a foliar spray corrected the deficiency in 2.5 year old potted Amazon cacao seedlings. Factors to be believed to affect zinc availability in the soils are mentioned.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1831
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1969
Title: A study on the distribution of root activity of mature cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) using P32 soil injection technique
Journal: Ghana. J. Agric. Sci.
Volume: 2
Pages: 97-101
Keywords: Roots; Nutrients; Nutrient-uptake; Fertilizers; Phosphorus
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: The leaf content of P32 of 48 mature cacao from 4 varieities is reported. It was found that the specific activity (cpm/mgP) of the P32 in the leaves varies inversely with the depth of placement of the P32. Regardless of varietal differences in the P32 content of the leaves, root activity was found to be about 10 times greater within the top 2.5 cm than at lower depths.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1833
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1969
Title: Recent results on fertilizer experiments on shaded cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana
Journal: Proc. 3rd. Int. Cocoa Res. Conf., Accra, Ghana
Pages: 65-78
Keywords: Fertilizers; Shade; Yields;
Africa; Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1814
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1970
Title: Potassium supplying power of some soils of Ghana cropped to cacao
Journal: Soil Sci
Volume: 109
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-135
Keywords: Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Continous cropping with perennial ryegrass in pot test was used to measure the release of non-exchangable K from 18 soils all supporting mature (over 10 years old) cacao. Releases of non-exchangable K varied from less than five to more than 1200 kg K/ha. Addition of p enhanced K uptake in some soils while in other soils K-fixation was induced. The causes of the K fixation were discussed. Besides the exchangable K and non-exchangable K. 'fixed' K in some soils appear to be well buffered against k depletion.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1869
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.; Adri, A. K.
Year: 1974
Title: The end of the first cocoa shade and manurial experiment at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
Journal: J. hort. Sci.
Volume: 49
Pages: 43-51
Keywords: Shade; Fertilizers; Yields; Soils; Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; Soil-analysis; Carbon; Phosphorus; CSSV
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: In an Amelonado cocoa shade and maurial trial, no-shade trees yielded three times as much as shaded trees over 17 years of continuous cropping, but it is inferred that the eceonomic life of an unshaded Amelonado cocoa farm in Ghana may not last for more than 10 years of intensive cropping. No-shade trees require more fertilizer than shaded ones, and lack of fertilizers, especially P, will cause a decline in yield in less than 10 years. A mean loss of over 50% of organic carbon within 15 years, with apparent organic carbon decomposition constant (Kc) = 4.57, was used as a measure of deterioration of the soil productivity. Deterioration of coc a was rapid under the no-shade conditions partly because of high loss of exchangeable bases and the greater stress caused by the higher yield. Trees under stress tended to become more susceptible to insect pests and probably to diseases. Shade contions affected the distribution of the insect pests of cocoa. The no-shade regime favoured the establishment of miteloe, Tapinanthus bangwensis and mosses more than on shaded plots. The intensity of the incident diffuse light and the humidity probably had a greater influence than the age of the tree on the development of mosses on the cocoa trunk and branches.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1882
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1975
Title: Use of radio-actived phosphorus in determining the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by cacao plantation
Journal: Plant & Soil
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 429-439.
Keywords: Nutrition; Nutrient-uptake; Radioactive-tracers; Phosphorus;
Ghana
Abstract: In Ghana uptake of P32 was greatest during the wet season and root activity highest within the upper 3 cm soil layer in both wet and dry season. Highest P32 activity occurred at a distance of 120-160 cm and lowest at 91 cm from the tree base. In a 20 year old cacao plantation planted at 240 cm x 240 cm, the fertilizer should be broadcast during the wet season. Under low soil moisture conditions the placement of P32 labelled superphosphate provides information on relative availability of the fertilizer or soil P. Active roots of cacao tend to be more extensive and are capable of exploring a much larger area then hitherto expected.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 292
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.
Year: 1979
Title: Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. 3. Standard curves and observations
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: foliar-diagnosis- Leaf-analysis
Ghana
Abstract: The progress made on foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique for cacao nutrition in Ghana is presented. Whilst it is suggested that sampling to determine the optimum N, P and K concentration should be done between March and April, the need for further work in Ghana so that foliar analyses can be related to fertilizer application and crop yield is stressed. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 177-182, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 340
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.; Appiah, M. R.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Fertilizer use on cacao rehabilitation projects in Ghana
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; Fertiliser-response; NPK-; application-timing
Ghana
Abstract: Different sites covering different soil groups were selected to test the usefulness of N, P and K fertilizers to the Ghana/World Bank Cacao Rehabilitation Project Area. The effect of N was generally negative, causing yield depression ranging from 11-35% at several sites; that of K was negligible; while significant positive yield response with 32% mean (range 22-43%) increase was consistently associated with P. To avoid increasing the debt burden on the farmer, it is recommended that only triple superphosphate, at least 160 kg P/ha, should be incorporated in the rehabilitation exercise on mature farms. Either a bulk or split application in April/May or August of the triple superphosphate is desirable.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 165-170, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1991
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.; Amonoo, R. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Cacao pod husk as source of potash fertilizer
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 31
Issue: 4
Pages: 287-292
Keywords: Maize-; Potassium-chloride; Cocoa-husk-ash; Potassium-fertilizers
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: In a 3-yr field experiment on an Oxisol in Ghana, cacao husk ash (38%K) was compared with nutrients of potash (41%K) as a source of K for maize. There was no significant difference between the grain yields obtained from plots fertilized with the two sources of K. Higher grain yields were obtained from plots receiving up to 112 kg K2O/ha/yr than from untreated control plots.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1375
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Appiah, M. R.; Halm, B. J.
Year: 1987
Title: Review of foliar fertilisation of some tropical perennial crops and effect of three foliar fertilisers on cocoa nursery seedlings
Journal: Planter
Volume: 63
Issue: 730
Pages: 3-15
Keywords: Fertilizers-; Application-; Foliar-application;
Ghana
Abstract: Research on the foliar fertilization of several economically important tropical perennial crops, including cocoa, coffee and citrus, is reviewed, and factors causing variable responses, the correction of minor element deficiencies and combined foliar fertilization-pesticide spraying are discussed. Preliminary data are graphically presented from a trial on the effects of 3 foliar fertilizers, Samppi, Wuxal and Nitrophoska [compositions given], at 8 different concentrations on the growth of cocoa seedlings on 2 different soils over an 11-month period. Samppi and Wuxal suspension at the highest rates tested, viz. 0.2% and 3.5 litres/ha, respectively, and liquid Nitrophoska at 3.0 litres/ha gave the best leaf, stem and root growth; stem girth, however, was not affected by any of the treatments.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1858
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1987
Title: The influence of environment on growth and production of the cacao tree: soils and nutrition
Journal: Proc. 10th International cocoa research conf. p.
Pages: 167-176
Keywords: Soil-chemistry; Soil-physics; Water-availability; Texture; Structure; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Shade;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: The soils and nutrition aspect of the conference theme: "The influence of environemtn on growth and production of the cacao tree", was reviewed and discussed. The main determineing factors of good cocoa soils are the rate of release of soil moisture and the status and availability of phosphate. It was noted that cacao nutrition should always be considered in relation to overhead shade conditions. The need to standardize soil available phosphorus and quantify shade was stressed. A multi-disciplinary and Inter-instituaional appraoch to solving the complex problem of shade and nutrition interaction is recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1980
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.; Appiah, M. R.; Akrofi, G. S.; Yirenkyi, J. E. K.
Year: 1987
Title: Twenty years' results from a shade and fertilizer trial on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana
Journal: Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-39
Keywords: Shade-; Responses-; Utilization-; Shade-plants; Nutrition-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; Fungus-diseases-; Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV; Bathycoelia-thalassina; Helopeltis-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Hemiptera; Pentatomidae-; Miridae-; Insect-pests; Fertilizers-; Effects-;
Africa, Ghana
Abstract: The effects of three shade (Terminalia ivorensis) densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest (Bathycoelia thalassina and Helopeltis spp.)/disease (Phytophthora palmivora) relationship on Amazon cocoa are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield over 20 years from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2), respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend: the first 7-8 years characterized by the highest yields and widest yield fluctuations; a stable phase lasting for 5-6 years with a steady rise in yield (fertilizer + S0) or a yield plateau and gentle fluctuations; and a final senescent phase with a rapid yield decline noticed first in (S0). No appreciable changes in exchangeable soil Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value while available P of the unfertilized and the S0 plots fell by 38%. Fertilizer recommendations for P and K should take account of overhead shade. The effect of N application was often negative. No direct relationship was observed between fertilizer treatment and the incidence of pest/blackpod/swollen shoot virus (SSV). SSV infection was greatest under S0. Cocoa farms in Ghana could not maintain high yields (about 1000 kg dry cocoa/ha) beyond 15 years with intensive cropping.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4883
Author: Ahmad Faiz Bin Mohammad, Alif
Year: 1982
Title: Use of herbicides in small scale plantations in Southeast Asia
Journal: Biotrop Special Publication
Issue: 15
Pages: 83-89
Keywords: Imperata-cylindrica; Control-; Chemical-control; Dalapon-; Eupatorium-odoratum; Mikania-cordata; Triazines-; Sodium-chlorate; Usage-; Crops-; MSMa; 2,4-D; Paraquat-; Alachlor-; Atrazine-; Glyphosate-; Maize-; Weed-control; Recommendations-; Sugarcane-; Capsicum-; Cassava Pineapples-;
Malaysia
Abstract: Weed such as Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium odoratum and Mikania cordata grow well under the ecological conditions of small-scale plantations in SE Asia. Recommended herbicides for weed control in long term crops such as rubber, oil palm and coconut are 17-23 kg dalapon/ha for I. cylindrica, MSMA + 2,4-D-amine + sodium chlorate for a mixed weed flora and 2.2 kg/ha paraquat for ferns. Herbicides recommended for medium term crops such as tea, coffee, cocoa and pepper include triazines, substituted ureas and 2 kg/ha glyphosate. Pre-em. herbicides such as triazines, alachlor and atrazine provided weed control in short term crops including maize, sugarcane, pineapple and cassava.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4346
Author: Ahmed Zubaidi, Baharumshah; Mohammad Bin, Yusoff
Year: 1994
Title: Exchange rates and agricultural exports: the Malaysian case
Journal: Asian-Economic-Review (India)
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 303-323; Aug,
Keywords: exports-; demand-; monetary-policies; finance-; price-elasticities; econometrics-
Malaysia
Abstract: An export demand model of the main agricultural commodities of Malaysia: palm oil, rubber, cocoa and timber, is determined based on 1960-1990 statistics, and the impact of the exchange rates on these exports in a small open economy is examined. A literature review is provided and the empirical results of the model are described, including export demand equations for the different commodities and estimates of their price, exchange rate and income elasticities. It is shown that exchange rates have a substantial impact on the demand for the Malaysian exports of agricultural commodities. In general there is no consistently strong relationship between foreign demands and prices, which suggests that high export taxes do not harm exports or they may be obscured by other variables in the model. The exchange rate elasticities depend on the commodity in question, thus necessitating different domestic or trade policy actions for the various commodities. Income elasticities for rubber and palm oil are less than unity, due to lagging demand on the world market.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1747
Author: Ahn, P. M.
Year: 1962
Title: Soils of the proposed 1000 - acre cocoa estate. (Ahafo, Ghana)
Journal: Kumasi: [s.n.]
Pages: 48
Keywords: Survey; Land-evaluation;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17 p. - (Technical report. Scientific services division. Ghana ministry of agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1751
Author: Ahn, P. M.
Year: 1962
Title: The soils of Goaso cocoa station, Brong - Ahafo region
Journal: Kumasi: [s.n.]
Pages: 47
Keywords: Survey;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
24 p. - (Technical report. Scientific services division. Ghana ministry of agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2693
Author: Ahnert, D.
Year: 1997
Title: Witches' broom disease in Bahia
Journal: INGENIC Newsletter
Volume: 3
Pages: 17-18
Keywords: fungicides-; chemical-control; plant-genetic-resources; screening-; breeding-programmes; germplasm-; plant-pathogens; plant-diseases; plant-pathogenic-fungi; disease-resistance; pruning-; plant-pathology
Brazil-; Bahia-
Abstract: Recent surveys have shown that 90% of cocoa [Theobroma cacao] trees growing in Bahia are infected with witches' broom [Crinipellis perniciosa]. As a short-term solution, CEPLAC is recommending phytosanitary pruning, reduction in plant height, regular pruning of plants to prevent contact between them, and fungicide application to protect pods. As a long-term solution, CEPLAC is implementing the planting of resistant varieties, including progeny of Theobahia, by establishing demonstration plots in the region. Evaluation of germplasm for new sources of resistance is currently being undertaken under medium selection pressure, maintained by the removal of infected tissue. Information on the distribution of resistance and association with other traits in Bahia germplasm is being used to consolidate the recurrent selection scheme in use at the Cocoa Research Centre (CEPEC).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4630
Author: Aidoo, J. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Tenancy and the land reform debate in Ghana
Journal: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Volume: 13
Keywords: tenure-systems; credit-; extension-; infrastructure-; tenancy-; land-ownership; land-reform; agrarian-reform; agricultural-development; constraints-; rural-development
Ghana-
Abstract: Land reform arises from disincentives in tenurial arrangements and the exploitation of tenants by landlords; frequent clashes between tenants and landlords in the cocoa regions of Ghana led to the passing of the Land Title Registration Law in 1986. Implementation has run into problems within the Greater Accra region, the first and smallest region to undergo land reform. It is argued that radical reform or the vesting of all lands into the state will not solve the problem; a review is presented of the existing tenancies in relation to the overall land tenure system in Ghana to illustrate the argument. It is concluded that agricultural reform rather than land reform in Ghana is the problem, since many farmers hold land which they cannot farm because they do not have other necessary production resources (such as credit, technical advice, the right inputs), or access to them.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4451
Author: Ainsworth, S.; Versteeg, C.; Palmer, M.; Millikan, M. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Enzymatic interesterification of fats
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology
Volume: 51
Issue: 2
Pages: 105-107
Keywords: triacylglycerols-; physicochemical-properties; milk-fat; oils-; rapeseed-oil; cocoa-products; triacylglycerol-lipase; esterification-
Abstract: Cocoa butter, milk fat and a blend of milk fat/canola oil were enzymically interesterified using Lipozyme IM60 (a commercial immobilized lipase). Samples were taken during interesterification and analysed for triglyceride (TG) composition and solid fat content (SFC). A model system of interesterification based on the solvent-free enzymic interesterification of cocoa butter was developed to enable the process to be studied in terms of rate, specificity and extent of reaction. A profile of the reaction was generated by comparing the sample TG compositions with calculated complete 1,3-specific and randomized TG compositions. Correlations were made between changes in the reaction profile obtained from the model system and changes in the physical properties of the milk fat and blends over time.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5548
Author: Ajayi, S. I.; Oyejide, T. A.
Year: 1974
Title: The role of cocoa in Nigeria's economic development
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 225-235
Keywords: Economic-Development-and-Planning
Nigeria
Abstract: The role of cacao is assessed in terms of its contribution in transforming the structure of the society, by providing income for farmers, foreign exchange and government revenue, raw material for agro-based industries and by stimulating the development of infrastructure.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5558
Author: Ajayi, S. I.; Oyejide, T. A.
Year: 1974
Title: A market share analysis of cocoa exports in Nigeria
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 491-502
Keywords: Marketing-; Trade-
Nigeria
Abstract: This paper evaluates Nigeria's cacao export performance on the basis of the country's relative share in major world markets or groups of markets from 1960 to 1970. On the basis of the analysis, some suggestions are made as to possible measures to improve the country's export position.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 317
Author: Ajobo, O.; Folarin, J. O.
Year: 1979
Title: Costing experiment in cocoa: towards the long run
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: cost-benefit-analysis; spacing-; weed-control
Nigeria
Abstract: It is widely believed that a cacao farmer can expect about 19 years of positive economic returns from his plantation since the plantation does not reach a profitable stage until 10 years after planting. However, the possibility for a cacao farmer to expect positive gross returns from his plantation after 6 years has been demonstrated; thus the farmer could expect an active 24 years of economic life for his plantation. In terms of yield more dry beans and pods per ha were harvested by closer spacing, while wider spacing had less yield per ha but more pods per living tree. The economic consequences of these phenomena are being studied. The statistical analysis of the data collected from the 4th to the 6th year did not show that any one of the spacing treatments to be superior to any other in terms of the growth parameters studied.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 601-604, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5441
Author: Akaah, I. P.; Dadzie, K. Q.; Dunson, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Formal financing institutions as savings mobilizing conduits in rural LDCs: an empirical assessment based on the bank savings behavior of Ghanian farm households
Journal: Savings and Development
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-135
Keywords: Savings-; Banks-; Farmers'-attitudes; Production-;
Ghana-
Abstract: Drawing on a sample of cocoa farmers in Ghana the paper employs an econometric model to assess farmers' bank savings behaviour and their willingness to save with banking institutions. It is noted that: (1) farmers' propensity to save is influenced mainly by income, bank-related and demographic factors, and (2) farmers in the sample exhibit a high level of bank savings propensity. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2686
Author: Akande, A. O.
Year: 1998
Title: Allelopathy between bryophytes and cocoa in the field: a preliminary study
Journal: Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 21-24
Keywords: allelopathy-; cocoa; surveys-; plant-extracts; growth-; buds-; plant-anatomy; weeds-; Mastigolejeunea-florae; Bryophyta Weeds;
Nigeria-
Abstract: A survey of three different cocoa farms was carried out in Nigeria to assess the bryophyte cover and the extent of interference of bryophytes on the production of cocoa. A total of 23 species of bryophyte was found in association with cocoa. Of the biologically active compounds extracted from the bryophytes, a colourless extract from Mastigolejeunea florae suppressed growth of and malformed some cocoa buds in-vivo. The implications of the colourless extract on cocoa is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4674
Author: Akeby, R.
Year: 1993
Title: Proposed strategy for enhancing self-reliance of the agricultural cooperative movement in Indonesia: business development
Volume: 80
Pages: 90-039
Keywords: cooperatives-; structure-; management-; trading;
Indonesia-
Abstract: This report by the Business Development Adviser within the project on Strategic Planning to Enhance Self-Reliance of Indonesia's Cooperative Movement is based on findings from missions to six provinces and concentrates mainly on non-government sponsored programmes with special emphasis on the marketing of agricultural produce, supply of basic necessities and other consumer goods, and credit and savings. It analyses business activities with the aim of developing a more professionally run agricultural cooperative business network. The three-tier KUD structure was set up by the government in the 1970s in order to strengthen the cooperative agricultural sector. All KUDs are encouraged to become members of PUSKUD, the secondary level cooperative organization. At the tertiary level is INKUD, the national body. After examining the KUD structure's business operations, the report details a proposed strategy for the business development of the agricultural cooperatives. Fishery and dairy cooperatives are examined specifically, with comments on tapioca, vanilla, cocoa and cloves.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
iii + pp.; INS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5637
Author: Akinda, A. A.
Year: 1986
Title: An application of Bass's model in the analysis of diffusion of cocoa-spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers
Journal: Journal of Agricultural Economics, UK
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Pages: 395-404
Keywords: Innovation-adoption; Agricultural-chemicals; Spraying-; Production-;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Several studies on the process of diffusion of agricultural innovations have recently emerged in the literature. They serve as an important link between studies on the establishment of innovations and those on their impact on the economy. However, previous standard diffusion models used in the analysis of diffusion of agricultural innovations assume that the population of potential adopters is identical and that they are all imitators. This assumption may not be realistic in all cases. It is therefore argued in this study that the population of potential adopters is not identical but consists of both innovators and imitators, and a model incorporating the two categories of potential adopters is employed. This model is also assessed against the standard diffusion model to test its superiority. Although the data on the diffusion of cocoa-spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers fit the model well, the result of its statistical evaluation shows little or no improvement over the standard model. This may, however, be due to the nature and composition of the data employed and the need for further refinement of the model.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
ref., 1 fig., 1 tab., 1 app., OQEH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4950
Author: Akinola, A. A.; Young, T.
Year: 1985
Title: An application of the Tobit model in the analysis of agricultural innovation adoption processes: a study of cocoa spraying chemicals by Nigerian cocoa farmers
Journal: Manchester Discussion Papers in Development Studies, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, University of Manchester
Issue: 8501
Keywords: Innovation-adoption; Econometric-models; Spraying-; Agricultural-chemicals;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Using cross-sectional data drawn from a large survey of cocoa farmers in 1980/81, a random sample of 285 cocoa households was selected and their responses used for dependant and independant variables in an application of the Tobit model to explain adoption behaviour. The Tobit model captures the simultaneous decisions on whether and with what intensity to adopt. Income, size of the regular family labour force, experience, input allocation, age and distance of input buying stations were all found to be statistically significant variables. Wealthier and younger cocoa farmers are more likely to adopt cocoa spraying chemicals, but availability of the chemicals to producers is also a significant influence on adoption. The Tobit model performed better than the Probit and linear regression models' estimates; it also yields more information. There is a marked difference between the effect of income and that of input allocation on the population of adopters and the expenditure incurred on chemicals. While income elasticity of adoption is higher than that of change of expenditure, the input allocation index elasticity of predicted probability is lower than that of change of expenditure. Hence, increased farmers' purchasing power is the best means of increasing the population of adopters, but increased allocation of chemicals to farmers is the most effective means of increasing expenditure on them.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
26pp.; 2 fig., 6 tab., BIDS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4975
Author: Akinola, A. A.; Young, T.
Year: 1985
Title: An application of the Tobit model in the analysis of agricultural innovation adoption processes: a study of the use of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers
Journal: Oxford Agrarian Studies
Volume: 14
Pages: 26-51
Keywords: Spraying-; Innovation-adoption;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: This study specifies a model that permits a discrete and continuous dependent variable which will capture the simultaneous nature of the decision making process of potential innovation adopters. The Tobit model, considered the most appropriate for this purpose, is discussed and three alternative models developed. Using data on the adoption of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers, each model is estimated and the results compared both in terms of statistical fit and the information for policy purposes provided. Results indicate that income, size of the regular labour force, experience, from input allocation, age and distance input buying stations affects chemical use among farmers. Policies that will simultaneously increase farmers' real income as well as the quantity of spraying chemicals allocated to them are preferable.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 tab., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5636
Author: Akinola, A. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Dynamic Innovator-Imitator (IN-IM) diffusion model
Journal: Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-124
Keywords: Innovation-adoption; Diffusion-of-information; Dynamic-models; Agricultural-chemicals;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: The note re-examines Akinola's earlier model with a view to incorporating aspects of the dynamic potential adopter population as well as the adoption coefficients. The theoretical dynamic IN-IM model presented in this study overcomes some of the inherent problems in previous diffusion models by allowing the equilibrium number of potential adopters and the adoption parameters to vary over time. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that data on the diffusion of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers fit the models fairly well. Evidence in the model shows that the coefficients measuring the effect of explanatory variables in creating new innovators, imitators and potential adopters are statistically significant and have the expected sign. There is also evidence that expenditure on chemical advertising has a significantly positive effect in creating new innovators, while the frequency of extension agents' contact with farmers has the expected effect on imitators. In addition, prices of cocoa beans are found to have the expected positive effect on the equilibrium number of potential adopters. This, therefore, supports the idea that when potential adopters are exposed to more information about the innovation and when their income increases, they might be persuaded to adopt cocoa spraying chemicals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 tab., 1 app., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 118
Author: Akinwolemiwa, J. O.
Year: 1964
Title: Extension work on mirid control in Western Nigeria
Journal: Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute
Volume: 1964
Pages: 66-69
Keywords: Extension; Dissemination; Insect-pets; Hemiptera; Mirids;
West-Africa; Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
24-27 March p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4465
Author: Akiyama, T.; Nishio, A.
Year: 1580
Title: Hands-off policy encourages smallholder dynamism
Journal: Policy Research Working Paper World Bank, No. WPS1580
Volume: 44
Keywords: distribution-; agricultural-policy; small-holders; production-; marketing-; agricultural-markets; government-policy; State-intervention;
Indonesia-; Sulawesi-
Abstract: This case study of Sulawesi's cocoa market examines smallholders' production and marketing systems and the government policies implemented for smallholders to identify any policy lessons that might be useful for other countries. It finds that the following factors contributed to the market's rapid expansion: the availability of suitable land, low production costs, a highly competitive marketing system (a result of the government's hands-off policy or limited government interventions), relatively good transport infrastructure, favourable macroeconomic policies, and the smallholders' entrepreneurship. Until the recent imposition of a value-added tax, Indonesia's government left cocoa marketing and distribution freer of government interventions than many other commodities, in part because the Indonesian Cocoa Association recommended such non-intervention. Other commodities were affected by direct involvement of the National Logistics Agency, price controls, and exclusive trade licensing requirements. As a result of the competitive cocoa marketing system, the farmgate price of cocoa in Indonesia is about 90% of the f.o.b. price, a much higher share than cocoa produced in other countries and than other commodities produced in Indonesia. This relatively free marketing and distribution system must be maintained for cocoa to develop further. Some general government policies have benefited the cocoa subsector as well as others. Exchange rates have been kept competitive, for example, no export tax has been imposed, and it has been government policy to build basic infrastructure in the outer islands. Several issues must be addressed for cocoa to be further developed: the quality of cocoa, the adding-up problem (export revenues not increasing in proportion to export quantities, because of the price-depressing effect of increased exports), the recently imposed value-added tax, the cocoa pod-borer, export marketing, research, retribution, local processing, environmental problems, and government interv! entions now being discussed for the cocoa sector. Government and industry must also resist the natural temptation for current players to become more conservative, to protect their interests.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; Washington, D.C.; USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3898
Author: Akiyama, T.; Bowers, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Supply responses of cocoa in major producing countries
Journal: World Bank Commodity Studies division paper, No
Volume: 3
Pages: 1984-3
Keywords: Production; demand; supply;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2129
Author: Akiyama, T.; Larson, D.
Year: 1989
Title: Recent trends in and prospects for agricultural exports from sub-Saharan Africa
Journal: Marches Tropicaux et Mediterraneens
Volume: 45
Issue: 2276
Pages: 1765-1771
Keywords: Exports; Trends;
Africa
Abstract: Agricultural products studied include coffee, cocoa, tea, cotton, tobacco, sugar, spices and groundnut oil. Data used relate to the period 1961-88. It is noted that agricultural export income declined by nearly 40% in real terms over the period 1974-88. In addition there is an increasing tendency among the countries to depend on a limited number of export crops. A further disadvantage can be traced to unfavourable producer pricing policies, slow technological change and inefficient marketing. Measures that need to be taken to reverse the unfavourable export trends are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bldsc


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2618
Author: Akiyama, T.; Nishio, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Sulawesi's cocoa boom: lessons of smallholder dynamism and a hands-off policy
Journal: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 97-121.
Keywords: cocoa-industry; production-structure; marketing-policies; economics-; prices-; small-farms;
Indonesia; Sulawesi
Abstract: The rapid expansion of cocoa production on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi over the last decade surprised the world, not least because it came mainly from smallholders. Government policies that have affected the subsector are examined, and issues to be faced are identified. It is concluded that the following factors contributed to the expansion: (1) the availability of suitable land; (2) low production costs; (3) a highly competitive marketing system (a result of the government's policy of limited intervention); (4) relatively good transport infrastructure; (5) favourable macro-economic policies; and (6) smallholder entrepreneurship. It is particularly important that Indonesia's government left cocoa marketing and distribution free of many of the interventions applied to other commodities. Because of the competitive marketing system, the farmgate price of cocoa in Indonesia is very high relative to the export price. Issues that must be addressed if cocoa is to develop further include product quality, the "adding-up" problem, pest control and VAT (value added tax). Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5545
Author: Akwabi-Ameyaw, K.
Year: 1974
Title: The development of the cocoa industry in Eastern Ashanti
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Keywords: Farm-Management
Ghana; Eastern Ashanti
Abstract: Eastern Ashanti was one of the first important cacao-growing areas in Ghana. At present, however, the area plays a much less important role as a producer of cacao. This paper examines the growth of the cacao industry in Eastern Ashanti and assesses some of the problems currently confronting cacao farmers in the area.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 183-195, maps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3811
Author: Alamo, F. de- P.
Year: 1936
Title: Notes on the timing of cocoa pruning
Journal: Asoc. Venezolana de Prod. de Cacao. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 20-23
Keywords: Pruning; Timing;
Abstract: Discussion of pruning, emphasizing time of pruning.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5358
Author: Alary, V.; Bopda, A.; Courade, G.; Janin, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Half a century of cacao farming in Beti Land (Cameroon): What motivates the cocoa planters'behaviour
Journal: Contribution to the conference of the history of cocoa held in London by SOAS and LSE
Keywords: smallholders; history; production; development; social-change;
Cameroon; Central-Africa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15-17 Sept


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5074
Author: Alba, M. C.; Salvador, A. C.; Galbizo, T. C.; Thomas, E.
Year: 1985
Title: Additional information on the biology of Acrocercops cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) in the Philippines
Journal: Philippine Entomologist
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 243-253
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; Pests; Hymenoptera; Parasites-; Predators-; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Biology-; Natural-enemies; Trichogrammatoidea Hosts-; Paraphylax-fasciatipennis; Goryphus-; Formicidae-; Prey-
Abstract: The biology of the cocoa pest Acrocercops cramerella [Conopomorpha cramerella] was investigated in the laboratory in the Philippines with a view to facilitating its control. At 28C and 79% RH, the hatch rate of the gracillariid was 98.14% and the egg stage averaged 3.4 days, the larval stage 15.2 days and the prepupal and pupal stages together 9.8 days. The larval stage, comprising 5 instars, was completed within the cocoa pod, but pupation took place outside it. The adults were phototropic and lived for an average of 3.87 days. The eggs were laid singly in the grooves of the pods, the rough and mature ones being preferred. The sex ratio in the field and in the laboratory was 1 female: 0.8 male. Increasing the proportion of males to 3: 1 female increased the potential fecundity and fertility rates significantly, whereas increasing the proportion of females to 3: 1 male significantly reduced them. Females mated several times. The natural enemies found limiting the abundance of C. cramerella were an egg parasite of the genus Trichogrammatoidea, the ichneumonid prepupal parasites Paraphylax fasciatipennis and Goryphus sp. and an unidentified formicid predator.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5141
Author: Alba, M. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Trichogrammatids in the Philippines
Journal: Philippine Entomologist
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Pages: 253-271
Keywords: Distribution-; Natural-enemies; Parasitoids-; Insects-; Trichogramma-chilonis; Habitats-; Philippines-; Trichogramma-chilotraeae; Trichogramma-evanescens; Trichogramma-japonicum; Trichogrammatoidea-armigera; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae-bactrae; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae-fumata; Trichogrammatoidea-cojuangcoi; Trichogrammatoidea-nana; Trichogrammatoidea-robusta; Trichogrammatidae-; Rice-; Fields-; Maize-; Plantations-; Coconut; Bananas-; Coffee-; Citrus-; Orchards-; Taxonomy-; Keys-; Pests-; Lepidoptera; Tricogrammatoidea-bactrae-bactrae; Trichogrammatoidea-conjuangcoi
Abstract: In the Philippines, the lepidopterous pests of major crops, including rice, maize, cocoa, citrus, coconut, banana and coffee, were surveyed for the presence of trichogrammatid parasitoids. The following species were recorded: Trichogramma chilonis, T. chilotraeae, T. evanescens, T. japonicum, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, T. bactrae bactrae, T. bactrae fumata, T. cojuangcoi, T. nana and T. robusta. A list of these species, with their hosts, host plants and distribution, and a key for their identification are provided.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4610
Author: Albuquerque, P. S. B.; Mota, J. W. da S.; Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1995
Title: Phytosanitary pruning in the recuperation of cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) plantations with high incidence of witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) in Rondonia: technical and economic aspects
Journal: Agrotropica
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 43-48
Keywords: plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; plant-disease-control; cultural-control; economics-of-control; pruning-; yield-losses; crop-losses; cultural-methods; control-; plant-pathology; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Brazil-; Rondonia-
Abstract: Phytosanitary pruning in cocoa plantations highly infected by witches' broom in Rondonia, Brazil, resulted in a strong reduction of infection levels on flushing and cushions, followed by pod loss reductions from 50 to 27% throughout the 5 years of disease control. Commercial production losses fell from 50% to c. 22% in the same period. It is concluded that within the current levels of productivity and prices in Rondonia, the recuperation of cocoa plantations with high incidences of witches' broom, in small scale farming, will provide economic return only after the 3rd year of disease control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2510
Author: Alcaraz, R.
Year: 1973
Title: Relation between climatic factors and cacao production in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica
Journal: Turrialba: Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la OEA
Volume: 112
Keywords: Weather; Yields
Costa-Rica;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Tesis de Grado Magister Scientiae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3533
Author: Aldrich, J. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Chemical ecology of the Heteroptera
Journal: Annu. Rev. Entomol.
Volume: 33
Pages: 211-238
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4459
Author: Alemanno, L.; Berthouly, M.; Michaux Ferriere, N.
Year: 1996
Title: Somatic embryogenesis of cocoa from floral parts
Journal: Plantations
Volume: Recherche
Issue: Developpement, 3
Pages: 225-237.
Keywords: in-vitro-culture; somatic-embryogenesis; tissue-culture;
Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis from floral buds was tested on 25 cocoa genotypes under defined culture conditions, revealing genotypic variations. Histological monitoring of somatic embryo ontogenesis revealed that the somatic embryos were of multicellular origin. The right conditions for the selection and maintenance of meristematic cells (from which somatic embryos are derived) and embryogenic cells were sought by culturing in a liquid medium using a temporary immersion system (TIS). A friable embryogenic callus was obtained. A study of zygotic embryogenesis was carried out with a view to improving the later stages of somatic embryogenesis. Zygotic embryogenesis was characterized by a period of embryo growth, followed by accumulation of starch and protein reserves, during which slow and moderate desiccation occurred. By adding a growth phase to the somatic embryogenesis protocol, and defining a maturation medium containing abscisic acid, embryo maturation was improved.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4468
Author: Alemanno, L.; Berthouly, M.; Michaux Ferriere, N.
Year: 1996
Title: Histology of somatic embryogenesis from floral tissues [of] cocoa
Journal: Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
Volume: 46
Issue: 3
Pages: 187-194
Keywords: histology-; bud-culture; somatic-embryogenesis; tissue-culture;
Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis from Theobroma cacao flower buds, as previously reported for five Forastero hybrid genotypes, was tested on several other genotypes, belonging to the cocoa-tree groups Forastero, Trinitario and Criollo. The results revealed genotypic effects. Explants were cultivated under two successive conditions: callogenesis and expression media. Morphological and histological responses were different for embryogenic or non-embryogenic genotypes. For embryogenic genotypes, only staminodes and stamen filaments produced somatic embryos: after a few days on the expression medium, groups of callus cells went through the meristematic and then embryonic stages, and finally formed somatic embryos. Many of them showed abnormalities. Simultaneously, some embryogenic cells were visible. These started to divide to form pro-embryos but were unable to evolve into proper somatic embryos.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3110
Author: Alemanno, L.; Berthouly, M.; Michaux-Ferriere, N.
Year: 1997
Title: A comparison between Theobroma cacao L. zygotic embryogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from floral explants
Journal: In vitro cell dev biol
Volume: Plant
Issue: 33
Pages: 163-173;
Keywords: Embryonic-development; Somatic-embryogenesis; Flowers; Explants; Buds; Plant-embryos; Histochemistry; Starch; Proteins; Water-content; Sugars; Composition; Seed-development Water-potential.
France;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1467
Author: Alencar, M. H.
Year: 1970
Title: Aspects of concentration of cocoa production and the structure of the cocoa sector in Bahia
Journal: Communicacao technica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau, Bahia, No
Volume: 37
Keywords: Economic-analysis; Sector; Concentration; Plantations;
Bahia; Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
27p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5376
Author: Alencar, M. H.; Almeida, L. C.; Peixoto, J. C. S.; Silva, P.
Year: 1992
Title: Witches broom disease of cocoa
Journal: Ministera da Agricultura, Brasilia, Brazil, pp
Volume: 104
Pages: 104
Keywords: Witches-broom-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 604
Author: Alewijn, F.
Year: 1949
Title: Cocoa in West Java
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 66-67
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings;
Indonesia;
Abstract: Propagation and care of cacao seedlings, based on experience at an experimental estate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3132
Author: Alger, K.; Caldas, M.
Year: 1994
Title: The declining cocoa economy and the Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, Brazil: conservation attitudes of cocoa planters
Journal: Environmentalist (UK). 1994
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 107-119.
Keywords: Conservation; Forest-protection; farm-size; deforestation-; cash-crops; Sustainability; land-degradation;
Brazil, Bahia
Abstract: The causes of the degradation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in the south-eastern cocoa region of the state of Bahia are investigated by means of a survey on cocoa planter's forest conservation attitudes. Large landowners were found to be responsible for most of the forest clearing that occurred in the past: cocoa prices compensated investment in the expansion of the area planted to cocoa on planters' forested landholdings. Large landowners were also responsible for most of the recent forest clearing, which occurred simply to sell trees to earn income while cocoa prices were depressed. Large landowners are nonetheless more interested than small landowners in conserving some of their forest. Policies encouraging private forest conservation, and the development of forest-conserving agricultural alternatives for the landless poor are recommended. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1527
Author: Alger, K.
Year: 1998
Title: The Reproduction of the Cocoa Industry and Biodiversity in Southern Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Sustainable Cocoa Growing, Panama City, Panama, March
Keywords: Sustainability; Biodiversity; Resources; Forests;
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa is a commodity. Holding quality constant, the world market is mostly indifferent to whether cocoa is from Brazil or Malaysia, whether it is grown on monocrop plantations or in backyard gardens, whether it eliminates or perpetuates poverty, or whether it sustains or destroys the last pockets of tropical biodiversity. Consumers are guided by daily price movements which do not incorporate information about the medium-term, "plate-tectonic" factors which constitute the social and environmental basis of the production system. Economists increasingly recognize that if markets permitted consumers to choose between production systems with or without positive environmental and social externalities, prices of products like cocoa would be higher to permit the incorporation of these equally economic benefits. There are two key problems complicating the search for mechanisms permitting these choices: since global market problems require global policy fixes, negotiation among national governments is required to provide for transfer payments and, it is unclear how a willingness to pay higher commodity prices can be used to induce not more production, but the various specific environmental or social side-effects which consumer nations seek.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
30-April 2


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3532
Author: Ali, F. M.
Year: 1972
Title: Effect of gamma BHC against capsids on cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 8
Issue: l
Pages: 73-77.
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5302
Author: Ali, A. R. M.
Year: 1996
Title: Effect of co-fractionation technique in the preparation of palm oil and sal fat based cocoa butter equivalent
Journal: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
Volume: 47
Issue: 1
Keywords: CBE; Butterfat; cocoabutter
Abstract: Two types of palm oil and sal fat based cocoa butter equivalents, namely (f)CBE (produced by using co-fractionation method) and (m)CBE (produced by using conventional method) were prepared. Results showed that the (f)CBE had triglyceride composition and solidification characteristics closer to the Malaysian cocoa butter than the (m)CBE produced at the same yield percentage. Increasing acetone washing time had little effect on the (f)CBE if compared to the effect of increasing palm olein to sal fat blend ratio. Co- fractionation technique increase the compatibility between CBE component triglycerides. Thus, more palm oil can be incorporated in the preparation and the process can be carried out at not low temperature as compared to the conventional method.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jan )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 971
Author: Alias, A. Rita M.; Khoo, K. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparative merits of cocoa pod and shoot as food sources of the mirid Helopeltis theobromae
Journal: Planter
Volume: 64
Pages: 100-104
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-theobromae;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3266
Author: Alibert, H.
Year: 1946
Title: A new disease 'Swollen shoot'. Cocoa in Africa threathend
Journal: Atomes
Volume: 6
Pages: 23-26
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Abstract: History and extent of the disease, symptoms, methods of transmission, and means of combatting.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3267
Author: Alibert, H.
Year: 1946
Title: Preliminary on noteson a new cocoa disease 'swollen shoot'
Journal: Agron. Trop.
Volume: 1
Pages: 34-43
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Abstract: Notes on the position of the disease in the French colonies of French West Africa, p. 39-40.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3268
Author: Alibert, H.; Meiffren, M.
Year: 1947
Title: Diseases and virusses of cocoa, 'Swollen shoot'
Journal: Rev. Mycol., Sup. Colon.
Volume: 12
Pages: 64-70
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Abstract: Discusses symptoms, transmission, rate of spread, methods of control, and search for resistant varieties.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3708
Author: Alicbusan, L. A.
Year: 1935
Title: Beneficial effects on diseased cacao trees of removing infected parts and disinfecting the wounds
Journal: Philippine Agr
Volume: 23
Pages: 891-901
Keywords: Diseases;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3593
Author: Allee, R. H.
Year: 1947
Title: The Inter American Institutue of Agricultural Science and the Cacao Program
Journal: Inter American Economic and Social Council. Documentary Meterial on Cacao II, Washington, Pan American Union., pp.
Pages: 7-10
Keywords: Research; Research-programme; IICA;
America;
Abstract: Outlines plans for a research program.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 523
Author: Allen, E. F.
Year: 1953
Title: Investigations into the cultivation of cacao in Malaya
Journal: Malayan Agricultural Journal
Volume: 36
Pages: 147-163
Keywords: Culitvation; Regional;
Malaysia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4896
Author: Allen, J. B.
Year: 1984
Title: Strategies and methods for collecting Theobroma
Journal: Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
Issue: 57
Pages: 8-14
Keywords: Genetic-resources; Techniques-
Abstract: Recommendations are made for collecting from wild cocoa populations (as opposed to Criollo and other cultivated forms) and descriptions of alternative collecting strategies are given and compared. For collecting wild cocoa, information is presented on locating trees, selection of trees from which to collect material, collection of pods and budsticks, packing collected material, recording data and propagation of collected material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3594
Author: Allison, H. W. S.; Kenten, R. H.
Year: 1964
Title: Mechanical drying of cocoa
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-119
Keywords: Drying; Machinery; Mechanical-drying; Driers; Diesel;
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: A cocoa dryer, essentially consisting of a fan and an oilfired heat exchanger coupled to a plenum chamber under a platform constructed from perforated aluminium sheets, was built at Tafo, Ghana. The dryer was housed in a closed building, and a baffle was placed between the fan and the air-intake in order to permit recirculation of the hot air within the building. A full charge of wet fermented cocoa corresponding to 1 ton of dry cocoa could be dried within 24 hours with a consumption of 155 1 of diesel oil and 33 kWh of electricity. Studies have been made of cocoa drying with an oil fired platfrom dryer erected in a building which permitted recirculation of hot air. A procedure was worked out for producing one ton of dry cocoa every 24 hours. Assuming an output of 100 tons of dry cocoa per year the cost of drying would be about 9 Pound Sterling per ton. Though the cost of drying in the apparatus was not much lower than that of sun-drying, avoidance of weather risks and lower labour requirements make the installation of a dryer of this type an attractive proposition
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5420
Author: Allotey, J.; Kumar, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Competition between Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) and Ephestia cautella (Walker) in cocoa beans
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 6
Issue: 5
Pages: 627-632
Keywords: Lepidoptera; Stored-products; Corcyra-cephalonica; Competition-; Ephestia-cautella;
Ghana;
Abstract: Competition between the pyralids Corcyra cephalonica and Ephestia cautella was studied in broken cocoa beans using the 2 species alone, introduced one before the other and together. The moths could not co-exist for an extended period, and when in competition E. cautella became extinct. The results offer an explanation for recent evidence that C. cephalonica is rapidly becoming the most important pest of stored cocoa beans in Ghana.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 936
Author: Almeida, L. C. C. de; Luz, E. D. M. N.
Year: 1986
Title: Action of wind in disseminating pink disease of cocoa
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 133-140.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Corticium-salmonicolor; Apllication-techniques; Trapping; Spores;
Brazil
Abstract: Dissemination of basidiopsores of Corticium salmonicolor was studied by installing cylindrical rods below and above the canopy of shaded and unshaded cocoa plants. More basidiospores were captured in the unshaded area, and the number was higher above than below the canopy. Sedimentation on slides was better than impaction on rods with respect to the total number of spores trapped and the effectiveness of sampling.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 948
Author: Almeida, H. A. de; Machado, R. C. R.; Villa Nova, N. A.; Silva, W. S. da
Year: 1987
Title: Influence of meteorological factors on leaf flush in cocoa
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 163-174
Keywords: Leaves-; Development-; Climate; Flushing; Growth
Abstract: Fifty 12-year-old trees spaced at 3 X 3 m were studied over 3 years, and the number of developing leaves/tree was determined weekly. The combined effect of solar energy and water was determined, including a corrected factor of water deficit in the degree-day expression. This gave a new function designated corrected degree day (CDD). The results indicated that a relationship between meteorological factors and flushing can be shown mainly through the CDD, although stored water in the soil and solar radiation also influence flushing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2024
Author: Almeida, L. C. de; Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Rescuing cocoa plantations with a high incidence of witches' broom in Brasilian Amazonia
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Disease-Control; Cultural-methods;
Brazil;
Abstract: Phytosanitary control of Crinipellis perniciosa infection of cocoa by removal of the infected tissue is the only efficient method of controlling this disease. The efficiency and cost of this pratice depend on various factors, principally on the level of infection and the height of the plants, which determine the collection method used. In Oct. 1983, in the Belem-Para region a study was carried out in 8-year-old plantations, spacing 2.20 X 2.20 m, with 83 and 90% infection of pods and new growth, respectively. The control methods used were: (1) removal of infected tissues by selective pruning of the worst affected branches; (2) total lopping of the jorquette (30-40 cm); and (3) removal of only the infected tissue. In order to determine the cost reduction of control and production of inoculum as a function of the ultimate treatment of the removed infected material, the practices of piling up, cutting down and removal from within the plantation were adopted. Treatments 1 and 3 required 36 and 67, d respectively, and treatment 2, 25 d. The removal of infected tissues to outside the plantation required 46% more labour than piling up and cutting down these materials. In application of the treatments, it was found that there was total recuperation of the tree crowns in all 3 treatments and production increased by 200-680 kg/ha with 3% losses.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987, 337-339; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 959
Author: Almeida, A. A. F. de; Valle, R. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Growth analysis of ten cocoa hybrids
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 95-113
Keywords: Growth-analysis; Genetic-differences; Development; Varieties Ma15-; Crop-ecology; Selection
Brazil;
Abstract: Differences in several physiological parameters were assessed in greenhouse-grown hybrids harvested at 15 day intervals after emergence up to 8.5 months. Leaf area was the most important factor influencing total dry matter production rate (Ct), with intergenotypic variation being noted for these 2 parameters. However, significant intergenotypic differences in relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio (LAR) were not found. Pa150 X ICS1, SIC864 X UF613 and Pa150 X Ma15 had the highest Ct values. P12 X Ma15 had the highest LAR and specific leaf area values during most of the experimental period.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4428
Author: Almeida, L. C. de; Bastos, C. N.; Ferreira, N. P.; De Almeida, L. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Basidiocarp production of Crinipellis perniciosa in two systems of cacao plantation
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-64
Keywords: beverage-crops; plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; shading-; cultural-methods; plant-disease-control; inoculum-; control-; plant-pathology
Brazil-; Para-
Abstract: Basidiocarp production by C. perniciosa was evaluated in Para, Brazil, on infected cocoa tissues (hanged brooms and brooms on the ground) in 2 cocoa plantations: shaded growing plants with intercept canopies and low light penetration; and unshaded growing plants with no-intercept canopies and excess of light penetration. Basidiocarp production and the productive period of the brooms were improved in unshaded growing plants. Basidiocarp production in this system was earlier, more intensive and lasted for 10 months. In shaded growing plants, basidiocarp production was less intensive, lasting only for 3 months. The highest index of basidiocarp/broom/month in unshaded growing plants was in May on the hanged brooms and in Jun. on brooms on the ground, with indexes 23 and 23.5, respectively. In the shaded growing plants, the indexes were 9.3 and 16.8 on hanged brooms and brooms on the ground, respectively. High basidiocarp production in the 2 plantations occurred when the fruits were resistant (Jan.-Mar.) and inoculum produced was not important for the fruit yield.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4609
Author: Almeida, L. C. de; Bastos, C. N.; Ferreira, N. P.; De Almeida, L. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Basidiocarp production of Crinipellis perniciosa in two systems of cacao plantation
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-64
Keywords: beverage-crops; plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; shading-; cultural-methods; plant-disease-control; inoculum-; control-; plant-pathology
Brazil-; Para-
Abstract: Basidiocarp production by C. perniciosa was evaluated in Para, Brazil, on infected cocoa tissues (hanged brooms and brooms on the ground) in 2 cocoa plantations: shaded growing plants with intercept canopies and low light penetration; and unshaded growing plants with no-intercept canopies and excess of light penetration. Basidiocarp production and the productive period of the brooms were improved in unshaded growing plants. Basidiocarp production in this system was earlier, more intensive and lasted for 10 months. In shaded growing plants, basidiocarp production was less intensive, lasting only for 3 months. The highest index of basidiocarp/broom/month in unshaded growing plants was in May on the hanged brooms and in Jun. on brooms on the ground, with indexes 23 and 23.5, respectively. In the shaded growing plants, the indexes were 9.3 and 16.8 on hanged brooms and brooms on the ground, respectively. High basidiocarp production in the 2 plantations occurred when the fruits were resistant (Jan.-Mar.) and inoculum produced was not important for the fruit yield.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5502
Author: Almeida, D. A. A. de; Valle, R. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Growth analysis of pods and seeds of seven genotypes of Theobroma cacao l
Journal: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira
Volume: 30
Issue: 7
Pages: 909-916
Keywords: Dry-matter; Clones; Growth-rates; Pods; Seeds
Brazil;
Abstract: Pod and seed growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones SIAL-169, SIAL-505, SIC-23, SIC-328, ICS-1, ICS-8 and the cultivar Catongo were studied under field conditions at the Cacao Research Center - CEPEC -, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil, to determine variations in the rates of dry matter accumulation. Ten to 15 adult trees of these genotypes were hand pollinated to mantain a pod set of 20 pods per tree. During pod ontogenesis, 14 samplings were taken at regular intervals in the 202 days of the experiment. The sampling began 35 days after pollination. At the end of the experimental period, ICS-8 and ICS-I showed the highest values of total dry matter accumulation and rates of pod growth. The clones SIC-23 and SIC-328 had the lowest values. There were variations in width and hight of the curves of total dry matter accumulation rates of pods and seeds of the different genotypes. The maximum hight and width were found in ICS-8 and in ICS-I and were lowest in SIC-328. The highest increment in pod and seed dry matter of those genotypes was attributed to their higher accumulation rates and greater filling periods.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jul )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4535
Author: Almeida, Cmvc de; De Almeida, Cmvc
Year: 1996
Title: Ecological and evolutionary aspects of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Brazilian Amazon
Journal: Agrotropica
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-14
Keywords: gene-flow; population-genetics; geographical-distribution; wild-plants; surveys-; distribution-; ; plant-genetic-resources
Brazil-; Amazonia-; Rondonia-
Abstract: Natural populations of cocoa in the Brazilian Amazon are widespread and adapted to a great diversity of physical and biotic environments. Cocoa trees show a pattern of random or aggregated distribution forming groups with heterogeneous density and spatial distribution. The groups may vary from a few plants confined to well restricted areas to thousands of single plants spread over large areas resulting in sometimes numerous sites of connected subpopulations. The system of reproduction assumes characteristics of intermediate species due to variations caused by several factors. The occurrence of isolated single or multi-trunked plants, of adjacent plants with the same genotype, and the high seminal reproductive potential probably represent adaptative strategies of the species for its own preservation. Gene flow over short and long distances, the difficulties in establishing the degree of domestication of the natural populations and the level and distribution of variability in these populations are emphasized.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
66ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 874
Author: Almeida-Ribeiro, N. C. de; Lopez, A. S.
Year: 1983
Title: (Acid producing fungi isolated during the fermentation and drying of cacao)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 293-301.
Keywords: Fermentation; fungi-; acidity-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The role of the fungi in the fermentation and drying of cacao with emphasis on acid producing fungi was studied. Fungi were found in relatively small numbers during the entire period of fermentation. Acid producing strains appeared after 24 hours and increased to 5% of the fungal population at the end of fermentation. The growth characteristics of Aspergillus niger in relation to fermentation conditions were examined and the importance of the fungi in relation to preservation of quality is discussed. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4758
Author: Almengor, A. A.
Year: 1939
Title: The cultivation of cacao in SuchitepÈquez
Journal: Guatemala Sec. de Agr., Revista Agric
Volume: 16
Pages: 150-154
Keywords: Regional;
America; Guatemala
Abstract: Handbook for Guatemala.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2101
Author: Aloalii, I.
Year: 1986
Title: The leucaena psyllid in Western Samoa
Journal: Proceedings of a workshop on biological and genetic control strategies for the leucaena psyllid, November
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 8
Keywords: Broadleaves Insect-pests; Damage; Heteropsylla; Control; Heteropsylla-cubana; Shade-trees;
Western-Samoa;
Abstract: Heteropsylla cubana was first discovered on Leucaena leucocephala (used as shade trees for cocoa) in Western Samoa in 1985. Partial control was achieved by using demethoate [dimethoate], and psyllid infestation in 1986 was reduced. However, L. leucocephala is regarded as a weed tree in Western Samoa, and its use as a shade tree for cocoa is no longer recommended; suggested substitutes are coconuts [Cocos nucifera] or Sesbania grandiflora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3-7 [], Molokai and Honolulu, Hawaii, sponsored by NFTA and Winrock International-F/FRED [edited by Withington, D.; Brewbaker, J.L.]. Leucaena-Research-Reports. 1987


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5616
Author: Aloba, O.
Year: 1988
Title: Spatial variation in rural transportation in the Nigeria cocoa belt
Journal: National Geographical Journal of India
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: 145-155
Keywords: road-networks; geographical-distribution; social-conditions; economic-conditions; models-
Nigeria, Ife
Abstract: One of the problems facing rural areas in Nigeria is that of transportation. The introduction of a cash crop economy (cacao) into the south-west region has led to the establishment of many settlements and a network of routes of varying qualities. To understand the current difficulties facing this area, this paper examines the relationship between the transport network and socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the region. Employing a regression model the total of roads and the total length of tarred roads are analysed with 5 socio-economic variables. The analysis shows that these variables have a varying degree of influence on the total length of tarred roads. While the spatial distribution in general is explained by the 5 independent variables, the distribution of tarred roads is influenced by purely economic factors. A rural transport policy programme is needed to improve the existing roads to enable the rural population to participate in the national economy.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pt. p. Jun, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1978
Author: Alpizar, L.; Fassbender, H. W.; Heuveldop, J.; Folster, H.; Enriquez, G.
Year: 1986
Title: Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica. 1. Inventory of organic matter and nutrients
Journal: Agroforestry Systems
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 175-189
Keywords: Intercropping-; Utilization-; Nitrogen-; Absorption-; Calcium-; Potassium-; Magnesium-; Phosphorus-; Nutrients-; Uptake-; Cropping-systems; Agroforestry-; Plant-nutrition; Cordia; P-; C-; K-; Ca Mg-; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Models-; Shade-trees; Nutrient-cycling
Costa-Rica
Abstract: Organic matter and nutrients were analysed in soil (clay loam), litter and plant parts (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Models for organic matter and nutrient cycles in both shade systems are discussed. A considerable proportion of the elements retained in the branches and leaves of E. poeppigiana was returned to circulation by pruning. N, P and Ca accumulation in cocoa was similar in both systems but more K and Mg were accumulated under C. alliodora. In both systems elements were accumulated in cocoa in the descending order: N > Ca > K > Mg > P.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4261
Author: Alston, R. A.
Year: 1925
Title: Report on a visit to Jamaica, Costa Rica and Trinidad
Journal: Brit. Guiana. Bd. Agr. J.
Volume: 18
Pages: 2-19
Keywords: Regional
Costa-Rica
Abstract: Includes brief account of cacao cultivation in Costa RiCa by United Fruit Company.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2706
Author: Altman, D. R.; Chiaramonte, L. T.
Year: 1996
Title: Public perception of food allergy
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume: 97
Issue: 6
Pages: 1247-1251.
Keywords: milk-; chocolate-; shellfish-; fruit-; vegetables-; food-allergies; epidemiology-; self-perception
usa-
Abstract: This paper examined the American public's belief in food allergy by surveying a large, demographically balanced population. A simple question about food allergy was included in a broad, self-reported, consumer questionnaire, which was mailed to 5000 demographically representative American households in 1989, 1992 and 1993. The response rates were 79, 75 and 74%, respectively and of the responding households, 16.2, 16.6 and 13.9%, respectively, reported an average of 1.17 household members with food allergy. In general, individuals who reported that they were allergic to certain foods were more likely to be adult women. Male individuals with reported food allergy tended to be young, whereas no such skew was noted among female subjects. Differences in respect to geographical location were noted, with the highest rate of food allergy occurring in the Pacific region. The foods most frequently implicated in food allergy were milk and chocolate. The trends were consistent over the study period. It was concluded that perceived food allergy is widespread and persistent in the USA, however, this is not supported by actual prevalence data derived through the use of double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1097
Author: Alvares-Afonso, F. M.
Year: 1967
Title: Administarive problems related to replanting of cocoa
Journal: MS thesis, Turrialba, Costa Rica, IICA, 152p
Keywords: Rehabilitation;
America;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3389
Author: Alvarez-Aparicio, J. de
Year: 1943
Title: Absorption of gaseous desinfectants by cocoa beans
Journal: Spain. Dir. de Agr. de los Ter. Expah. del Golfo de Guinea. B. Agr. P.
Keywords: Storage; Fumigation; Quality; Residues; Biocides; Pesticides; Fumigants; Carbon-disulfide; Hydrocyanic-acid-gas; Sulfur-dioxide
Abstract: Effects of fumigation with carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid gas, and sulfur dioxide.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3124
Author: Alves, M. C.
Year: 1990
Title: The role of cocoa plantations in the conservation of the Atlantic forests of southern Bahia, Brazil
Journal: M. S. thesis. Univ. of Florida. Gainseville, Florida. 84p.
Keywords: Nature; Conservation; Biodiversity;
Brazil; Bahia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2315
Author: Alvim, P. de- T.
Year: 1956
Title: Factors that control flushing of cacao
Journal: Conferencia Interamericana de cacao 6a, Salvador, Bahia, Br
Pages: 117-125
Keywords: Flushing; Temperature; Sunshine; Temperature-range; Rainfall;
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Forthnightly records were kept at La Lola, during three successive years, of the number of buds and flushes on 80 cacao trees, aged 37 years, five branches on each tree. The numerical results obtained, expressed as percentages of the total number of shoots under observation, were statistically compared with data for air temperature, rainfall and hours of sunshine. A highly significant degree of positive correlation (r= +0.468) was found to occur between leaf flushing and the magnitude of the daily range of air temperature four weeks before, that is, between temperature range and actual bud bursting. Ohter positive correlations wwre also established between leaf-flushing and hours of sunshine, and between leaf flushing and maximum air temperature, though the latter was not statistically significant.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bahia, Brasil, Instituto de Cacao de Bahia, 1957, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2336
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1956
Title: A simple method to describe
Journal: Turrialba: [s.n.]
Issue: 151
Pages: 193-195
Keywords: Climate; Description;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 p. - (Serie. Reimpresos del Instituto interamericano de ciencias agricolas, Turrialba, Costa Rica - Overdr.: Reunion del Comite tecnico interamericano de cacao, 6a, 20 a 27 de Mayo de 1956 Bahia, Brasil, blz


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2365
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1956
Title: Correlation between rainfall, temperature and yield in cacao
Journal: Bahia
Volume: 4
Keywords: Fluhing; Environment; Rainfall, Temperature; Production; yields; Yield-forecasting;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Repr.: Reuniao do Comite tecnico interamericano de cacau, 6o, Maio


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2259
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1960
Title: A simple method of conserving the germinating power of cacao seeds
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3857
Keywords: Viability; Storage; Seeds;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1872
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1964
Title: Soil fertility survey of the cacao region of Bahia by means of microplot tests
Journal: 1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome
Volume: 64
Pages: 24
Keywords: Nutrition;
America; Brazil; Bahia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept. Paper CA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2320
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1968
Journal: Itabuna: [s.n.]
Pages: 20
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
8 p. - (Comunicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 781
Author: Alvim, R.; Alvim, P. de T.; Lorenzi, R.; Saunders, P. F.
Year: 1974
Title: The possible role of abscisic acid and cytokinins in growth rhythms of Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 3-12.
Keywords: Plant-growth-regulators; Abscisic-acid; Cytokinins; Flushing; Flowering;
Brazil
Abstract: The possible relations between abscisic acid and cytokinins are described in some detail. In particular, the effect of soil moisture stress on ABA levels is discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 783
Author: Alvim, P. de T.; Machado, A. D.; Vello, F.
Year: 1974
Title: Physiological responses of cacao to environmental factors
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 3-25.
Keywords: Climate; Soils
Abstract: Effects of environmental factors on leaf water potential, growth rhythms, flowering, fruit setting, fruit development and seasonal changes in fruit load are discussed in the light of recent research in Brazil and elsewhere. Some plant factors, such as age and internal competition between fruits and flowers interact with environmental factors. Flushing and leaf abscission were found to be correlated with each other. Among environmental factors acting on flushing, moisture stress appeared to be the most critical one, both for bud break (flushing initiation) and leaf abscission. No support has been found for earlier theories according to which flushing would be controlled by changes in air temperature. Flowering seems to be controlled internally by competition with fruits (fruit load) and externally by a succession of dry-wet periods. Flowering is inhibited by extended dry periods as well as by excessive soil moisture.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1099
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1975
Title: A new dendrometer for monitoring cambium activity and changes in the internal water staus of the plant
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 25
Pages: 445-447
Keywords: Water-stress
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1883
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1975
Title: A graphic system for presentation of fertility of cocoa soils
Journal: Cocoa Growers' Bulletin. no.
Volume: 22
Pages: 25-28
Keywords: Soil-Fertility; Extension-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The characterization of low-, medium- and high-fertility Brazilian cacao soils is presented in diagrams.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Mar, table


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 815
Author: Alvim, R.; Alvim, P. de T.; Leite, R. M. de O.
Year: 1978
Title: Mechanical injury of wind to recently transplanted cacao seedlings as related to the shade problem
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 117-124.
Keywords: Climate; Wind; Wind-damage; Radiation; Shading
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The beneficial effect of shade in newly planted cacao was found to be due not only to reduced exposure to solar radiation but also to the prevention of mechanical injury.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 323
Author: Alvim, R.; Lima-Filho, J. M. P.; Afonso, C. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Viability of bare-root cacao transplanting
Journal: In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings; transplanting;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: This paper describes findings which demonstrate the viability of bare-root transplanting of cacao (Theobroma cacao) separated from its ball of earth either by washing or direct extraction, using processes involving application of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) to the foliage and previous reduction in the number of leaves. Mean survival rates of over 90% were obtained when a 10% Mobileaf emulsion was applied to the foliage and the transpiratory surface area reduced to a single pair of fully formed new leaves. Use of a substance (Agricol) recommended for its capacity to reduce water loss through the root system did not lower the mortality rate of the seedlings after transplanting. The possible economic benefits of the bare-root transplanting method are discussed. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 21-26, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 850
Author: Alvim, R.; Lima-Filho, J. M. P.; Afonso, C. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Possibility of transplanting cacao plants with bare roots
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-28.
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings; transplanting;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Cacao seedlings were removed from their polyethylene containers and the roots were freed by either gently washing the soil loose or simply lifting the plants directly. Transpiration was controlled by application of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) or leaf removal. Survival rates higher than 90% were obtained following transplant when the foliage was treated with a 10% emulsion of the antitranspirant or when only the two topmost fully matured leaves were left on the seedlings. A root-coating substance (Agricol) capable of reducing root moisture losses did not effectively increase survival rates of bare-root seedlings. Possible advantages of the bare-root technique are discussed. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2000
Author: Alvim, R.
Year: 1987
Title: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in agrosilvicultural systems
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Cultural-methods; Agroforestry-; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Development-; Shade-trees; Taungya-system;
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa is normally cultivated in association with other species such as food crops and taller trees, which provide temporary and permanent shade, respectively, to protect the crop during its juvenile and productive phases. Several multiple land management systems have been used with cocoa as the primary crop. Except for a few cases, however, such systems have been empirically developed and some of the major advantages of agroforestry still remain poorly exploited in cocoa cultivation. The search for associated species capable of providing both adequate shade and valuable products to increase the farmer's income, for example, has been one of the most attractive ways of improving the economics of production. There exists an unlimited opportunity for innovative research in this field. This paper presents information on and proposals for the development of more efficient agroforestry or agrosilvicultural cropping systems for cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 3-14; 15 fig. London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2007
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1987
Title: Relationship between climatic factors and cocoa yield
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Climate-; Requirements-; Flowers-; Development-; Temperature-; Drought-; Responses-; Conferences-; Growth-; Environment-; Water-stress; Brazil-; Soil-water-regimes
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa is grown in the humid tropics where the climate shows relatively little variation throughout the year, especially in terms of temperature, solar radiation and day length. In the majority of producer regions the pluviometric regime is the factor showing the greatest degree of variation in a year and is the major influence on growth, flowering and distribution of harvests. In studies of annual yield distribution, it was found that seasonal variations in both rainfall and temperature influenced pod setting. In Bahia, where there is no clearly defined dry season, the relatively low temperatures during the months of June through August are responsible for the lack of a harvest during the period January to March, i.e. 7 months after the cool period (mean temperatures lower than 23C). Experimental data are presented showing that low temperatures have an inhibiting effect on cambium growth, which is linked to flowering, and that this is the reason for low yields 7 months later. In Rondonia and southern Para in the Amazon Region, where temperatures are higher, harvests are mainly influenced by rainfall distribution, and an interval of approximately 7 months was observed between cause and effect. A similar situation is found in Ghana and Nigeria. It is suggested that water deficit, especially when more pronounced, reduces pod setting by inhibiting flowering and by causing loss of young pods through physiological wilt.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 159-167; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 690
Author: Alvim, R.; Virgens, A. de- C.; Araujo, A. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Agrosilviculture as the science of earning money from the soil: anticipated recuperation and remuneration of capital in establishing perennial tree crops
Journal: Boletim Tecnico Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira
Issue: 161
Keywords: Intercropping-; Cropping-systems; Monoculture-; Broadleaves Agroforestry-; Economics
Brazil-;
Abstract: To reduce the period of economic immaturity in rubber, oil palm and cocoa plantations, each crop was interplanted in the following way: rubber with Pueraria phaseoloides, bananas or Euterpe oleracea; oil palm with Manihot esculenta, pineapples, Piper nigrum or Gliricidia sepium; and cocoa with bananas, Bactris gasipaes or P. nigrum. This method gave a more efficient use of the land compared with monoculture of each main crop.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
36p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5361
Author: Amarjit, Kaur
Year: 1993
Title: The origins of cocoa cultivation in Malaysia
Journal: Contribution to the conference of the history of cocoa held in London by SOAS and LSE
Keywords: History; distribution; production;
Malaysia; Asia; South-East-Asia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15-17 Sept


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 301
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Brunel, J.; Delecolle, B.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1979
Title: (Swollen shoot disease: importance of host plants)
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; host-plants
Togo
Abstract: A comparative study of the flora associated with healthy and diseased cacao plantations is in progress. This should make it possible to identify those plants which are liable to harbour the virus and to be the source of the first foci of infection. A study carried out on Commelina, a plant difficult to eradicate, has led to planning a particular method of management of plantations. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 387-388


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1343
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Cilas, C.; Djiekpor, E. K.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Study of enzyme polymorphism in cacao. 1. Establishing an extraction method and evidence of a locus coding for an esterase
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 89-94
Keywords: Plant-composition; Esterase; Genetics
Togo
Abstract: The material studied comprised 2056 hybrids from 175 crosses among 35 clones of the Upper Amazonian, Trinitario and Amelonado types. The enzymes were extracted from leaves aged 4-5 months. Electrophoresis revealed three esterase phenotypes characteristic of one gene coding for a dimeric enzyme with two independent alleles at a single locus, EST-A. The Upper Amazonian material was of one phenotype, designated A1A2, whereas Amelonado and Trinitario material of the SNK type had the phenotype designated A1A1; the clones ICS100 and ICS45, classified as Criollo, had the phenotype A1A2.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1346
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Cilas, C.; Djiekpor, E. K.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1985
Title: Cocoa vegetative propagation. Note on a method of obtaining cuttings with orthotropic rooting
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ. 29
Pages: 83-88.
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Cuttings; Sources; Cultural-methods; Treatment; Growth-regulators; NAA; Responses; Exuberone; Rooting
Togo
Abstract: Seedling plants were bent to obtain orthotropic shoots from which cuttings were taken, dipped in NAA or Exuberone, and rooted in sawdust-filled plastic bags. The best results were obtained with cuttings from seedling plants grown under shade (compared with no shade) and NAA at 10-5 g/ml or Exuberone. Rooted cuttings showed good taproot development unlike rooted cuttings obtained from plagiotropic shoots. Bending plagiotropic rooted cuttings led to the formation of an orthotropic shoot at the base of the cutting. Plants obtained from orthotropic cuttings had a vertical habit and showed early crown formation.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1391
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Adibolo, Y.; Cilas, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Use of electrophoretic profiles to develop a method of diagnosing swollen shoot of cocoa
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-10
Keywords: Diseases; Cacao-swollen-shoot-virus; Diagnosis-; Enzymes-; Techniques-; Viruses-; Unclassified-viruses
Togo
Abstract: Peroxidase activity increases in tissues infected by cacao swollen shoot virus, resulting in more intense bands for diseased plants. Polyphenol oxidase activity is also higher and an extra band is produced. As for malate dehydrogenase, the presence of the virus modifies the migration of the bands and thus the structures of the isoenzymes. These changes can be explained by the action of new genes which affect either the regulation of enzyme activity or the production of new enzymatic proteins.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4531
Author: Amin, I.; Jinap, Selamat; Jamilah, B.
Year: 1997
Title: Vicilin-class globulins and their degradation during cocoa fermentation
Journal: Food Chemistry
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-5.
Keywords: cocoa-beans; composition-; globulins-; albumins-; proteolysis-; polypeptides-; fermentation-; proteins-; metabolism-;
Malaysia-
Abstract: Cocoa beans (cv. PBC 140, from Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Malasia) were fermented for 144 h using shallow wooden boxes at ambient temperature. They were turned manually every 48 h. Samples were taken from the fermentation boxes at the beginning and every 24 h for analysis. Two major polypeptides were detected: a storage protein and an albumin fraction. The storage protein comprised 2 vicilin fractions with MW of 47.1 and 39.2 kDa, and the albumin fraction had a MW of 21.1 kDa. The degradation of vicilin fractions during the course of fermentation was visually detected by SDS-PAGE. The albumin fraction was found to be the most resistant to proteolysis during fermentation. At the end of fermentation, the 39.2-kDa polypeptide was completely degraded but the 47.1-kDa polypeptide was still present in small amounts. The protein concentrations of 47.1- and 39.2-kDa polypeptides decreased from 1.74 to 0.03 Êg and from 0.93 to 0.02 Êg, respectively. The protein concentrations of 46- and 46.5-kDa polypeptides (which appeared after 96 and 144 h of fermentation) increased from 0.06 to 0.34 Êg and from 0.03 to 0.23 Êg, respectively. This could be due to degradation of the 47.1-kDa polypeptide.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5689
Author: Amoah, F. M.
Year: 1988
Title: Studies on the rapid propagation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Index to Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees in the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland
Volume: 37
Issue: 1
Pages: 262
Keywords: England;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 578
Author: Amoah, J. E. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Cocoa Outline Series. 1. Development of consumption, commercial production and marketing
Journal: Jemre Enterprises Ltd. Accra North, Ghana. 114p.
Keywords: Botany; Culitvation; Marketing; Stock-market;
Ghana;
Abstract: This book is the first in the Cocoa Outline Series, it focuses on where cocoa came from, how it developed from a luxury to a mass consumption product and how it is commercially produced and marketed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2611
Author: Amoah, J. E. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Possible effects of increased concentration in cocoa trading and chocolate manufacturing activities on the world cocoa market
Journal: In: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th 30th June
Pages: 231-238
Keywords: cocoa-industry; production-structure; interest-groups; private-firms; international-trade; world-markets
Abstract: Recent concentration in cocoa trading and chocolate manufacturing activities is backed by economic reasons and profit motives. The cocoa consumption (in beans equivalent) of 5 multinational companies constituted about 50% of world grindings in 1990, and yet these companies showed further tendencies for acquiring other manufacturing companies and businesses. The implications of increased concentration in cocoa trading and chocolate manufacturing vary from being largely positive for manufacturers to adversely affecting the bargaining power of producers. In addition, recent changes in marketing structures in a number of producing countries have resulted in an unsustainable situation in terms of maintaining high quality standards and expertise in marketing. This situation was worsened by the improved bargaining position of major buyers overseas through mergers and take-overs. This produced "unfair bargaining" for sales of cocoa from a number of producing countries where several exporters of cocoa of the same origin competed among themselves and collectively were faced by a few large traders from importing countries. There is, therefore, a need to review the balance in the bargaining position of producing and consuming parties with any form of reorganization of market structures in both producing and consuming countries. From author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Yaounde. 1995, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5505
Author: Amoah, F. M.; Nuertey, B. N.; Baidooaddo, K.; Oseibonsu, K.; Asamoah, T. E. O.
Year: 1995
Title: Underplanting oil palm with cocoa in ghana
Journal: Agroforestry Systems
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-299
Keywords: Bunch-weight; Blackpod; Underplanting; Growth; Yield; Intercropping; Planting-density; agrosilvicultural-systems; agroforestry-systems; cultural-control; slashing-; NPK-fertilizers; plant-diseases; fungal-diseases; damage-; underplanting-; intercropping-; weed-control; yields-; spacing-; diseases-;
Ghana
Abstract: Mature oil palms at the Oil Palm Research Institute at Kusi, Ghana were underplanted with cocoa to study the feasibility of mixed cropping of the two crops under West African conditions. The oil palm trees used in this trial were planted in 1970 and had achieved maximum canopy formation. Three triangular spacings of the oil palms used were 8.7, 9.9 and 10.5 m. The cocoa was underplanted in June 1988 at a spacing of 2.4 m triangular using mixed hybrids. There were no significant differences in oil palm yield between plots with cocoa and the controls. There was no appreciable damage to the cocoa trees from falling palm fronds and fruits during harvesting or pruning. Cocoa seedling growth and yield were significantly better under the oil palm spaced at 9.9 or 10.5 m triangular than under oil palm spaced at 8.7 m triangular.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 577
Author: Amoah, J. E. K.
Year: 1996
Title: Cocoa Outline Series. 1. Marketing of Ghana cocoa 1885-1992
Journal: Jemre Enterprises Ltd. Accra North, Ghana. 208p.
Keywords: Marketing; Internal-marketing; Stock-market; Cocobod; Cadburry; Production; Trade;
Ghana;
Abstract: This book is the second in the Cocoa Outline Series and it provides basic information on the Ghana cocoa industry and describes how Ghana cocoa is marketed internationally.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4491
Author: Amoah, F. M.; Osei Bonsu, K.; Oppong, F. K.
Year: 1997
Title: Response of improved robusta coffee to location and management practices in Ghana
Journal: Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-111
Keywords: management-; shade-; spacing-; plant-density; shade-trees; irregular-bearing; planting-; shade-plants; shading-; techniques-; ;
Ghana-
Abstract: Studies were carried out at three locations in Ghana to investigate the effects of Glyricidia [Gliricidia] maculata shade intensity and of the spacing of coffee on the growth and yield of improved robusta coffee. The three locations selected fall within ecological zones which could be described as suitable, moderately and marginally suitable in terms of rainfall availability and soil conditions. The experimental design was a split plot with shade as the main plot and coffee spacing as the sub-plot. The four levels of shade were: no shade, and G. maculata at densities of 70, 90 and 185/ha corresponding to sparse, moderate and heavy shade conditions. The coffee spacings were 3 X 2 m, 3 X 2.2 m, 3.5 X 2 m and 3.5 X 2.5 m giving plant populations of 1670, 1520, 1430 and 1140 per hectare, respectively. There were no effects of shade or spacing on coffee seedling growth at all locations during establishment. Sparse shade gave higher yields in the suitable areas. Moderate shade was required for the moderately and marginally suitable areas. In general, closely spaced coffee gave higher yields than the widely spaced coffee in the suitable and moderately suitable areas whilst there was virtually no response to coffee spacing in the marginally suitable area. There were no interaction effects of shade and spacing on coffee growth or yield. Biennial alternation of coffee-bearing associated with seedling materials was observed in this study.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4536
Author: Amoah, F. M.; Fordham, R.
Year: 1997
Title: A new technique for raising young cocoa plants
Journal: Plantations
Volume: Recherche
Issue: Developpement, 4
Pages: 15-24.
Keywords: vegetative-propagation; cuttings-; nutrient-film-techniques; rooting-; bench-grafts; soilless-culture; systems-; growing-media;
Abstract: Details are presented of experiments using the nutrient film technique (NFT) to grow cocoa seedlings, root cuttings and establish bench grafts. Seedling growth was greater with NFT than when grown in compost, which caused leaf scorching. Rooting of cuttings was greater with NFT than under mist. Grafting success did not differ significantly between NFT and mist systems.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 154
Author: Amorim, S. M. C. de; Valle, R. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Absorption and water movement resistance in cocoa
Journal: Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil)
Volume: 28
Issue: 8
Pages: 907-913; Aug, figs, summaries
Keywords: water-potential; transpiration-; photosynthesis-; soil-temperature
Brazil, Bahia
Abstract: The effects of root temperature on water movement resistance were studied in cocoa seedlings under greenhouse conditions in Bahia, Brazil, at root temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40degC. Observations were made of leaves covered with foil and black plastic bags, and of uncovered leaves. The leaves were located at the base, at the intermediate part, and at the apex of the stem. Measurements of water potential and its components, transpiration, photosynthesis, temperature, and stomatal conductance were done by psychrometry in the uncovered leaves adjacent to the covered leaves. The resistance to water movement did not depend on the position of the leaves on the stem, but depended on the transpirational flux. The water potential gradients across the plant varied at temperatures higher than 30degC. Gas exchanges at different root temperatures depended on the water status of the plant. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 289
Author: Ampofo, S. T.; Bonaparte, E. E. N. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Flushing, flowering and pod-setting of hybrid cocoa in a cocoa shade/spacing/cultivar experiment
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: Shade; Spacing; Varieties; Growth; Flushing; Flowering; Periodicity;
Ghana
Abstract: The cacao cultivar T85/799 x S84 tended to flush with a similar periodicity from year to year but the periods of flushing peaks differed slightly from year to year. Intensity of flushing also differed from year to year. There were generally five flushing peaks in a year. The pattern of pod-setting closely followed that of flower production. The effect of shade and spacing on the periodicity of flushing, flowering and pod-setting was negligible but the onset of flushing was delayed slightly by shade. Shading and close spacing suppressed both flowering and pod-setting.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 103-108, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3586
Author: Ampofo, S. T.
Year: 1990
Title: Farmer-extension linkages
Keywords: Extension;
Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 639
Author: Amson, F. W. van; Lems, G.
Year: 1963
Title: Effect of soil factors on pod yield in a clonal trial with cacao
Journal: Mededeling. Landbouwproefstation Suriname
Volume: 33
Keywords: Soil-characteristics; Interaction; Yields; Clones;
Surinam
Abstract: A trial to compare the performance of cuttings of 8 ICS cacao clones was established on a clay soil in the coastal strip of Surinam in 1955. The 1958-62 yield data indicated a marked inhomogeneity of the soil; detailed studies showed that pod yields per tree increased with the organic-matter content and were inversely related with the pH and the degree of base saturation of the soil. Relatively high yields were obtained where the pH was not higher than 4.5, while the top 20 cm of soil had to contain 4% or more of organic matter and less than 10 maeq./100 g dry soil of exchangeable bases. The highest yielding clone (ICS 95) proved to react much less to differences in soil properties than the second highest yielder (ICS 40).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
29p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3368
Author: Amuh, I. K. A.
Year: 1962
Title: The effect of methyl bromide on the fungi occurring on prepared cocoa beans
Journal: Publ. Ghana Agr. Prod. Marketing Board Insect Control Unit
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: Storage; Moulds; Fumigation; Methyl-bromide;
Ghana
Abstract: Because pyrethrum and methyl bromide are the only chemicals allowed to be used for the disinfection of cocoa in Ghana, all fungicidal treatments being proscribed, the ettect of methyl bromide on external mould was investigated by exposing beans to concentrations of 16, 32 and 48 mg/1 for 24 hours and subsequently storing them at relative humidifies of 75, 80, 90 and 100%. Fumigation retarded the germination of mould spores to a degree increasing with the gas concentration. Mycelium appeared on untreated beans after 3 days' storage at a r.h. of 100 %, after 14 days at a r.h. of 75 %; treatment with the commercially used methyl bromide concentration of 16 mg/1 increased these times to 5 and 32 days, respectively. The viability of the spores was not affected.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 864
Author: Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1983
Title: Witches' broom disease of Theobroma cacao in Brazil. 1. Inoculation of ungerminated seeds
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-49.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; seed-inoculation; screening-methods
Brazil; Para
Abstract: Ungerminated seeds of cacao, infiltrated under vacuum with a spore suspension of the witches' broom fungus Crinipellis perniciosa and then pre-germinated before planting, produced hypertrophied hypocotyls and developed hypertrophied axillary buds. This inoculation technique could be useful in mass-screening of individual plants for their reaction to infection by C. perniciosa. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 459
Author: Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions of isolates of Crinipellis perniciosa, causative agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Pages: 363-366
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Isolates; Biochemical-reactions; Virulence; Compatibility;
Brazil;
Abstract: Dry vegetative brooms were collected from commercial farms in 12 localities in Brazil and also from other hosts in the Amazon region. Basidiocarps produced by these brooms were used to form mycelial cultures for studies of growth-rates, compatibility studies and biochemical reactions. The isolates were classified into 4 groups: Group 1-Cocoal and Castanhal; Group 2-Ouro Preto D'Oeste and Jaru; Group 3-Cameta; and Group 4-the remainder. The isolates from other hosts showed different reactions when compared with isolates from cocoa with the exception of liana. Isolates from Theobroma grandiflorum and Solanacea rigosum were identical. Pathogenicity tests done by inoculating pre-germinated seeds were not conclusive but the isolate from Santarem (Group 4) was more virulent than Cameta (Group 3).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2034
Author: Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Rain-water as a factor in the dissemination of basidiospores of Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer within cocoa trees
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Rain; Spore-dispersal; Witches-broom; Epidemiology
Brazil
Abstract: Wind has been considered to be the only means of dissemination of basidiospores of C. perniciosa. Highly infected progenies of the cross IMC67 X Catongo had a high inter-tree correlation (r=0.79) between the number of cushion infections and the dry vegetative brooms in the canopy. It was concluded that this relationship could have resulted from the dissemination of inoculum within trees by rain-water. Chambers made of an aluminium sheet were fitted around the trunks of cocoa trees with a large number of vegetative brooms and pre-germinated seeds of Catongo cocoa placed in the chambers. As a control other seeds were placed in the chambers on trunks of uninfected trees. During a 3-d period, the presence of basidiocarps was observed on the infected trees to ascertain the presence of inoculum. After this period the seeds were planted in plastic bags in the greenhouse. After 8 weeks symptoms of infection characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia were observed below the cotyledonary node. No infection was found in seeds which were located in trees free of sources of inoculum. This is the first report of the role of rain-water in the dissemination of basidiospores of C. perniciosa and its implication for control strategies is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987, 367-369; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3871
Author: Andebrhan, T.; Furtek, D. B.
Year: 1994
Title: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Crinipellis perniciosa isolates from different hosts
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 43
Issue: 6
Pages: 1020-1027
Keywords: diseases; plant-pathogens; pathogenic-fungi; genetic-variation; molecular-genetics; RAPD; DNA; pathology; Breeding; Genetics;
Brazil-; Para-
Abstract: DNA sequence polymorphisms among isolates of C. perniciosa, causing witches' broom disease in several genera and species in the Sterculiaceae, Solanaceae and Bixaceae, were revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns. Comparisons were made among isolates from Theobroma cacao (cocoa cvs SCA6 and SVB), T. grandiflorum, T. obovatum, T. subincanum, Herrania sp. (all collected near Belem, Brazil, at 3 plots within 2 km of each other), and Bixa orellana and Solanum rugosum (150 and 1440 km from Belem, respectively). Genetic similarities, as determined by Sorensen's coefficient (Scij; fraction of shared bands), ranged from 1.00 (T. cacao cv. SCA6 and T. grandiflorum) to 0.56 (S. rugosum and T. subincanum). Results indicated that proximity was more important than host species for determining the genetic relationships among isolates, that there were 2 independent sources of inoculum at the site near Belem and that the isolate from B. orellana was most closely related to the isolate from T. cacao cv. SVB. Comparisons were also made among multispore cultures from different basidiocarps on the same T. cacao SVB broom, as well as monospore cultures from the same S. rugosum basidiocarp. Banding patterns were similar among basidiocarps on the same broom, but differences were detected among monospore cultures from the same basidiocarp.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2739
Author: Andebrhan, T.; Hammerstone, J. F.; Romanczyk, L. J.; Furtek, D. B.
Year: 1995
Title: Sensitivity of Crinipellis perniciosa to procyanidins from Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 1995
Volume: 46
Issue: 5
Pages: 339-348.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom-disease; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Resistance; Polyphenols; Tannins; Germination; Variability;
Brazil
Abstract: Basidiospores from four geographic isolates of Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, the pathogen causing witches' broom disease in various members of the Sterculiaceae, Solanaceae and Bixaceae, were exposed to different concentrations of partially-purified oligomeric procyanidins (condensed tannins), (-)-epicatechin/(+)-catechin, and anthocyanins extracted from cocoa seeds. The effectiveness of the test compounds for inhibiting basidiospore germination and germ tube elongation was: a mixture of procyanidins with 5-8 monomeric units (n = 3-5) > a mixture of procyanidins with 3- 5 monomeric units (n = 3-5) > a mixture of the B2 dimer of (-)-epicatechin and the B5 dimer of (-)- epicatechin and (+)-catechin > (-)-epicatechin/(+)- catechin greater than or equal to anthocyanins. Sensitivity to test compounds also varied among isolates, and could be used as a criterion to distinguish the isolates. A total procyanidin fraction had little or no effect on the growth rates of dikaryotic (saprophytic) mycelial cultures.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2468
Author: Andersen, G.; Giesen, H.
Year: 1964
Journal: 3rd Edition. Halle: Condetta
Volume: 58
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3176
Author: Anderson, D. A.
Year: 1968
Title: A study of the carbohydrates of cocoa beans by gas chromatography
Journal: M.S. Thesis, Purdue university
Keywords: Reserves; Carbohydrates; Beans;
usa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1416
Author: Andoh, S. K.; Gately, D.
Year: 1989
Title: The US demand for cocoa: exploring the apparent insignificance of income growth
Journal: Applied Economics
Volume: 21
Issue: 11
Pages: 1421-1432.
Keywords: Demand-elasticities; Income; Trade;
usa
Abstract: In general per capita cocoa demand is highly correlated with per capita income, but in the USA the income elasticity of demand is either zero or negative. However, when the price of confectionery and the percentage of children in the population are taken into account, the estimated effects and statistical significance of income and cocoa price are consistent with expectations. These results are moderately encouraging for the growth of US cocoa demand. With modest income growth and constant real prices for cocoa and confectionery to the year 2000, total cocoa demand can be expected to grow by about 30%.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1312
Author: Andrade, F. M. de; Barroco, H. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Cacao/chocolate ratio of chocolate products exported from Brazil during the period 1970-1985
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 542-548.
Keywords: Product-properties; Chocolate-; Cocoa-solids;
Brazil
Abstract: The nature of Brazilian products exported as chocolate is discussed and the cacao/chocolate ratio is defined. The methodology employed for the different types of chocolate aggregation is a discussion of the nature and subsequent adoption of the conversion factors employed by the International Cocoa Organization. The data refer to the period 1970 to 1985. After a review of the literature dealing with chocolate and its classification (according to the Brazilian Commodities Nomenclature), only some of the products classified in this publication as chocolates were selected. With the subsequent application of the conversion factors a growing tendency of cacao utilization in chocolate manufacturing was observed. This has led to the conclusion that Brazilian policies on export incentives should take into acount the cacao/chocolate ratio in export products with a view to establishing objectives, together with a means of assuring the improvement of rules and standards in line with chocolate production laws. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5610
Author: Andrews, L.
Year: 1987
Title: The Cocoa Rehabilitation Project in Western Samoa: need for attention to social context and institutional incentives
Journal: Islands/Australia Working Paper Australian National University
Issue: 2
Keywords: cacao-; rehabilitation-; innovation-adoption; government-policy; production-function; socio-economic-factors; smallholders-
Pacific; Western-Samoa
Abstract: During 1983, cacao represented 15% of Samoa's exports. Exports of cacao have declined in the last 10 years, as has the quality of the cacao produced. Reasons for this decline include poor cultural practices; too little replanting and cultivation of low-yielding varieties. This paper analyses the incentives and disincentives for smallholders in adopting the recommended cacao variety Amelonado and improved cultivation methods. It is found that rates of return are virtually similar (17.9%/year) for both the high-input/high return management approach being promoted by the Rehabilitation Project and the low-input/low return approach which farmers seem to prefer. A Cocoa Suspensory Loan Scheme, utilizing aid funds, increases the rate of return for farmers from the high-input/high-return approach; but a series of social and economic factors are analysed which may justify the apparent preference for the low-input/low-return approach. From author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
50 p., figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 46
Author: Andry, N.
Year: 1713
Journal: Paris, J.B. Coignard
Volume: 2
Keywords: Medicine
France;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Vol


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4490
Author: Aneja, M.; Gianfagna, T.; Ng, E.
Year: 1996
Title: Abscisic acid metabolism and episodic growth in cocoa
Journal: Plant Growth Regulation
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 209-214
Keywords: growth-; plant-development; dormancy-; plant-growth-regulators; abscisic-acid; metabolism-; endogenous-growth-regulators; growth-inhibitors
Abstract: Abscisic acid (ABA) levels and metabolism were investigated in relation to shoot growth in greenhouse-grown cocoa cv. Amelonado trees (6-8 years old). ABA content was high (14 nmoles/g FW) in young flush leaves during shoot growth but gradually declined during the subsequent dormant period. ABA content was low (1-2 nmoles/g FW) in mature leaves when the terminal bud re-initiated growth. ABA-glucose ester (ABA-glu) content was low (3-4 nmoles/g FW) in the flush leaves during shoot growth and dormancy, but increased more than 7-fold in these same leaves during the next flush cycle. ABA-glu levels then dropped significantly during the dormant period. Radiolabelled-ABA was metabolized to 3 products in cocoa leaves: ABA-glu, phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid. Catabolism of radiolabelled ABA was significantly greater in mature leaves during the dormant period when endogenous levels of ABA were high than during the period of active shoot growth when endogenous levels of ABA in mature leaves were low.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 45
Author: Anfossi, G. B.
Year: 1773
Title: The use and abuse of chocolate
Journal: Rovigo, G. Miazzi, 8e, 7&100p
Keywords: History
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 44
Author: Anfossi, G. B.
Year: 1779
Title: The use and abuse of chocolate
Journal: Apresso Francesco Locatelli, a S. Bartolomeo. con Licenza de' Superiori. 100p.
Keywords: History
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1389
Author: Ang, B. B.; Lim, T. K.; Tee, S. K.
Year: 1987
Title: A sudden dieback of cocoa caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae
Journal: Planter
Volume: 63
Issue: 735
Pages: 228-234.
Keywords: Botryodiplodia-theobromae; Environmental-factors; Diseases
Malaysia
Abstract: In early 1982 and mid-1985 a sudden dieback was observed on 8-yr old and 4-yr old polyclonal cocoa trees, respectively, in an inland estate in Selangor, Malaysia following a period of intense drought. Similar symptoms were observed on budgrafted polybag seedlings which were cut back too severely during the dry months. B. theobromae was pathogenic on the seedlings when they were stressed for a few days without watering prior to wound inoculation. The role of prevailing environmental factors on disease incidence and control measures is discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1281
Author: Ang Boon, Beng; Lim Tong, Kwee; Tee Swee, Kee
Year: 1987
Title: A sudden dieback of cocoa caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae
Journal: Planter
Volume: 63
Issue: 735
Pages: 228-234
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Botryodiplodia-theobromae; disease-diagnosis
Malaysia; Selangor
Abstract: In early 1982 and mid-1985, a sudden dieback was observed on 8-year-old and 4-year-old polyclonal cacao trees, respectively, in an inland estate in Selangor (Malaysia), following a period of intense drought. Similar dieback symptoms were observed on budgrafted polybags which were cut back too severely during the dry months. Isolations from disease tissues consistently yielded the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The fungus was pathogenic on budgrafted seedlings when the seedlings were stressed a few days without watering prior to wound inoculation. The role of prevailing environmental factors on disease incidence and control measures are also discussed. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2008
Author: Angkapradipta, P.; Warsito, T.; Nurdin, M. S.
Year: 1988
Title: Response of Upper Amazon Hybrid bulk cocoa to N, P and K fertilizers on latosol
Journal: Menara Perkebunan
Volume: 56
Issue: 1
Pages: 2-8
Keywords: Nutrition-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-
Indonesia;
Abstract: The experiment was conducted at the Sumurbarang division of Wangunreja Estate in West Java on an acid latosol which had a high total P2O5 content and a high clay content (72.3%). The trees (from an F2 Upper Amazon Hybrid population), which had a spacing of 2 X 4 m, were shaded by Leucaena L2 trees. The initial fertilizer application rates were 0, 35 or 70 g urea/tree, 0, 35 or 70 g triple super phosphate/tree and 0, 30 or 60 g KCl/tree; these were were supplemented with further NPK applications at three different rates every 6 months. Plant height, stem length and stem girth were measured, soil and leaf samples were analysed and pod yields were determined at periodic intervals. The results indicated that this population of Upper Amazon Hybrids responded well to N and P fertilizers, the second levels of both were adequate and are therefore recommended. K application could be delayed until the end of the 'immature' period providing the leaf K content is around 2%.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2522
Author: Angladette, A.
Year: 1954
Title: Agronomic research related ot cocoa in the overseas territotires
Journal: Agron. Trop.
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 391-393
Keywords: Research;
France;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3944
Author: Angoulvant, G.
Year: 1932
Title: Cocoa cultivation in Ivory Coast
Journal: Rev. Internatl. des Prod. Colon.
Volume: 7
Pages: 325-330
Keywords: Regional;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4430
Author: Aniah, E. J.; Ekpoh, I. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Population and agricultural intensification in the tropical high forest of Cross River State, Nigeria
Journal: Working Paper Cross River State Forestry Project
Issue: 14
Keywords: migration-; rural-rural-migration; rural-economy; deforestation-; family-planning; forest-management; conservation-; land-use; plantations-; population-pressure;
Nigeria-
Abstract: A report of studies made of migration, rural population growth and deforestation in three areas (Akamkpa, Boki and Ikom Local Government Areas) of Cross River State, SE Nigeria. Annual population growth is about 3.3%, and migration into the study area is mainly a rural-rural type, due to land availability, and employment on cocoa and oil palm plantations. Annual deforestation rate varies for the 3 areas between 2.32 km2 and 15.57 km2. Recommendations of the study include family planning and child spacing programmes, education for the rational use of forest resources, empowerment of local communities through alternative money generating enterprises, and coordination of the activities of all agencies (internal, external, international, NGOs, etc.) engaged in forest conservation and protection.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
131 pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5717
Author: Animkwapong, G. J.; Teklehaimanot, Z.
Year: 1995
Title: Reclamation of degraded cocoa lands using Albizia zygia
Journal: Land Degradation and Rehabilitation
Volume: 6
Issue: 2
Pages: 109-123
Keywords: Coppicing; Regrowth; Deforestation; Degraded-soils; Fallow; Land-reclamation; Regeneration; Secondary-forest; Succession; Rehabilitation; Land-use; Shade-trees; Leguminous-trees;
Ghana
Abstract: The structure of the population of Albizia zygia and the regeneration potential of the species from seed were studied in three site conditions (mature cocoa stand, fallow and intact natural forest) in the moist semi-deciduous forest zone in Ghana. The potential of the species to regenerate vegetatively was also assessed. Different population structures and different natural regeneration status were observed for each site. Regeneration from seed appeared to be of a little importance in the fallow site, whereas vegetative regeneration was found to be a major mechanism of secondary succession in abandoned cocoa farms. The population of Albizia zygia in the forest appeared to be stable, while in the mature cocoa fields it was in decline. Efficient seed pretreatment techniques and vegetative propagation methods using juvenile cuttings, which are useful for enhanced management of the species, are also presented. Management strategies using the species for the rehabilitation of degraded cocoa farms are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jun )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3578
Author: Anioay, D.
Year: 1934
Title: Some preliminary studies on the propagation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) by stem cuttings and by graftage
Journal: Philippine Agr
Volume: 22
Pages: 813
Keywords: Propagation; Vegetative; Cuttings; Grafting;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5254
Author: Anklam, E.; Simoneau, C.
Year: 1996
Title: Task force meeting on the analysis of vegetable fats in chocolate
Journal: Food Control
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Keywords: Fats; Cocoa-butter; Chocolate; Regulations
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Apr )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5255
Author: Anklam, E.; Lipp, M.; Wagner, B.
Year: 1996
Title: HPLC with light scatter detector and chemometric data evaluation for the analysis of cocoa butter and vegetable fats
Journal: Fett - Lipid
Volume: 98
Issue: 2
Pages: 55-59
Keywords: Analytical-methods; Calibration; HPLC; vegetable-fats; cocoa-products; analysis;
Italy
Abstract: High performance liquid chromatography equipped with an evaporative light scatter detector was carried out in order to proof the authenticity of cocoa butter. Signals of 17 characteristic triglycerides have been used to develop two chemometric models. PLS was applied for quantitation while neural nets were used for classification. The sample pool was divided in a training set of 18 and a prediction set of 14 samples. The samples included mixtures of several vegetable fats with cocoa butter. A 15x4x1 feed forward net could be trained and within the prediction set only 2 samples were not correctly assigned. A PLS model with 9 factors was applied and the mean prediction error was found to be 2.5%. The small number of samples was found to be sufficient to show the potential of this data evaluation. Results are expected to improve with a greater data pool.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3329
Author: Anklam, E.; Bassani, M. R.; Eiberger, T.; Kriebel, S.; Lipp, M.; Matissek, R.
Year: 1997
Title: Characterization of cocoa butters and other vegetable fats by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry
Journal: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Volume: 357
Issue: 7
Pages: 981-984
Keywords: CBR; CBE; CBS; Cocoa-butter; Methods;
Italy;
Abstract: Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry (Py-MS) was used for the discrimination of cocoa butters from other vegetable fats. Mass spectra ranging from 50 amu to 250 amu were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and with neural nets. The application of neural nets leads to a good discrimination between the two classes. Detailed analysis of the nets revealed that only the first 60 masses were used within the net. The use of PCA requires a careful selection of the number of masses included in the calculation. Canonical variance analysis was applied to determine the significant masses. Optimal performance of PCA was observed only using the first 22 significant masses. Most of these masses were different from the ones used by the neural net. It seems that the mass spectra obtained by Py-MS contain sufficient information for the discrimination of pure cocoa butter from other vegetable fats, but none of the methods seems to be able to extract all information available. Neural net provides a very robust method for this task and no prior data selection was necessary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2745
Author: Anoe
Year: 1903
Title: Pruning of cocoa
Journal: Cultuurgids
Volume: 5
Pages: 415-421
Keywords: Pruning
Asia; Indonesia;
Abstract: Gives the number of primary branches in Criollo and Djatti Roenggo hybrids.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/04


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3840
Author: Anon
Year: 1359
Title: The value of Java-cocoa for the cocoa industry
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 4
Pages: 1359-1360
Keywords: Indonesia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3823
Author: Anon
Year: 1411
Title: Transportation of cocoa plant material from Surinam to Java
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 10
Pages: 1411-1412
Keywords: Germplasm; Exchange; Distribution;
Indonesia; Surinam;
Abstract: Transportation of seedlings from Surinam to Java in Wardian cases.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4003
Author: Anon
Year: 1528
Title: Grading of commercial cocoa in the producing countries
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 64
Pages: 545-7
Keywords: Grading; Quality
Brazil; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: An outline of the criteria for grades of commercial cocoa, and of systems of marking cocoa bags according to grades, currently used in Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Ivory Coast, compared with uniform systems of grading proposed by the Cocoa Association of London and the FAO Cocoa Study Group.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 40
Author: Anon
Year: 1692
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 41
Author: Anon
Year: 1692
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 39
Author: Anon
Year: 1693
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 37
Author: Anon
Year: 1715
Journal: d.d.
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
25 VI. Paris, 4e, 8p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 38
Author: Anon
Year: 1715
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 47
Author: Anon
Year: 1882
Title: Adultaration and fasification of food products and other important materials. Vol. 4. Coffee, Tea, chocolate, Pepper etc
Journal: Milano
Keywords: Adultaration; Quality;
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3587
Author: Anon
Year: 1931
Title: Guide to the Experimental Plantation, Serdang
Journal: STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Serdang
Volume: 141
Keywords: Research;
Malaysia; Serdang;
Abstract: Brief account of unsuccessful experimental plantings of cacao at Serdang in 1923 and 1927, p. 30-31.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3936
Author: Anon
Year: 1931
Title: Internation Colonial expo, 1931
Journal: Paris. Exposition Coloniale Internationale
Volume: 16
Keywords: Regional;
West-Africa;
Abstract: History and general information on cacao culture in French West Africa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
COMMISSARIAT DE L'AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE FRANCAISE. Le cacao. Rochefort-sur-mer, 1931. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4162
Author: Anon
Year: 1933
Title: The cacao coast of Bahia
Journal: Trop. Life
Volume: 29
Pages: 160-163
Keywords: Transport; Roads;
Brazil
Abstract: Brief descriptions of the principal cacao zones and transportation facilities.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4047
Author: Anon
Year: 1936
Title: Cocoa from Ecuador
Journal: Chacra 6(66):55-59
Volume: 64
Issue: 67
Pages: 82-85; (69):35-38,
Keywords: Regional
Ecuador
Abstract: Based on book, Cultivo del Cacao, by R. Vignes, published in Ecuador in 1931


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2212
Author: Anon
Year: 1937
Title: The cocoa industry of the Gold Coast
Journal: Geogr. Mag.
Volume: 5
Pages: 153-168
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3666
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: Annual report for 1938
Journal: Director of Agriculture Borneo
Volume: 16
Keywords: Research;
Abstract: Mentions existing and new plantings of cacao at Agricultural Experiment Station, Sandakan. Earlier reports are similar.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3828
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: Semiannual report
Journal: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE. Semiannual report, January
Volume: 1
Issue: 30
Keywords: Research
Philippines;
Abstract: Earlier annual reports occasionally mention cacao; later reports not available.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
to Manila, 1939. 119 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3829
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: The cacao industry in the Philippines
Journal: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE, Manila
Volume: 11
Keywords: Regional;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4067
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: The cocoa industry in the nNorthern Cauca valley
Journal: Agricultura [Bogota]
Volume: 11
Pages: 628-633
Keywords: Regional;
Colombia
Abstract: Summary of descriptions of the various areas and of work accomplished under Government agronomists.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1496
Author: anon
Year: 1942
Title: Cocoa in Suriname
Journal: Bull. Dep. Landb. Proefst. No.
Volume: 57
Pages: 49-50
Keywords: Regional;
Suriname;
Abstract: Bried review of economic species in Suriname.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1493
Author: Anon
Year: 1945
Title: Cacao rehabilitation scheme of 1944
Journal: Proc. Agric. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago
Volume: 45
Pages: 37
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Subsidies;
Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3910
Author: Anon
Year: 1946
Title: Discussion on cocoa-surveys and swollen shoot disease of cocoa at Aburi, 2nd. January, 1946
Journal: WEST AFRICAN CACAO RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Tafo
Volume: 11
Keywords: Swollen-shoot;
Ghana
Abstract: Statement of policy and -administrative measures to be taken.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4149
Author: Anon
Year: 1946
Title: Plan to expand cocoa production in Brazil
Journal: Braz. B.
Volume: 3
Issue: 50
Pages: 1-2.
Keywords: Expansion;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Program of Instituto do Cacau da Bahia.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 744
Author: Anon
Year: 1947
Title: Costa Rican cacao industry
Journal: Foreign Commerce weekly
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 17
Keywords: Export;
Abstract: Export from Costa Rica:
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3860
Author: Anon
Year: 1947
Title: Administrative report, 1947
Journal: CEYLON, DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Administrative report
Volume: 121
Keywords: Research;
Sri-Lanka;
Abstract: Report for 1946 includes brief notes on diseases of cacao, p. D8-Dg. Earlier reports occasionally mention cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Colombo, 1949. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3907
Author: Anon
Year: 1947
Title: Report on a visit to the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria and Southern Cameroons
Journal: WEST AFRICAN CACAO RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Tafo, Gold Coast
Volume: 14
Keywords: Country; Propects;
Nigeria;
Abstract: History of cultivation, the existing native industry, and possibilities for improvement.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1606
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Annual-reports
Journal: INSTITUT NATIONAL POUR L'ETUDE AGRONOMIQUE DU CONGO BELGE. Rapport annuel pour l'exercise
Volume: 290
Keywords: Research;
Zaire;
Abstract: Section on cacao (p. 99-101) reports work in selection, cultural methods, and supplying seed for planting. Earlier reports contain similar material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3908
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Annual report ... for the year 1948
Journal: NIGERIA. AGRICULTURAL DEPT. Annual report ... for the year
Volume: 75
Keywords: Research; Survey;
Nigeria;
Abstract: Includes brief reports of Nigerian Cocoa Survey (p. 33-37), and other administrative and experimental work dealing with cacao. 1947 report includes data on improvement of quality through grading. 1946 includes tables showing size of beans from 6 selected clones and seasonal variation in bean weight (p. 28). Earlier reports contain similar material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Lagos, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3928
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Year reports
Journal: Gold Coast. Dept. Of Agriculture
Keywords: Research; Production; Diseases; Rehabilitation; Inspection; Grading; Marketing.
Ghana;
Abstract: Includes reports on cacao production, disease control and rehabilitation, and inspection, grading, and marketing. Earlier reports contain similar material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3961
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Annual reports
Journal: ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Annual report
Volume: 51
Keywords: Regional;
Zanzibar
Abstract: Includes reports on condition of cacao plantings, experimental work, and distribution of seedlings. Earlier reports are similar.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Zanzibar. 1949. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4
Author: Anon
Year: 1949
Title: The classification of cacao research
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 26
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: Research; Research-classification;
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Outline of cocoa research proposed by Inter-American Cacao Center.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 533
Author: Anon
Year: 1952
Title: Notes on cocoa cultivation
Journal: Cacao en Colombia
Volume: 1
Pages: 107-118
Keywords: Colombia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4812
Author: Anon
Year: 1963
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Nigeria Trade J.
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 69-73.
Keywords: Planted-area; Marketing;
Nigeria;
Abstract: Apart from a few young plantations totalling about 4,000 ha it is estimated that cacao is cultivated in Nigeria by more than 300,000 farmers in the Western Region, Eastern Region and part of the Northern Region, on small farms occupying some 240,000 ha. The cocoa produced by the farmers is bought by the Cocoa Marketing Board, which also supports the activities of the West African Cocoa Research Institute with regard to crop protection and breeding. Each season the Marketing Boards publish a list of licensed buying agents (in Western Nigeria also co-operative unions). The Boards indicate the official buying stations to which cocoa must be delivered for inspection and grading. Almost the whole of the cocoa crop passes through the port of Lagos, where the overseas sale is negotiated by the Nigerian Produce Marketing Company Ltd.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 105
Author: Anon
Year: 1964
Title: Rat control in cacao fields
Journal: Cacau Atualidades
Volume: 1
Issue: 6
Pages: 8-9
Keywords: Vertebrae-pests; Rats; Rat-control; Warfarin;
Brazil;
Abstract: Cocoa planters in the Brazilian State of Bahia are advised to control rats by the destruction of nests, the protection of snakes, and birds of prey, and the use of poisoned baits. Baits can be prepared from maize meal, rice plus 2% groundnut oil, or fruits, poisoned with one of the common rodenticides such as warfarin. About 20 bamboo joints provided with 200 g of bait, or 20-30 poisoned fruits are required per ha. A simple, effective bait may be prepared by sticking matches into bananas; after 24 hours the matches and a slice of the peel are removed, and the banana is tied in the fork of a cocoa tree.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 530
Author: Anon
Year: 1964
Title: Trinitario-Forastero hybrids the hope of cocoa production in Peru
Journal: In: Paper 1st Sess, Techn. Working Party on Cocoa Prod, Rome
Volume: 64
Issue: 15
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: Breeding-programs; Witches-broom;
Peru;
Abstract: Six hybrid cocoa progenies resulting from crosses between Trinitario and Upper Amazon clones were observed at Tingo Maria, Peru, during their first 4 years of life. They showed a high yielding capacity apparently due partly to hybrid vigour, a satisfactory bean size, and a high to fairly high resistance to whitches broom disease.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept Working Paper (Ca) p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3994
Author: Anon
Year: 1964
Title: Estimates of the incidence of pod rot and of the profit resulting from its chemical control
Journal: Cacau Atualidades
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 2-3
Keywords: Diseases; Fungi; Phytophthora; Yield-losses; Economics;
Brazil;
Abstract: The proportion of cacao pods lost as a result of pod rot on 19 estates in the State of Bahia (Brazil) which sprayed their trees against the disease was 5.5 % whereas it was 14.3% on 19 comparable estates that did not spray. At the normal yield level the difference corresponds to 200 kg of commercial cocoa per ha, which fetches more than 3 times the cost of the 6 sprayings with a copper fungicide currently recommended for pod rot control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4051
Author: Anon
Year: 1968
Title: Planting 20,000 ha of cocoa in Uraba and Antiguo Caldas. An investment of 130 million pesos in 5 years
Journal: Arroz
Volume: 17
Issue: 180
Pages: 12
Keywords: Projects; Development; Planting;
Colombia;
Abstract: A cocoa development project is being planned for several regions in Colombia. The establishment of 20,000 ha of cocoa in Uraba and in the district of Antiguo Caldas is the first stage of this project. The main purpose is to provide employment and an improved living standard to farmers. Of the 130 million pesos to be invested within a period of 5 years, 20 million pesos will be used the first year for granting loans to the farmers who will cultivate the new lands.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4818
Author: Anon
Year: 1968
Title: Renewal has hardly started)
Journal: Coopercotia
Volume: 25
Issue: 226
Pages: 18-21
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Projects; Landownership;
Brazil; Bahia;
Abstract: About 60% of the cocoa plantations in the State of Bahia in Brazil are over 50 years of age. Mean yields per ha declined from 654 kg in 1939 to 315 kg nowadays. Absenteeism of landowners and traditionalism hampers technical improvements. An integrated programme of technical assistance and rural welfare was started some years ago. Plantations oldert han 40 years are uprooted and rejuvenated by planting new trees of better quality. Preference is given to a variety with white cotyledoned seeds, resistant to Phytophthora and yielding around 1,200 kg/ha on farm level. Scarcity of plant material has limited the rate of renovation. Within 5 years 50,000 ha will be replanted, representing 33 % of the total area required. Landownership, social conditions in rural areas, and the techniques of the renovation of the old cocoa plantations are briefly discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3843
Author: Anon
Year: 1983
Title: Ghana: The cocoa sector
Journal: Background paper No
Issue: 4702
Keywords: Regional; Structural-adjusment-programme;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 of 4. Prepared for Ghana Policies and programme for adjustment Report, GH., World Bank, Washington D.C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3983
Author: Anon
Year: 1997
Title: Roasting plant for coffee or e.g. cocoa beans, cereal or nuts minimises emissions and fuel consumption - by direct heat utilisation from roasting and cooling gases using modular concentric heat exchanger system around heater whilst removing odours e.g. catalytic oxidation and increasing quality (Ger)
Journal: Food Control (Elsevier)
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 162.
Keywords: Roasting; Roaster; Efficiency; Emissions; Patent;
Germany;
Abstract: Full Title: Roasting plant for coffee or e.g. cocoa beans, cereal or nuts minimises emissions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 719
Author: Anon
Year: 1998
Title: Trade-Cote D'IVOIRE: Bitter Taste of European Chocolates
Journal: Inter Press Service
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Socio-economics; Marketing; Prices; Quality; Liberalisation; SAP;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3303
Author: Anonnymous
Year: 1961
Title: The capsid control scheme
Journal: Ghana. Rep. Techn. Conf. Dir. Agr. Senior Officers Overseas Dep. Agr. and Agr. Inst. Wye College, Kent, Sept
Volume: 2
Pages: 69-73
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; mist-blowers;
Ghana;
Abstract: After swollen shoot disease, capsids are the most serious problem of cacao in Ghana. The development of the knapsack mistblower in 1954 opened new possibilities; promising results were obtained with gamma BHC. In 1956 a saturation spraying scheme was started on 37,000 ha of cacao with outstanding success. This led to the adoption of a mature cacao extension spraying scheme for 300,000 ha, which was completed in 1958, but which was afterwards extended to 400,000 ha. All this work was free of cost to the farmers. In 1959 a new capsid-control scheme became effective; it placed the responsibility on the farmer. An extensive advisory, distribution and maintenance organisation was created; in 1961 40,000 mistblowers, 27,000 hand sprayers and 2.7 million 1 of concentrated insecticides were sold. The important production increase of the last two years is credited to a large extent to the capsid-control scheme.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Misc. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3363
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1522
Title: Bags for cocoa beans
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 64
Pages: 319-2a
Keywords: Packaging; Jute-bags; Labelling;
Abstract: Most cocoa producing countries ship the beans in jute bags with an empty weight of 600 g. Sisal bags with a weight of 900-1,000 g. as used in some S. American countries, allow insufficiently dried beans to lose moisture during transportation, but are more prone to insect infestation. Whether plastic liners are advisable is still uncertain. The contents of a bag vary from 50 to 90 kg of beans according to the country of origin. Ghana, Nigeria, the Ivory Coast and Ecuador mark the bags according to the grade of cocoa; the meaning of the symbols and abbreviations used for this purpose is explained. Metal or plastic tags are undesirable because they may become mixed with the cocoa beans on opening the bags. The FAO Cocoa Study Group has recommended a standard weight of 50-kg beans per bag, and a uniform system of markings.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1543
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1925
Title: The West African cacao industry. How to make it a gilt-edged security
Journal: Trop. Life
Volume: 21
Pages: 99-101
Keywords: Fertilizers;
West-Africa;
Abstract: Need for fertilizers and for experiments on use of fertilizers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3748
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1929
Title: Cocoa; selection and use of heavy-bearing strains
Journal: Gt. Brit. Imp. Inst. B.
Volume: 27
Pages: 461-469
Keywords: Reviews;
Trinidad; indonesia; Ghana;
Abstract: Summary of literature reporting work in Trinidad, Java, and Gold Coast.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2914
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1930
Title: Culitvation of cocoa
Journal: Mongrapha elaborata pelo Servico de inspecao e Fomento Agricolas, Rio de Janeiro
Keywords: Cultivation; Cultivars; Cacao-commum; Cacao-de-Para; Cacao-de-maranao
Brazil
Abstract: Popular accoutn on the cultivation of cocoa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
50p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3386
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1930
Title: Research on infestation of stored products
Journal: Ann. Appl. Biol.
Volume: 17
Pages: 400-407
Keywords: Storage; Insects; Moulds;
Abstract: Proceedings of meeting of Association of Economic Biologists, 22, 1929, dealing chiefly with storage problems of cacao beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3403
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1930
Title: Instructions for making a three-section fermenting box
Journal: VENEZUELA. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA. OFICINA DE DIVULGACION. Caracas?
Keywords: Fermentation;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
193-? 4 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1557
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1932
Title: Ferilizers for cocoa
Journal: Off. Internatl. des Fabric. de Choc. et de Cacao. B. Off.
Volume: 2
Pages: 385-393
Keywords: Fertilizers;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3387
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1938
Title: Neem leaves as insecticide
Journal: Gold Coast Farmer
Volume: 6
Pages: 190
Keywords: Storage; Packing; Insect-control;
Ghana;
Abstract: For use in packing cacao beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1563
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1939
Title: Tafo station soils
Journal: Gold Coast Farmer
Volume: 8
Pages: 105-106
K