TI:Genetic diversity and relationships of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in southern Mexico AU:Whitkus,-R.; Cruz,-M.-de-la; Mota-Bravo,-L.; GÛmez-Pompa,-A.; SO:TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 96(5):621-627. DE:Germplasm; Domestication; Diversity; Maya; History; RAPD; Criollo; Origin; Distribution; PY:1998 GE:Mexico **:Abstract Neotropical tree crops are affected by a combination of biological and human factors that complicate the study of genetic diversity and crop evolution. Genetic diversity and relationships among southern Mexican populations and horticultural collections of Theobroma cacao (chocolate, cocoa, cacao) are examined in light of the agricultural practices of the Maya. Collections of cacao were obtained from the extremes of its geographic range including archeological sites in southern Mexico where cacao was first domesticated. Genetic diversity was assayed by 57 informative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker loci. A unique sample of the total diversity found in this study exists in the southern Mexican populations. These populations are significantly different from all other cacao with regards to their profile of RAPD bands, including the `criollo' variety, their morphological and geographical group. A population of cacao found in a sinkhole (cenote) in northern Yucatan with genetic affinities to populations in Chiapas suggests the Maya maintained plants far away from their native habitat. This finding concurs with known agroforestry practices of the Maya. Modern efforts to increase germplasm of tropical tree crops such as cacao should carefully examine archeological sites where genetic diversity, either deliberately or by chance, was collected and maintained by ancient cultures. TI:The classification of cacao research. . AU:Anon. SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(26):1-7. DE:Research; Research-classification; PY:1949 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Outline proposed by Infer-American,Cacao Center. TI:Progress reports on field experiments of the Botanical Section to August, 1943. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Imp. Col. Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] Cacao Res. Rpt. (1941/43) 11:4-15. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1944 GE:Trinidad **:Experiment CRB. 10, by R. K. McKee, p. 15. TI:Recent botanical researches in cacao. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Empire J. Expt. Agr. 6:219-224. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1938. GE:Trinidad TI:Research and cocoa production. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Research 3:12-16. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1950 GE:Trinidad **:Reviews reasons for present shortages and possibilities of increasing production through research directed toward control of disease, improvement of planting methods, and improvement of preparation. TI:The present position of botanical researches on cacao. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 13:123-129. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1936 GE:Trinidad **:Address before Trinidad planters at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, 26, 1936. Deals chiefly with research concerning the genetic constitution of cacao trees, in progress as part of the Cacao Research Scheme. TI:Long range cacao research to increase the yield per tree and combat disease. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:West India Com. C. 43:363-365. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1928 GE:Trinidad **:Summary of first five-year period of Cacao Research Scheme. TI:The botanical researches on cacao. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 12:171-174. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1935 GE:Trinidad **:Summary of first five-year period of Cacao Research Scheme. TI:The botanical programme of 1931-1943. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:In Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture Trinidad I Annual report on cacao research, 1931- 41/43. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, 1932-1944. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1944 GE:Trinidad **:Aims, progress, and outlook at the end of each year, with a summary at the end of the fifth year. TI:Biological researches on cacao at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Agr. Soc. Trinidad & Tobago. Proc. 8:117-124. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1928 GE:Trinidad **:Memorandum outlining proposed research. TI:Six months' progress at the Cacao Center. AU:Bowman,-G.F.; SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(11):1-4. DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba PY:1948 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:Summary of report of investigations in progress at Turrialba and La Lola, January-July 1948. TI:The Inter-American Cacao Center. AU:Bowman,-G.F. SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(23):1-4. DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba; PY:1949 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:History and program of the Center. TI:Cacao comes home; the InterAmerican Cacao Center and its work. AU:Bowman,-G.F. SO:Pan Amer. Union. B. 82:566-570 DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba; PY:1948 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center. TI:Economic problems with cocoa and agricultural research. OT:Problemas economicos do cacau na ciencia agricole. AU:Bondar,-G.; SO:Campo (Rio de Janeiro) 4:(12):26-28. DE:Research; Selection; Breeding; Quality; Yields PY:1933 GE:Brazil **:Deals especially with selection to increase yield, and with factors influencing quality. TI:Information on research administratio of cocoa OT:InformaÁao sÙbre o problema da adubaÁao do cacau. AU:Bondar,-G.; SO:Bahia. Sec. da Agr. Indus. e Com.Serv. de Divulg. B. 45:226-229. DE:Research; Research-stations; PY:1948 GE:Brazil **:On the need for research and suggestions for the administration of research. TI:General experimental station for cocoa at Agua Preto, and demonstration plots at Ilheus, Brazil. OT:EstaÁao geral de experimentaÁao do Instituto de Cacao S/A. em Agua PrÍta; campo de demonstraÁao de Ilheus. Brazil . AU:Bondar,-G.; SO:Min. da Agr. B. 26 (4/6):33-52; (7/9):1-9. DE:Research; Research-stations; History; Facilities; PY:1937 GE:Brazil **:History and facilities of the Station. TI:Agricultural work at the Govenmenrt Industrial School AU:Beckett,-E.; SO:Agricultural Journal of British Guiana DE:Shade; Wind-damage; Drainage; Fertilizer-responses; N; P; K; Liming; Mulching; PY:1928 GE:British-Guiana **:Most hyvbrds were planted by F.A. Gall around 1882. 16.5 Acres under shade of E. galuca. Falling shadetrees caused a decline of the cocoa stand. Experiments were conducted from 1900-1916. During the period 1913-1916 an increase in yield of 4 cwt per acrea was obtained. 2.25 due to lesseining of shade and 1.75 due to other cultural improvements. Experiments proves that under these conditions the best method of cultivation were: 1) Lowest amount of shade compatible with adequate wind protection; 2) Deep and efficient darinage >3-4 ft; 3) Annual forking with minimal root damage 4) Mulching not exceeding $6 per acre; 5) Manuring with superphosphate and K2SO4 at cost not exceeding $4 per acre. N-manuring not desirable; 2 tons of slashed lome per acre no effect. :The artcile give no production statistics. TI:On unifrom standards in cocoa research OT:Zur vereinheitlichung der untersuchungsverfahren f¸r kakaoerzeugnisse AU:Beythien,-A.; SO:Off. Internatl. du Cacao et Choc. B. off. 7(numÈro special):60-63. DE:Research; Analytical-methods; PY:1937 GE:Germany **:Discussed under 10 headings: water, Mineral nutrients (Ash), Alkalinity of ash; Fat, Fat research; sugar, dried milk, lechitine and shell content TI:Report to the government of Tanganyika on cocoa production. AU:Torto,-J.O.; SO:Expanded Techn. Assistance Progr. FAO Rep. 1869. p. 1-26, I-VII DE:Land-evalaution; Irrigation; PY:1964 GE:Malawi **: : : :A survey of problems of cocoa cultivation in Tanganyika revealed that the area suitable and available for growing the crop is not large. In the Kilombero district irrigation must be provided to make cultivation possible. In most of the prospective growing areas the patchy occurrence of suitable soils restricts cultivation to smallholdings. The farmers show a growing interest in cocoa; suggestions are offered concerning training and extension. It is recommended to plant Upper Amazon varieties; seed of these varieties should be given free to co-operatives who make their own nursery. TI:Study of the cocoa zone of Yaracuy OT:Estudio de la zona cacaotero del estado Yaracuy (?) AU:Salazar-Hernandez,-M.; SO:Agric. Venezol. 15:24-27 DE:Regional; PY:1950 GE:Venzuela TI:Cacao Centre at Turrialba AU:Bowman,-G.F. SO:Foreign Agriculture,12:264-267 DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba; PY:1948 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center. TI:The organisation of cocoa research in the Britisch West Indies AU:Cheesman,-E.E. SO:Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p.145-146. DE:Research; PY:1945 GE:Commonweatlh; West-Indies; Ghana; Nigeria; Trinidad; TI:The case for long range research in cacao production AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Trop. Agric. 1940, 17:203-207. DE:Research; PY:1940 GE:Trinidad; **:Survey of ten years' work of Cacao Research Scheme and outlook for the future. TI:A synopsis of the genus Herrania. AU:Schultes,-R.E. (Richard Evans); SO:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 39(3):216-95 DE:Taxonomy; Germplasm; PY:1958 **:Includes historical notes, systematy, ecology, uses, a specific key, and descriptions of 17 species and 3 varieties, with indexes to exsiccatae and native names. Eight new species are described. One species spreads northward to Costa Rica, and the others are limted to the humid tropics of South America, occurring in dense forests and savannas and both Andean slopes. The trees are 9- to 30-ft. tall and are saved in agricultural clearings for their fruits. The genus is closely allied to Theobroma and may have interest for breeding disease-resistant Cacao. TI:The sacred cacao groves of the Maya AU:Gomez-Pompa,-A.; Flores,-S.; Fernandez,-M.A.; SO:Latin American Antiquity, 1:247-257 DE:Cultivation; History; Cenote; Maya; PY:1991 GE:Mexico; Chiapas TI:Reexamining the classification of Theobroma cacao L. using molecular markers AU:Figueira,-A; Janick,-J.; Levy,-M.; Goldsbrough,-P.; SO:Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 119(5):1073-1082 DE:RFLP; RAPD; Taxonomy; Ribosomal-DNA; Evolution; Genes; cluster-analysis; genetic-variation; wild-relatives; maps-; restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism; random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA; ribosomal-DNA; cytotaxonomy-; plant-genetic-resources; Evolution PY:1994 GE:USA **:Genetic similarities among eight Theobroma and two Herrania species, including 29 genotypes of T. cacao, were estimated by rDNA polymorphism. A phenogram based on these genetic similarities significantly separated two clusters: one cluster included all Herrania and Theobroma species, except T. cacao, while the second contained 28 of 29 T. cacao genotypes. There was no clear distinction between Herrania and Theobroma species. Separation of 29 T. cacao genotypes, representing all races and various origins, had no congruency with the conventional classification into three horticultural races: Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Genetic similarities in T. cacao, estimated with RAPD markers, indicated continuous variation among the generally similar but heterogeneous genotypes. The wild genotypes formed an outgroup distinct from the cultivated genotypes, a distinction supported by the rDNA data. The phenograms constructed from RAPD and rDNA data were not similar within the wild and cultivated cacao subsets. TI:Maya society under colonial rule. The collective enterprise of survival AU:Farriss,-N.M.; SO:Princeton University Press, New Yersey, USA, 585p. :(cocoa on pp. 36, 45, 120-121, 153-155, 179-180, 263-267) DE:History; Mayas; Cultivation; Trade; Currency; Religion; Cenote; Sociology; Anthropology; Gods; Diet; Deities; :History; PY:1984 GE:Mexico; Belize; Guatemala; Yucatan; Tabasco; **:Local soil and climate of the Yucatan region were ill-suited for the cacao crop, which brought modest prosperity to the adjacent province of Tbasco and the Pacific coasts of Central America (p. 36). However, some cacao was being produced, and the native elite produced some cacao as cash crops. This elite had some advantages over smallholders, since they were able to produce surpluses, which they could carry directly to te marketplce because they controlled the colony's transport, and they had the experience and knowledge to negotiate directly with the officials (p.45). A major privilige that set the Maya nobility apart from the samllholders was the private ownership and types of lands they owned. The nobility was entitled to the more scarcer waterholes, the moist fertile depressions around the water holes were planted with cacao (hoyas) (Sanchez de Aguilar). These small groves did not compete with the immmense stands of cacao in Tabasco and on the Pacicifc coast, but the local scarcity made the cacao a much more valuable crop in Yacatan (p.180). :The networks of long-distance trade (dating back to 250 AD) that connected the Maya with the highlands of Guatemala and Mexico were used for exporting the primary products, among which cacao, from the lowlands in exchange for manufactured goods from the highlands and some valuable minerals (copper, silver, gold, jade). There was also an important system of echange in the lowlands themselves, cacao might have been the chief item in the earlier times as it was in the Potclassic. Although it could be grown 'anywhere' in the region, large schae production of this coveted product (so valuble that cacao beans came to be used as currency) was confined to a thin belt along the Pacific Coast and the tropical wet lands of Tabasco, honduras, and Belize. The Carribean coast of Yucatan were also linked to the interior by the echange of salt and marine products for honey wax and other forest products (p.120). In the early Spanish time some of the cacao trade went unnoticed since it was carried out under the aegis of local religious confraternities, or cofradias, the trade routes were the old Putun routes and the min product was the traditional cacao from tabasco. The pre-Colombain Putun combined commerce with pilgrimage and placed tehmelves under the protection o the cacao-god, Ek Chuah, the patron deity of merchants. The charcteristic synbiosis between deity/saint and trade, each bringing blessings on the other. This Putun trade combination of trade with with religion continued untill the late Spanih period and made the chicbul saints among the wealthiest in the diocese of Yucatan, though the town itself was isolated from the centre of Spanish economic activity. Cacao was bartered in exchange for scapularies and wax images of their local saints. The highly valued cacao, when brought back for sale in Cahmptom and Campeche, yielded a handsome profit for the masses, church ornaments and fiestas in Chichbul. OT:Rerum medicarum Novae Hipania thesaurus, seu plantarum, animalium, mineralium mexicanorum historia AU:Hernandez,-F; SO:B. Deuersini and Z. Masotti, Rome, p.79-80 (With illustration of habitus) DE:History; Food; Drink; Currency; Medicine; PY:1651 **:(1942) Historia de las plantas de Nueva Espana, 3:908-916. Mexico. Translation from the Lincei edition of Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesuarus... (1630, 1651) : :Hernadez distinguished four kinds of cacao in Mexico, and detailed the use of cacao seeds as food or drink, for currency and as a medicine for treating dysentry. He also warned the immonderate use: "obstructs the intestines, destroys the complexion and causes general degeneration of the health" TI:Cacao observation plots. AU:Beckett,-W.H.; SO:Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B. 22:83-86, DE:Forecasting; Observation-plots; PY:1930. GE:Ghana **:Plots to be used in making yield forecasts. TI:Tropical agricultural research in the Empire, with special reference to cacao, sugar cane, cotton and palms. AU:Barber,-C.A.; SO:Gt. Brit. Empire Mktg. Bd. [P.] 2, 77 p., . :Cacao, p. 23-34. DE:Research; PY:1927 GE:Commonwealth TI:Thrips control. Results of an attempt at controlling thrips on a cacao estate situated in the Cunapo District, Ward of Turure, by spraying with Bordeaux mixture and its effect on crop production. AU:Verteuil,-J.-de; Verteuil,-G.-de; SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 7:332-334. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; Chemical-control; PY:1930. GE:Trinidad; TI:Some observations on the cocoa thrips OT:Quelques observations sur le 'thrips' du cacaoyer (Heliothrips rubrocinetus Giard). AU:Seabra,-A.F.-de;. SO:Soc. Portug. des Sci. Nat. MÈm., SÈr. Zool. 2:29-49. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus; PY:1922 GE:Sao-Thome TI:Cocoa thrips on Sao Thome OT:Encore le thrips de cacaoyer (Heliothrips rubrocinetus Giard.) ý S. ThomÈ. AU: Seabra,-A.F.-de;. SO:Soc. Portug. des Sci. Nat. MÈm., SÈr. Zool. 2:119-122. . DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus; PY:1922 GE:Sao-Thome TI:Contribution to the knowledge of insects of the Dominacan Republic. OT:Contributo alla conoscenze degli insetti della Repubblica Dominicana (Antille). Nota su alcuni Tisanotteri. AU:Russo,-G.; SO:Soc. Ent. Ital. Mem. 15:42-54, DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus ; PY:1936 GE:Dominican-Republic; OT:Arrest du Roy ordonnant que les nogociants de la ville de Bordeaux payeront le droit de 3 pour cent sur le cacao des isles de L'Amerique AU:Anon. SO:d.d. 25 VI. Paris, 4e, 8p. DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1715 GE:France OT:Arrest du Roy deboutant les negocians de la ville de Bayonne de la restitution du droit de 40 sols sur les sucres bruts, terres et raffines des isles francoises de l'Amerique et du droit de 3 pour cent sur les Cacaos des isles aussi apportes a Bayonne etc. AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1715 GE:France OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roi, qui converte le privilege du Caffe, The, Sorbec, Chocolat, Cacao et Vanille en un droit payable aux entrees du 12 mai 1693 AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1693 GE:France OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roy qui ordonne l'execution des edits, arrests et regelement pour la vente et la distribution du Caffe, The et Chocolat AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1692 GE:France OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roy concernant la vente du Caffe, du The, du Sorbec, et du Chocolat AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1692 GE:France OT:Il cioccolata trattenimento ditirambico di Francesco Arisi Eufemio Batio tra gli Arcado Vicecustode della Colonia Cremonese AU:Arisi,-F. (Francesco) SO:A. monsig. Illustribb. e Reverendibb Monsig. Alessandro Litta, Vescovo di Cremona, conte & c. In Cremona. Nella Stamperia di Pietro Ricchini. con Licenza de' Superiori. 4e, 7Ill., 65p. DE:History PY:1736 GE:Italy TI:Stimulants and narcotics their mutual relations AU:Anstie,-F.E. (Francis Edmund); SO:london, Macmillan & Co., 8e, 23+489p. DE:Drugs; Medicine; PY:1864 TI:The use and abuse of chocolate OT:Dell' usso ed abuso della cioccolata del dottoro Gio. Battista Anfossi Romano a sua Eccellenza Pier-Vettore pisani, Procuratore di S. Marco Venezia AU:Anfossi,-G.B. (Giovanni Battista); SO:Apresso Francesco Locatelli, a S. Bartolomeo. con Licenza de' Superiori. 100p. DE:History PY:1779 GE:Italy TI:The use and abuse of chocolate OT:Dell' usso ed abuso della cioccolata AU:Anfossi,-G.B. (Giovanni Battista); SO:Rovigo, G. Miazzi, 8e, 7&100p. DE:History PY:1773 GE:Italy OT:Traite des alimens de careme, ou l'on explique les differentes qualitez des legumes, des herbages, des raciness, des fruits, des poisons, des amphibies, des assaisonnemens, des boissons meme les plus en usage, comme l'eau, du vin, de la biere, du cidre, di cafe, du chocolat. Et ou l'on eclaircit plusieurs questions importantes sur abstinence et sur le jeune, tant rapport du Careme, que par rapport a la sante. Par Me. Nicolas Andry, Conseiller, Lecteur et Professeur Royal, Docteur Regent de la Faculte de Medidcine de Paris.... AU:Andry,-N. (Nicolas); SO:Paris, J.B. Coignard, 2 Vol. DE:Medicine PY:1713 GE:France; TI:Adultaration and fasification of food products and other important materials. Vol. 4. Coffee, Tea, chocolate, Pepper etc. OT:Alterazione e falsificzione delle ostanza alimeentari e di altre importanti materie di uso communo. Vol. IV: Caffe, The, cioccolata, Pepe ecc. AU:Anon. SO:Milano DE:Adultaration; Quality; PY:1882 GE:Italy TI:Account of the province of Vilcapampa and a narrative of the execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru. (written in 1610), translated from a manuscript in the British Museum by Sir Clements Markham. OT:Descripcion de la provincia de Sant Francisco de Vitoria de vilcapampa (Vilca Bamba), por el capitain Baltasar de Ocampo, dirigada al Marques de Montesclaros, virey, gobernador y capitan general de los Reynos del Peru y Chile. ff.36 MS AU:Ocampo,-B.-de (Balthasar); SO:Hakluyt Soc. Ed., Series 2, Vol. 22. Cambridge 1907, p.203-247 DE:History; Inca; PY:1610 GE:Peru **:The first part of the book is: history of the Incas by Pedro Sarmento de Gamboa, where no mention of cocoa is made. : :p.222 :The city 'San Farncisco of the victory of Vilcapampa' was established after the victory of the Spaniards over the people of Vilcapampa on 4 October 1571. Shortly thereafter the village was relocated to be closer in the neighbourhood of some newly discovered silver mines. Ocampa was send to Cuzco to negotiate with the Viceroy on this relocation. Ocampo gives a description of the province Manaries: :p.234 "The country is fertile, with extensive grounds, suited for growing all kinds of fruits .... Occupation is reccommended. After the pacification of the the Province of Vilcapampa and the foundation of the city, when all the Indian population had become peaceful and quiet, two captains with only two soldiers .... penetrated into the country of the Manaries. :p.235 The people recieved them with much willingness and love, giving them plenty of food ... they were also regarded with ... many delicious fuits of the land, especially from trees planted by the indians yielding paltas, guayavas, paccays, quantities of almods much larger and better than those of Castille, and trees of cacao." : :Thus cocoa was observed by people not yet controlled by the Spaniards. According to the map the Province of Manaries is located in hilly cuntry but not in high mountains. : :The report of Ocampo was originally written for the Voceroy, Marquis Montes Claros. The Incas remained indepent for 35 years. TI:Aggregate stability in a clay soil in realtion to cacao cultivation AU:Havord,-G.; Wascowicz,-T.E.; White,-R.G.; SO:Trop. Agric., 31:233-241. PY:1954 TI:A response of seedlings cacao trees, under nursery condition, to magnesium and calcium AU:Boynton,-D.; Erikson,-A.; SO:Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 64:15-20 DE:Fertilisers; Nurseries; Magnesium; Calcium; PY:1954 TI:A study on the effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao AU:Bartolome,-R.; SO:Philippine J. Agric., 17:55-88 DE:Cherelle-wilt; PY:1954 GE:Philippines; TI:Preparation of compost from cocoa OT:Preparacion de compost en cacaotales AU:Miller,-R.M.; SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:163-166 DE:Compost; Waste; Organic-manure; Mulching; PY:1953 GE:Colombia OT:Influencia de las aspersiones foliares con fertilizantes sobre la frutificacion del cacao AU:Manjarres-Satneda,-E.; SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:167-182 DE:Foliar-application; fertilizer; Yields; PY:1953 GE:Colombia TI:The PG dust injector for the control of Azteca ants OT:Polvilhadeira-injetora PG para combater formigade-enxerto. AU:Silva,-P.; Bastos,-G.A.C.; SO:Cacau Atualidades 2(2):20-3. DE:Insect-pests; Ants; Azteca-ants; Azteca-paraensis; Chemical-control; Application-technique; Injector; PY:1965 GE:Brazil **:A simple instrument was designed to inject insecticidal dust into the arboreal nests of the ant Azteca paraensis var. bondari, an important pest of cocoa in the State of Bahia (Brazil). A cylinder provided with a piston holds the powder, which is forced through a narrow tube attached to one side of the cylinder and protruding in a forward direction for some 50 cm. The tube ends in a sharp point which pierces the nest wall, and has openings behind the point which blow the dust into the nest. Trials showed that BHC dust containing only 1 %. gamma isomer is sufficiently effective, and that control by means of the instrument is much cheaper than the traditional method of dusting the outside of the nest, pulling the nest down, and cutting it apart while dusting the fragments. TI:Preliminary tests of resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao clones and hybrids OT:Pruebas preliminares de resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en clones e hÌbridos de cacao AU:Soria,-V.J.; Salazar,-G.; SO:Turrialba 15(4):290-295. DE:Resistance-breeding; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Tests; Resistance-screening; Germplasm; Clones; Upper-Amazon; Lower-Amazon; Trinitario; PY:1965 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata of cocoa types in the collection at Turrialba, Costa Rica, was tested in Aug.-Nov. 1964, using a modification of the method of Delgado and Echandi (see above). Among 143 clones, the Amazon clones SPA 9, Pound 12, IMC 67 and PA 121 were found to be highly resistant: the white-seeded clones Catongo (Brazil-Amelonado) and DR 38 :(Java-Trinitario) weremoderately resistant. Among 175 seedlings tested, 12 were highly resistant and 77 were moderately resistant; resistant trees were found in all of the 8 progenies tested including a hybrid progeny of 2 susceptible parents, indicating that resistance is due to recessive genes. Repetition of the tests in clone IMC 67 and in the progeny ICS 1 x IMC 67 in May-June 1965 showed a lower degree of resistance than that observed in Aug.-Nov. TI:Pruning studies on Amazon and amelonado cocoa in Ghana. AU:Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.; SO:Trop. Agr. 43(1):25-34. DE:Pruning; Yields; Upper-Amazon; Amelondo PY:1966 GE:Ghana; **:Three trials conducted in Ghana showed that regularly removing all chupons from the lst jorquette of cocoa seedlings resulted in yields higher than those of unpruned trees during the initial years and in lower yields from the 10th year onwards. The initial effect was somewhat greater in the 2 trials with Amelonado cocoa than in the trial with Upper Amazon cocoa. In 2 other trials, 1 with Amelonado and 1 with Upper Amazon cocoa, chupons were removed, either from the Ist jorquette or from the 2nd jorquette if the 1st one was at a height of less than 1.5 m, in these cases yields were consistently higher in the pruned plots. Unpruned trees usually formed 4 jorquettes. The reduction of harvesting costs resulting from pruning was negligible. The trials indicate that Upper Amazon cocoa does not require a pruning system different from that for Amelonado. TI:Cacao planting material recommendations 1965-67 OT:Cacao plantmateriaal advies 1965-1967. AU:Lems,-G.; SO:Surinaamse Landbouw 13(5):177-182. DE:Planting-material; Clones; Germplasm; ICS; Planting-density; PY:1965 GE:Surinam; **:Cocoa plantation managers in Surinam are advised to use only clone ICS 95 for large-scale planting; prope-legitimate (open-pollinated) SCA 6 and legitimate SCA 6 x ICS 6 seedlings may be used for planting on a limited scale, clones TSH 565. TSA 644 and TSH 792 for planting on a small scale. Smallholders are recommended to plant seedlings only. SCA 6 x ICS 6 seed will shortly become available from local seed-gardens. Recommended densities are 1,000 clonal trees per ha or 1,250 seedlings preselected for witchbroom resistance in the nurseries; seedling fields may then be subsequently thinned for susceptibility to certain diseases. Data from the literature and from locally made observations are presented concerning the degree of resistance of the recommended material and some other clones to several diseases and pests. TI:ED&F Man Group plc SO:ICCO Newsletter, May 1998 DE:Traders; EDF-Man; ADM; Grinding; Mergers; PY:1998 GE:England **:The 1998 ED& F Man Group plc annual report gives a profit before tax and exceptional items figure as at the end of March 1998 of £97.6m, up 16% on the previous year. A pre-tax exceptional profit of £21.5m was made on the sale of cocoa processing facilities to Archer Daniels Midland in September 1997. TI:Research and the peasant producer AU:Beckett,-W.H.; SO:Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p.122-123 DE:Research; Smallholders; PY:1945 GE:Ghana; TI:Cocoa pests in the Dominican Republic OT:Il deperimento delle piantagioni di cacao nella Republica Dominicana. AU:Russo,-G.; SO:Agr. Colon. 24:505-524, DE:Insect-pests; PY:1930 GE:Dominican-Republic; **:Section on the cacao tree (p. 94-169) consists chiefly of descriptions of insect pests, treatment being more systematic than economic. TI:Occurrence of witches' broom disease on a wild solanaceous host in the cocoa growing region of Bahia. OT:Ocorrencia de vassoura-de-bruxa em solanacea silvestre na regiao produtora de cacau de Bahia. AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Silva,-S.D.V.M.; Almeida,-O.C.-de; SO:Agrotropica, 3(2):109-110. DE:Fungal-diseases; Athenaea; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts; PY:1991 GE:Brazil-; Bahia- **:Witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa was observed on Athenaea aff. pogogena showing a proliferation of hypertrophied roots in Arataca, Bahia state, Brazil, in Sep. 1990. In the host range studies, the fungus was pathogenic to Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens and tomato, but was not pathogenic to cocoa and cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum). TI:Assessment of the resistance of cacao species and clones to the disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata OT:EvaluaciÛn de la resistencia de especies y clones de cacao al mal del machete provocado por Ceratocystis fimbriata. AU:Delgado,-J.C.; Echandi,-E.; SO:Turrialba, 15(4):286-289 DE:Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Resistance; Clones; Upper-Amazon; Germplasm; PY:1965 GE:Venezuela; **:At Turrialba, Costa Rica, pieces of wood and bark of several Theobroma and Herrania spp. were inoculated with a spore suspension of Ceratocystis fimbriata and incubated at 23 †C for 3-4 days; when little or no mycelium developed, branches of the trees were inoculated in the field and mycelial development was assessed after 15 and 30 days. A high degree of resistance to the fungus was found in 3 out of 50 Th. cacao clones, viz. IMC 67, Pound 12 and SPA 9 (all Amazon forastero types) as well as in Th. mammosum, Th. angustifolium, and the reciprocal hybrids of Th. mammosum and Th. simiarum. Six other Theobroma spp. and the 7 Herrania spp. investigated proved to be susceptible. TI:The analysis of soil and foliage material in connexion with sickle leaf disease of cacao in Ceylon AU:Crowther,-P.C.; Raymond,-W.D.; SO:Col. Plant & Animal Products, 4:257-259 DE:Disorders; Zinc; PY:1954 GE:Asia; Sri-Lanka **:Results point to zinc deficiency as explantion of sickle leaf. TI:Observations on some charateristics of cacao soils in Ivory Coast OT:Observations sur quelques caractËres des sols cacaoyËres en Cote d'voire AU:Aubert,-G.; Moulinier,-H.; SO:L'Agron. Trop., 4:428-438 PY:1954 GE:Africa; Ivory-Coast TI:A note on some production costs in Ghana AU:Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.; SO:2nd Sess. FAO Techn. Wkg. Party on Cocoa Prod. and Prot., Rome, 19-23 September 1966, Paper Ca/66/24 DE:Production-costs; PY:1966 GE:Africa; Ghana TI:The effect of pH on cacao seed germination inhibition by mucilage of the cacao pod. AU:lbaÒez,-M.L.; Casas,-I.A.; SO:Turrialba 15, 4, p. 353-4. DE:Germination; Inhibition; PY:1965 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Studies conducted in Costa Rica indicated that cocoa pulp contains a heat stable substance inhibiting the germination of the seeds. Its effect was equally strong whether the pH was 4 or 7; it appeared to stimulate germination at low concentrations. TI:Sudden death disease of cacao in Uganda associated with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. AU:Leakey,-C.L.A.; SO:E. Afr. Agr. Forestry J., 31(1):21-24 DE:Fungal-diseases; Verticillium-dahliae; Symptoms; Water-logging; PY:1965 GE:Uganda; **:A type of die-back that may become a serious menace of the cocoa industry in Uganda is a vascular wilt disease probably caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae. The same disease may have caused the decline of the cocoa industry by 1925. The first symptoms are wilting and browning of the leaves of a single fan branch, progressing towards the jorquette. After a prolonged dry season or very heavy rainfall resulting in waterlogging of the soil, trees may be killed within a week. In less severe cases death may be slower or only a part of the crown is killed. The wood in the affected areas in longitudinal sections shows black streaks consisting of scierotoid aa.gregations of dark mycelium. The worst affected field so far known is on land previously planted to Cinchona, where 4% of the cocoa trees were killed. Breeding for resistant varieties is considered to be the most satisfactory method of control. TI:Comparative sporulation as an indication of resistance by cacao to Phytophthora pod rot. AU:Turner,-P.D.; SO:Trop. Agr., Trinidad 42(4):305-309. DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Resistance; Tests; PY:1965 GE:Ghana **:Investigations conducted in Ghana showed that the fungus Phytophthora palmivora, inoculated into detached immature cocoa pods, generally produced significantly fewer sporangia on pods of selections with high field resistance to pod rot than on pods of varieties less resistant or susceptible. These differences, the causes of which are unknown, did not extend to lesions in mature tissues. The results suggested a correlation between sporulation levels and periods of high disease incidence. Comparative sporulation may be, in conjunction with other criteria, a useful and rapid indicator of resistance in laboratory tests on existing and new cocoa selections. TI:Insects in stored cocoa and coffee OT:Les insectes des stocks de cacao et de cafÈ. AU:Lavabre,-E.M.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 9(3):193-205. DE:Insect-pests; Cadra-cautella; Lasioderma-serricorne; Araecerus-fasciculatus; Tribolium; Carpophilus; Ahasverus; PY:1965 GE:France; **:This paper contains: (1) a list of the main insects attacking stored cocoa and coffee beans, indicating their relative importance; (2) brief descriptions of the most frequently encountered species, with notes on their biology; (3) directions for the protection of stocks by fumigation. The only species constituting a serious threat to stored coffee is Araecerus fasciculatus; Stephanoderes hampei is often found but cannot survive under storage conditions. Cocoa beans, on the other hand, are frequently attacked by several insects, among which Cadra cautella, Lasioderma serricorne and Araecerus fasciculatus are the main primary species and Tribolium, Carpophilus and Ahasverus spp. are the most important secondary invaders. A description of Trogoderma granarium is included because it may infest cocoa stored in proximity to groundnuts or cereals. TI:Cocoa beans and chocolate OT:Kakaohohnen und Schokolade. AU:Kleinert,-J.; SO:Gordian 65, 1551/52, p. 628-38 DE:Quality; Fermentation; Over-fermentation; Under-fermentation; Violet-beans; Slaty-beans; Chocolate; Sensory-tests; PY:1965 GE:Switzerland; Venezuela; **:The influence of cocoa bean fermentation on the quality of chocolate was investigated in Switzerland. A smaple of Venezuelan cocoa was separated into well-fermented (brown), violet and slaty beans; unroasted and roasted beans of each group were analysed. The largest differences were found in the pigment contents and the pH of the unroasted beans, which both increased with the degree of under-fermentation. Organoleptic tests of sweetened chocolate made from unroasted and roasted beans showed a distinct preference for brown over violet beans, and for violet over slaty beans. However, chocolate from roasted beans containing 70% brown and 30% violet beans was preferred to chocolate made from brown beans only, indicating that overfermentation reduces quality more than does a moderate degree of underfermentation. A revised system for the evaluation of commercial cocoa is proposed. TI:The Netherlands Cocoa and Cocoa Products' Association, 30th year of the association 1964; annual report and annual figures OT:Nederlandse Cacao en Cacaoproducten Vereniging, 30ste verenigingsjaar 1964, jaarversiag en jaarcijfers. SO:Jaarversl. en Jaarcijfers Ned. Cacao en Cacaoprod. Ver. 1964, 51p. DE:Trade; Grinding; PY:1965 GE:Netherlands **:More than 15%. of the world output of cocoa beans is handled by the Netherlands trade and supplied to consumers in Europe and elsewhere. The Netherlands cocoa industry is the third largest user of cocoa beans in the world. The Netherlands are the largest exporter of cocoa butter and powder and the second largest exporter of chocolate. This annual report provides detailed data on imports and exports as well as information on post-war developments including the year under review. The consequences of the establishment of the European Common Market for the the Netherlands cocoa industry are discussed. TI:A mechanical cocoa pod sheller. AU:Jabagun,-J.A.; SO:Nigerian Agr. J. 2(1):44-55. DE:Harvesting; Pod-opening; Mechanical-opening; PY:1965 GE:Nigeria **:A mechanical cocoa pod breaker, constructed in Nigeria, costs about £400 and is capable of breaking 100 pods in 3 minutes so that it will do the work of 32 men. Pods are fed into a vertical steel cylinder with internal ribs; a ribbed wooden cone revolves in the cylinder. Shell fragments and beans flow through a chute into a horizontally rotating cylinder made of woven steel wire with a mesh width of 2.5 cm, beans are delivered through the meshes while shell fragments are collected at the open end. The drum and sifter are coated with plastic to prevent corrosion. A petrol engine consuming 4.5 l of fuel per day drives the apparatus. TI:Influence of seed location in the cocoa fruit on germination and seedling growth OT:Influencia da posiÁao das sementes no fruto do cacaueiro sÙbre a germinacao e desenvolvimento das mudas. AU:Cardoso,-M.; SO:Bragantia 22(36):461-464. DE:Germination; Pod-position; PY:1963 GE:Brazil **:Seed samples from the top, centre and bottom portions of the pods of 2 cocoa varieites, one with purple and the other with white beans, were planted separately at Ubatuba, Brazil. No differences in germination or in development of the seedlings were observed between the different samples. TI:Investigations on seed storage. XI - Cocoa OT:Estudos sÙbre a conservaÁao de sementes. XI Cacau. AU:Zink,-E.; Rochelle,-L.A.; SO:Bragantia 23. 11, p. 111-116 DE:Generative-propagation; Seed-storage; Cold-tolerance; Drying; Fungicides; Pod-storage; PY:1964 GE:Brazil **:At Campinas, Brazil, cocoa seeds were stored at room temperature in the pod, in cloth bags, in hermetically sealed glass jars, and in jars with a perforated cork. Seeds not stored in the pod were treated with lime, washed, dried in the shade for 24 hours, and mixed with 0.2% of a phenyl-mercury acetate formulation containing 1.5 % Hg. Storage in a jar with a perforated cork resulted in 72% germination after 90 days; germination of seeds stored in sealed jars was 80% after 45 days but only 2% after 60 days; seeds stored in bags lost their ability to germinate within 30 days; seeds stored in the pods showed 26% germination after 30 days but only 2% after 45 days. Seeds stored at 5 †C. completely lost their ability to germinate within 15 days. TI:A progress report on the study of insects associated with pollination of Theobroma cacao with special emphasis on midges. AU:Fontanilia-Barroga,-S.; SO:Philippine J. Agr. 27, 3-4, p. 147-59 DE:Pollination; Pollinators; Forcipomyia-fuliginosa; Proforciponlyia; Atrichopogon; Dasyhelia; PY:1962 GE:Philippines; **:Midges observed to alight on flowers and other parts of cocoa in the Philippines were identified as Forcipomyia fuliginosa, Proforciponlyia spp., Atrichopogon sp., and Dasyhelia sp. Since members of the first 2 genera are known to be the chief pollinators of cocoa in several other countries, they are presumably responsible for cocoa pollination in the Philippines as well. Pollination was found to occur throughout the day, with a pronounced peak between noon and 3 p.m. in the dry season, and a broad maximum between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. in the rainy season. Of the 1,950 flowers examined, 45% had pollen masses characteristic of midge pollination on their styles. TI:Composition of higher molecular weight organic matter in smoke aerosol from biomass combustion in Amazonia. AU:Mohammed-Radzi-A; Simoneit-BRT; Elias-V; Cabral-JA; Cardoso-JN SO:Chemosphere. 1995, 30: 5, 995-1015; 51 ref. DE:hydrocarbons-; alcohols-; molecular-weight; organic-matter; biomass-; combustion-; triterpenoids-; smoke-; ketones-; waxes-; aerosols-; esters-; lipids-; alkanes-; aromatic-hydrocarbons; alkenes-; gums-; resins-; polymers-; forest-litter; controlled-burning; air-pollution; particles-; chemical-composition PY:1995 GE:Brazil-; Amazonas- **:Smoke particulate matter was sampled by high volume filtration from a controlled burn of forest litter in the northern forest reserve of INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia) about 70 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The area had as dominant species Protium heptaphyllum, Inga edulis and Theobroma grandiflorum, and various grasses, but was not a representative sample of Amazonian vegetation. The extract of the filter was separated after methylation into hydrocarbon, ketone, carboxylic acid ester and polar fractions and then analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total lipid extract yield was about 13 mg/m3 of smoke. The major organic components of the smoke particles were straight-chain aliphatic and triterpenoid compounds from vegetation wax, biopolymers, and gum/resin. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the combustion process were found at high levels and aromatized derivatives from natural product precursors were also important components. Petroleum hydrocarbons representing urban and vehicular emissions were not detectable. The n-alkanes ranged from C19 to C35, with a carbon number maximum (Cmax) at C29/C31 and an odd-to-even carbon predominance >C25 (carbon preference index, CPI20-35 = 3.6). Terminal olefins (n-alk-1-enes) were also present and ranged from C17 to C35, with a Cmax at C22 and an even-to-odd carbon predominance (CPI17-35 = 0.8). The n-alkanes are derived mainly from vegetation wax and the alk-1-enes with other oxygenated compounds (e.g. ketones, acids, triterpenoids) are thermal alteration products from gum/resin and biopolymers. These alteration products coupled with the PAH are the tracers for biomass combustion. TI:A list of lepidoptera associated with cocoa in West Africa with notes on identification and biology of species in Ghana. AU:Smith-MR; SO:Technical bulletin. Cocoa research institute. (Ghana academy of science): No. 9, 68p. DE:Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Taxonomy; PY:1965 GE:Africa; Ghana **:A list of 173 lepidopterous species encountered on cocoa trees in W. Africa is followed by brief descriptions of the 147 species that have been recorded more often than once or twice. This part also contains notes on the occurrence of each species, its life-history, alternate hosts, and types of damage inflicted on cocoa. Keys are provided for the identification of all caterpillars as far as the family, and as far as the species within the 6 most important families. Identification is facilitated by 14 text figures, 100 black-and-white photographs of adults and 8 larvae, and 46 coloured photographs of larval stages. A list of 24 references and a glossary of technical terms conclude the publication. TI:Problems in assessment of the response of cacao progenies (Theobroma Cacao L.) to infection with swollen shoot virus in Nigeria. AU:Longworth,-J.F.; Are,-L.A.; Freeman,-G.H.; SO:Nigerian Agr. J. 2(1):1-6. DE:Diseases; Virusses; Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; Resistance; Tolerance; Methods; Vigour; PY:1965 GE:Nigeria **:In W. Nigeria 5 field trials were conducted to assess the degree of tolerance of virulent strains of the swollen shoot virus in 46 hybrid cocoa progenies, all of which had an Upper Amazon clone for at least 1 of their parents. Part of the seedlings were infected by grafting a patch of bark from a diseased tree onto them; the controls were grafted with a patch from a healthy tree. The most satisfactory measure for the degree of tolerance was found to be the percentage reduction in stem girth increment after infection, comparing infected and control trees within each progeny. The conditions of the canopy and, to a smaller extent, symptom severity were useful supplementary criteria. Some further improvements of the technique are suggested. TI:Storage of cocoa seeds AU:Swarbrick,-J.T.; SO:Experimental Agriculture, 1(3):201-207 DE:Generative-propagation; Seed-storage; Temperature; Fungicides; Pod-storage; Drying; Seeds; PY:1965 GE:Africa; Nigeria **:Experiments on cocoa seed storage were conducted at Ibadan, W. Nigeria; beans treated with a fungicide were stored in plastic bags containing a storage medium. Pre-storage in the pod for 2 weeks had little effect; washing before storage was beneficial. Draining washed beans for 15 minutes and drying in the shade for 3 hours were equally good. Sterilised sawdust and charcoal were better storage media than sand; pre-drying reduced germination. A storage temperature of 22 †C. was near the optimum, the number of beans in the bag had no effect on germination. Soaking stored seeds before planting had no appreciable effect. Among several fungicides tested at a rate of 3 g/250 beans, captan, ziram and dimethyl-dithiocarbamate copper chelate were the most effective, followed by triphenyl tin acetate and cuprous oxide, thiram and maneb were but little effective. A mixture of 2 antibiotics was completely ineffective. No definite recommendations are made as to the optimum methods of storing cocoa seed, TI:Experiences in flavour evaluation of cocoa varieties AU:Glendinning,-D.R.; SO:Tropical Agriculture Trinidad, 42(4):297-304 DE:Quality; Taste; Sensory-evaluation; Fermentation; Sampling; Methods; Forestero; Amazon; PY:1965 GE:Africa; Ghana; **:Experience in submitting Forestero type cocoa samples for flavour evaluation to various manufacturers is reported. with one excpetion, no evidence for varietal differences in flavour has emerged, variation from sample to sample of a variety being as great as fro variety to variety. Considerable differences in the preferences of manufacturers for variants within the West African flavour range are apparent, and the general tone of reports on a series of samples differes greatly from firm to firm. Some possible improvements in manufacturers' methds of reporting are uggeted. Clearer and more satisfactory reports were obtained on a series of small samples processed in laboratory, though most large samples had been obtained by bulking cocoa from a number of small scale fermentations. TI:Verticillium wilt of cacao in Uganda: incidence and progress of infection in relation to time AU:Emechebe,-A.M.; Leakey,-C.L.A.; Banage,-W.B.; SO:East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. 41(2):184-186 DE:Fungal-Diseases; Verticillium-dahliae; PY:1975 GE:Uganda **:Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from wilted cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was re-isolated from the stem above soil level 3 days after inoculating the roots of container grown plants and reached the top of some 45 cm tall seedlings within 6 days. No visible vascular discoloration was observed before the 9th day after inoculation. It is inferred that conidia or mycelium of the fungus must move passively within the transpiration stream. Mechanical damage to roots may facilitate early passage to the xylem and systemic distribution within the host. A Progress of Infection index reached 100 percent by the 13th day from inoculation. There were significant linear correlations both between internal progress of infection and between percent incidence, within replicates, and time. Authors' summary. TI:Pollination in tree fruits and cacao: a bibliographic study OT:Etude bibliographique. Pollinisation: arbres fruitiers et cacaoyers AU:Boussard,-B.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1981, 25(4):297-304. DE:Pollination; fruit-trees; pollinators; review PY:1981 GE:World **:After discussing the various factors which may affect pollination in (mainly) temperature tree fruits (cultural, climatic and insects), the author then considers the much more important role of insects in cacao pollination. The biology and behaviour of the Ceratopogonids (Forcipomyia spp. in particular) and cultural practices which lead to greater pollination are discussed. The relationship between pollination and crop production in cacao is also explored. TI:Fungal biomass distribution in Witches' Broom disease of cocoa. AU:Penman,-D. (Danny); SO:PhD thesis. University of Liverpool. DE:Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinpellis-perniciosa; Biochemistry; Composition; Mannan; Chitin; PY:1993 GE:England **:The BCCCA Cocoa Research fund sponsored a PhD at the University of Liverpool, UK on the changes in levels of chitin and mannan (both constituents of fungal walls) in an attempt to study the early stages of Witches broom infection. The chitin assay :developed was used to study infections in green and brown brooms and showed that the fungus was highly localised at the broom base and growing points. TI:New method for fertilizing cocoa OT:Un nueva sistema de abonamineto en el cultivo del cacao AU:Madero-B.A.; SO:Cacao en Colombia,2:77-89 DE:Fertiliser-application; Foliar-application PY:1953 GE:Colombia TI:Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit SO:PRNewswire 26-OCT-98 DE:Manufacuring; Companies; PY:1998 GE:Polans; USA; France; **:Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit : : :PRNewswire :26-OCT-98 : : : : : :WARSAW, Poland, Oct. 26 /PRNewswire/-- PepsiCo, Inc. (NYSE: PEP) announced today it has reached a preliminary agreement, subject to regulatory and Wedel shareholder approval, to sell its Delicja sweet biscuit business in Poland to Groupe Danone (NYSE: DA). The sale is expected to close by early 1999. : :The transaction will make Paris-based Group Danone, a leading global producer of packaged foods and beverages, the clear leader of Poland's biscuit market. : :Delicja, which is part of PepsiCo's Warsaw-based E. Wedel S.A. subsidiary, accounts for some 32% of the Polish sweet biscuit market and generated net revenues of 187 million zlotys in 1997. Delicja operates one plant in Plonsk and employs nearly 900 people. Its biggest-selling brands include Delicje, Pieguski and Pierniczki, which rank among the most popular consumer brands in Poland. : :PepsiCo announced in June its intention to divest the Wedel chocolate and biscuit businesses as part of a global strategy to focus on its core businesses of beverage and snacks. In September, PepsiCo said it had reached an agreement to sell the chocolate business to Cadbury Schweppes p.l.c. (NYSE: CSG), in a transaction which is expected to close by early 1999. : :PepsiCo estimates it will invest (U.S.) $200 million over the next several years to expand its Frito-Lay snacks and Pepsi-Cola operations in Poland, in addition to the over $500 million it has invested in the country since 1991. : :PepsiCo comprises: Pepsi-Cola Company, the world's second-largest beverage company; Frito-Lay Company, the world's largest manufacturer and distributor of snack foods, and Tropicana Products, the world's largest marketer and producer of branded juices. PepsiCo, which is based in Purchase, New York, U.S.A., generated (U.S.) $21 billion in revenues in 1997. TI:Ivorian 97 SO:Reuters 23-OCT-98 DE:Stocks; Farmgate-prices; FOB; PY:1998 GE:Ivory-Coast; **:ABIDJAN, Oct 23 (Reuters) - Stocks of cocoa from the 1997/98 crop season in Ivory Coast's ports of Abidjan and San Pedro total around 70,000 tonnes of generally low quality beans while there were few arrivals of new 1998/99 crop, exporters and shippers said on Friday. : :Forwarding agents in the southwestern port of San Pedro estimated stocks there at around 10,000 tonnes. : :"The stock of old cocoa here could be between 50,000 and 80,000 tonnes," said one shipper in Abidjan, but most estimated the old stock in Abidjan at around 60,000 tonnes. : :Most cocoa in Abidjan is of poor quality and has been in warehouse for the past four to six months, some for more than one year, according to shippers. : :Cocoa from the new 1998/99 crop is only trickling in with most of it being small sized-- around 120 beans per 100 grams -- and of low quality. : :"We have had few new crop arrivals, and what has come is small beans, of bad quality too, " said one shipper in Abidjan. : :Most cocoa arriving is from 1997/98 stocks held back by farmers in anticipation of a farmgate price rise. : :Retention of stocks by farmers from one crop season to the next is usually in a 40-70,000 tonnes range. : :Cocoa export figures for the third week of October were not immediately available but forwarders said that not much cocoa had been shipped since the start of the 1998/99 cocoa season. : :"The exporters have started buying and conditioning the cocoa but they are not yet ready to export," port sources in San Pedro said, adding that activities at the port would pick up in the second week of November. : :Ivory Coast opened its 1998/99 cocoa season on October 15 with a farmgate price of 575 CFA francs per kilo, up by 26 percent on last year's price. The FOB price, also up by 26 percent, is 850,866 CFA francs per tonne, including 150,000 CFA in export duties. : :The government estimated the 1997/98 crop at 1.113 million tonnes and forecast a crop between one and 1.1 million tonnes for the new season, the last before total liberalisation of cocoa marketing and exports. : :The London-based International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO) has provisionally forecast a 1998/99 Ivorian crop of around 1.114 million tonnes. TI: Influence of weather on the abundance of Selenothrips rubrocinctus in Surinam. OT:Over den invloed der weergesteldheid op het min of meer talrijk voorkomen der cacaothrips in Suriname. AU:Reyne,-A.; SO:Indische Mercuur. 52:987-989. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Heliothrips-rubrocinctus PY:1929 GE:Suriname TI:Cocoa thrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard). OT:De cacaothrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard). AU:Reyne,-A.; SO:Surinam Dept. van Landb. B. 44. 214 p. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Heliothrips-rubrocinctus PY:1921 GE:Suriname TI:A review of the cocoa processing industry in producing countries. SO:Foreign Agr. Circ., U.S. Dep. Agr., FCB 2-65, p. 1-8. DE:Storage; Grinding; Grinding-capacity; PY:1965 **:In their efforts to industrialise, a great many cocoa producing nations are opening or expanding cocoa processing and storage facilities. A review is given of the cocoa processing industry in Brazil, the Dominican Rep., Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela and other Latin American countries as well as in the following African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo (LÈopoidville), and the Malagasy Rep. Lists of processing industries include (where known) number of factories, operating capacity, location and other relevant information pertaining to the industry TI:Bathycoelia thalassina (Herrich-Schaeffer), (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae); a pest of Theobroma cacao L. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Nature, 207, 4999, p. 881. DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Pentatomidae; Bathycoelia-thalassina; PY:1965 GE:Ghana; Nigeria; **:The pentatomid bug Bathycoelia thalassina has been known for many years as a minor cocoa pest in Cameroon and Congo (LÈopoldville), causing small pods to shrivel and fall but having no serious effect on older pods. Large nymphs and adults were recently found to inflict rather serious damage on developing cocoa pods in Ghana and Nigeria, penetrating the pod wall with their long stylets and sucking sap from the beans. Feeding results in inconspicuous black spots on the exterior of the pod wall; pods damaged at an early stage stop growing and show a constriction in the middle; when they ripen they are found to contain brown malformed beans without mucilage. Young nymphs feed mainly on the leaves and do little damage. TI:The effect of herbicides on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). AU:Kasasian,-L.; Donelan,-A.F.; SO:Trop. Agr., (Trinidad) 42(3):217-221. DE:Weeds; Weed-control; Chemical-control; Herbicides; Simazine; linuron; Paraquat; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; Dalapon; Linuron; Sodium-chlorate; TCA; Ametryne; Prometryne; Neburon; Amiben; Atrazine; Atraton; Rometone; Diuron; Fenac; Amitrole; 2,3,6-TBA; Bromacil; Isocil; PY:1965 GE:Trinidad; **:In Trinidad the effect of 21 herbicides applied to young cocoa stands was studied in 12 field trials, supplemented by pot experiments. The results indicated that good long-term weed control without appreciable harm to the crop can be attained by applying simazine or linuron at a rate of 3.3 kg active ingredient per ha. Paraquat at 0.56- t. 12 kg/ha, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or MCPA at 2.25 kg/ha, and dalapon at 5.6 kg/ha may be used for short-term control. The post-emergence effect of simazine and linuron is enhanced by addition of paraquat or 2,4-D. Sodium chlorate, TCA, ametryne, prometryne, neburon and amiben had little effect on the cocoa but gave unsatisfactory weed control. The cocoa was injured b atrazine atraton rometone diuron fenac, amitrole and 2,3,6-TBA, and especially by bromacil and isocil. TI:Theobroma grandiflorum (Spreng.) Schum. as source of inoculum of witch-broom disease of Theobroma cacao L. AU:GonÁalves,-J.R.C.; SO:Trop. Agr., (Trinidad), 42(3):261-263. DE:Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts; PY:1965 GE:Brazil; **:Inoculation experiments conducted at BÈlem do Par·, Brazil, demonstrated that witchbroom disease in Theobroma cacao and Th. grandiflorum is caused by the same strain or strains, of the fungus Marasmius perniciosus, as was presumed by several authors. Consequently, Th. grandiflorum, which in the State of Para is used for the refreshment and canned fruit industries, should not be allowed near cocoa fields. TI:Cover crops (for cacao). AU:Opuku, A. A. SO:Mem. Agr. Res. Stat. Kade, Univ. Ghana, 3, p. 16-21 DE:Cover-crops; PY:1963 GE:West-Africa; Ghana; **:Results are presented of 3 field trials conducted at Kade, Ghana, to compare soil covers for young cocoa. In experiment CC2 the cocoa grew better with hedges of Flemingia congesta or Pennisetum purpureum than with natural regeneration, Cajanus cajan, Leucaena glauca or Tithonia Diversifolia; application of P. fertilizer to the covers had no effect on the growth of the cocoa. Experiment CC.6 showed cocoa yields, in the 2nd year of bearing, of 1,194 kg/ha under mulch, 901 kg/ha with Calopogonium, 826 kg/ha with Pueraria, 770 kg/ha with Mimosa invisa, 725 kg/ha with Centrosema, and 332 kg/ha with natural regeneration. Among 9 cover plants compared in experiment CC.7, Flemingia congesta gave the best overall development of cocoa seedlings in their 1st year. This species tolerates poor drainage but its cost of establishment is rather high. Hedges could best be established from seedlings; sowing was satisfactory, cuttings were a failure. TI:Shade in young cocoa plantations OT:Peneduh ditanaman coklat muda. AU:Simandjuntak, S. B. SO:Bull. Res. Inst. S.P.A. 52, p.1-18. DE:Intercropping; Shade-trees; PY:1964 GE:Indonesia; Sumatra **:This literature review on the role of shade in young cocoa includes information on the use of shade and the planting of cocoa under other perennial crops such as coconut palm and oil palm. Whereas the yields of cocoa under rubber in various countries have been disappointing, preliminary results of cocoa under oil palm in Indonesia are promising. The practice of planting cocoa under oil palm on 2 estates on Sumatra is briefly described. It is concluded that further information is needed in order to assess the merits of intercropping cocoa and oil palms TI:Dwarf cacao. AU:Creencia,-R.P.; SO:Coffee Cacao J. 8(4):74. DE:Germplasm; Dwarfism; Low-vigour; Heritability; PY:1965 GE:Philippines **:Plants of a dwarf type of Criollo cocoa are grown on a farm in the Philippines. The dwarf character is heritable; seeds obtained in 1955 for an experimental plot at Los Banos yielded dwarf trees that have been bearing pods for 5 years. The trees grow to a height of no more than 2 m and form few chupons; pod and bean size are normal. Since they can be planted close together, normal yields per ha can be obtained. TI:Cocoa mirid control. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Nature 201, 4917, p. 353-4 DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis; Resistance; gamma-BHC; PY:1964) GE:Ghana; Cameroon; Ivory-Coast; **:A report on a conference held at Tafo, Ghana, in Aug. 1963, to discuss the recent discovery that cacao mirids had developed resistance to insecticides. Resistance has not yet been observed in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast. In Ghana, however, Distantiella theobroma in several locations survived spraying with 0.5% gamma BHC at a rate of 56 l/ha, whereas in Nigeria resistance of Sahlbergella singularis has been observed in one small area. D. theobroma resistant to gamma BHC proved to exhibit no resistance to DDT, organophosphorus compounds, and carbamates. Other subjects discussed included taints imparted to commercial cocoa as the result of spraying with insecticides, increases in noxious insect populations due to spraying with insecticides other than gamma BHC, and shifts in the relative abundance of D. theobroma and S. singularis. TI:Cocoa cultivation OT:Cultura de cacaueiro. AU:Goncalves,-R.M.; SO:Brazil. Min. do Agr., Indus. e Com. B., 15(2):171-209, 319-350. PY:1926 GE:Brazil; TI:Colombian cacao OT:El cacaotero Colombiano SO:Cacaotero Colombiano, No. 39, 52 p.; DE:cultivation; production; consumption; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; PY:1995 GE:Colombia **:The cultivation of cocoa and rubber in South America is discussed, and the world production and consumption of cocoa during 1993-1994 is reviewed. Cocoa production in Colombia amounted to 53 504 t in 1993, an increase of 14% above the 1992 level. Data on the world production and world processing of cocoa, and cocoa production in Colombia during 1984-1993 are tabulated. A study of the relationship between climate and cocoa production in South America, using a regression equation, revealed a correlation between production and rainfall during the 6 preceding months. The susceptibility of cocoa clones or hybrids to Ceratocystis fimbriata, especially that of clones ICS 1 and IMC 67, was investigated in Colombia. The history, importance and cultural practices of rubber growing in South America are reviewed. It is concluding that growing of some 30 000 ha of rubber in Colombia is to be recommended. TI:The control thrips based on modern insights and experiments on Sao Thome OT:Die bek”mpfung des kakaothripses unter neuzeitlichen gesichtspunkten mit berucksichtigung der verhaltnisse in San Tome, Golf von Guinea. AU:Kaden,-O.F.; SO:Tropenpflanzer 37:139-148. 1934. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; PY:1934 GE:Sao-ThomÈ TI:Intercropping coconut with cacao AU:Creencia,-R.P.; SO:Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies, 4(4):29-35. DE:Intercropping; Shade-trees; PY:1979 GE:Phillipines **:Growing cacao under coconut results in a more effective utilization of a coconut plantation in terms of an increased net return. The article deals with the benefits from coconut-cacao intercropping, factors to consider in planting cacao under coconuts and cultural management of cacao under coconuts in respect of nursery practices, field planting and maintenance. TI:Problems of forecasting the cocoa crop in Ghana. AU:Gordon,-J.; SO:World Crops, 17(3):64-65 DE:Crop-forecasting; Statisitcs; Weather; Long-term-forecasting; Wages; Urabanization; Development; PY:1965 GE:Ghana; **:Forecasting the cocoa crop involves 2 problems; that of seasonal forecasts of main- and midcrops and the much more difficult problem of forecasting long-range trends in production. Seasonal forecasts depend mainly on climate but the amount of crop actually harvested depends upon farmers' decisions. Sampling is the greatest difficulty in accurately estimating the crop because of the large number of small farms. Seasonal forecasting is not so much a statistical problem as an economic one. Long-term forecasts of production trends can be determined provided that government wage rates are not further inflated, that farm wages move in sympathy with town labour rates, and that cocoa prices are not further depressed. In the author's opinion Ghana has already reached and passed its peak of production, and the increase of 100.000 :tons of cocoa envisaged in the 7-year plan is considered too optimistic. The future production aspects are critically commented upon. TI:Cocoa of Sao Tome and Principe, on the polyphenols during fermentation. OT:Cacaus de S. Tome È Principe; dos polifenois durante a fermentaÁao AU:Ferrao,-J.E.M.; SO:Anais Inst. Superior Agron. 25, p. 17-222. DE:Polyphenols; Fermentation; Drying; Duration; PY:1963 GE:Sao-Tome **:The bulk of this paper (p. 21-150) reviews literature on: (1) the history of cocoa cultivation; (2) the taxonomy of cultivated cocoa; (3) the history and development of the cocoa industry in Sao Tome and Principe, and cultivation and processing methods in these islands; (4) the structure and reactions of polyphenolic compounds in the cocoa bean; (5) the chemistry of cocoa processing with special reference to the transformations of polyphenols during fermentation and drying. The author's investigations on polyphenol transformation during the processing of cocoa (p. 151-189), which yielded results similar to those of other authors working with the same type of cocoa, are discussed in relation to the desirability of shortening the period of fermentation usual in Sao Tome. TI:Report to the government of Nigeria on agricultural industries for the processing of raw materials in the Eastern Region. AU:Zwanhuizen,-M.Th.; SO:Expanded Techn. Assistance Progr., FAO Rep. 1741, 94p. DE:Quality-improvement; Cooperatives; PY:1963 GE:Nigeria; **:This report, the result of a study made in 1962-63, describes the proper procedures for the harvesting and processing of coffee, cocoa, rubber, oil palm fruits, and rice, and discusses the possibility of introducing improved methods that are within the reach of individual farmers or farmers' co-operatives in E. Nigeria. Improvements in processing methods, resulting in better quality products, would provide a necessary stimulus for the improvement of agriculture in the country. In particular, improvements in coffee processing would probably create a good local market for coffee produced in E. Nigeria. TI:A note on the control of Toxoptera aurantii B. de Fon, in cocoa nurseries in Uganda. AU:Ingram,-W.R.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.112-113 DE:Insect-pests; Aphids; Toxoptera-aurantii; Nurseries; Chemical-control; Insecticides; DDT; Menazon; PY:1964 GE:Uganda; **:In Uganda the aphid Toxoptera aurantii may cause severe malformation of cocoa seedlings in the nursery; its high incidence may be the result of regular spraying with DDT against leaf-eatin.@ caterpillars. Good control of the aphid on potted plants was attained by spraying with the systemic insecticide menazon at a concentration of 0.25 % active ingredient, applying 3.5 1 of fluid per 1,000 plants. Caterpillars, which are not controlled by the aphicide, have still to be sprayed with DDT; it is advisable not to apply this treatment when aphids are still present. TI:Rat control in cacao fields AU:Anon. SO:Cacau Atualidades 1(6):8-9. DE:Vertebrae-pests; Rats; Rat-control; Warfarin; PY:1964 GE:Brazil; **:Cocoa planters in the Brazilian State of Bahia are advised to control rats by the destruction of nests, the protection of snakes, and birds of prey, and the use of poisoned baits. Baits can be prepared from maize meal, rice plus 2% groundnut oil, or fruits, poisoned with one of the common rodenticides such as warfarin. About 20 bamboo joints provided with 200 g of bait, or 20-30 poisoned fruits are required per ha. A simple, effective bait may be prepared by sticking matches into bananas; after 24 hours the matches and a slice of the peel are removed, and the banana is tied in the fork of a cocoa tree. TI:The use of herbicides to eliminate Setaria stilcata OT:EmprÍgo de herbicides na eliminaÁao do "canoao". AU:Pereira-Caravalho,-R.J.; SO:Cacau Atualidades 1(11-12):3-7. DE:Weeds; Setaria-sulcata; Herbicides; Dalapon; Paraquat; 2,4-D; TCA; PY:1964 GE:Brazil; **:The grass Setaria suicata (Panicum sulcatum), introduced as an ornamental or forage crop from Trinidad, has become a highly noxious weed of cocoa fields in the Brazilian State of Bahia. Herbicide trials showed that it can be successfully controlled by spraying twice, at an interval of 15-30 days, with dalapon at a rate of 2.5 kg acid equivalent per ha or with TCA at a rate of 10 kg active ingredient per ha, whereas monuron at 7.5 kg/ha and 2,4-D at 7.5 kg/ha were but little effective. Two sprayings with paraquat at a 30-day interval, using 1 and 0.5 kg active substance per ha, respectively, killed the aerial parts so rapidly that the herbicide was not translocated to the roots; consequently the grass recovered within short time after the treatment. TI:A study of the resistance of cocoa trees to pod rot caused by Phytophtliora palmivora in the Ivory Coast. Part 1: Experimental inoculation of wounds with culture fragments. OT:Etude de la resistance des cacaoyers :1 la pourriture brune des cabosses due an Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Bull. en CÙte d'Ivoire. PremiËre partie: Inoculations expÈrimentales par blessure et fragments de culture. AU:Tarjot,-M.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 9(2):126-33. DE:Resistance-breeding; Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; PY:1965 GE:Ivory-Coast; **:Susceptibility to pod rot of cocoa trees in the Ivory Coast was assessed by filling a hole punched in the pericarp of detached fruits with a culture of Phytophthora palmivora, and measuring the diseased patch after 5 days. All trees of the local Amelonado type and of the Upper Amazon type, and all crosses of Upper Amazon trees with Amelonado, Trinitario and Criollo trees included in the tests proved to be equally susceptible. Among 9 Trinitario trees tested, 1 tree (received from the United Fruit Company) showed some resistance, crosses with 2 Upper Amazon trees were as susceptible as the Upper Amazon trees were susceptible as the Upper Amazon parents. TI:Effect of iron on the development of plant roots OT:Efecto del hierro en el desarrollo de las raices de las plantas. AU:Correa-Velfisquez,-J.; SO:Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron., Colombia 24, 61, p. 27-52. DE:Nutrient-uptake; Fe; Iron; PY:1964 GE:Colombia; **:In Colombia cocoa seedlings were grown in a Fe-free nutrient solution; Fe chelate was added to the solution or sprayed on the leaves when the plants had become chlorotic. Root growth was stimulated by chelate in the solution at up to 6 p.p.m. Fe and by foliar spraying at 10 p.p.m., depressed by foliar spraying at 20 p.p.m. Stem growth was depressed by 6 p.p.m. Fe in the solution and by foliar application at 20 p.p.m., not affected by lower concentrations. Fe 59-labelled FeCI3 sprayed on the leaves was readily absorbed and translocated to the roots; the roots readily absorbed FeCl3 added to the solution but translocation to the aerial parts was rather slow. A similar trial with coffee seedlings indicated a stimulating effect of the chelate on root and stem growth when it was applied either to the roots or to the leaves. TI:Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.101-111. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids;Thrips; Bathycoelia thalassina; Shade; PY:1964 GE:Ghana; **:Actual and potential side-effects of shade removal in cocoa fields are discussed with special reference to insect pests. Among the species attacking shaded fields as well, mirids become less easy to control because of the changed growth habit of the cocoa; thrips tend to cause more serious defoliation in unshaded fields. In general the insect fauna shows a shift from species naturally occurring in forests to savanna types. In Ghana a pentatomid bug, Bathycoelia thalassina, threatens to become a serious pest of unshaded cocoa. It pierces the pericarp of young pods to feed on the developing seeds. For the time being, successful growing of cocoa without shade appears to depend on effective chemical control of the most important pests. TI:A preliminary world review of cacao mirids. AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; Youdeowei,-A.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.71-79. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Monalonion; Sahlbergella; Distantiella; Bryocoropsis; Odoniella; Boxiopsis; Helopeltis; Pseudodoniella; Platyngomiriodes; Reviews; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; **:A review is presented of the distribution of mirid species associated with cocoa in all countries growing this crop, and of their host plants, biology, and ecology. The 35 species mentioned pertain to 9 genera, of which Monalonion is restricted to the New World and is the only genus found there; Sahlbergella, Distantiella and Bryocoropsis are restricted to W. Africa, Odoniella to the Congo, and Boxiopsis to Madagascar, Helopeltis occurs from New Guinea to W. Africa, Pseudodoniella in the Philippines and eastern New Guinea; Platyngomiriodes has been found in Sabah. TI:A note on mirid bugs (Hempitera: Miridae) and some other insect pests of cocoa in Sabah, Malaysia, AU:Conway,-G.R.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.80-84. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-clavifer; Platyngomiriodes-apiformis; Phassus-hosei; Zeuzera; Colobesthes-falcata; PY:1964 GE:Malaysia; Sabah; **:Major cocoa pests in Sabah all appear to occur naturally in adjacent forests; they include the ring-bark borer Phassus hosei, a branch-boring Zeuzera sp., a few other lepidopterous species attacking the leaves, mealybugs, the flatid Colobesthes falcata, and 2 mirids. One mirid, Helopeltis clavifer, prefers the pods, feeding on young shoots only when no pods are present. The other mirid, Platyngomiriodes apiformis, causes serious damage to pods by its gregarious feeding on the tips and bases; it does not feed on young shoots but was found to feed on partially lignified chupons and in a few trees on branches and sterns. The mirids can be controlled with lindane; other pests are kept in check by their natural enemies since chemical control was discontinued in 1961. TI:A brief outline of the climate of the main cocoa growing area of western Nigeria AU:Wessel,-M.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.90-96 DE:Temperature; Rainfall; Radiation; PY:1964 **:Fairly detailed data are presented of the climate of the cocoa belt extending from Ilaro to Ikare in W. Nigeria. Cocoa growing areas within this belt total 450,000 ha; the average yield is 400 kg of commercial cocoa per ha. The climate is characterised by an annual rainfall of 1,100-1,500 mm, of which only 9% falls in Nov.-Feb.; during the severe dry season the harmattan penetrates deeply into the cocoa belt. A comparison with other cocoa producing countries of West Africa indicates that this climate is similar to that of Abengourou in the Ivory Coast, and is much more extreme than that of the cocoa growing regions of Ghana. TI:Observations on the effects of gibberellic acid on the growth of cocoa seedlings. AU:Are,-L.; SO:Nigerian agricultural journal. 1(1):26-29. DE:Growth-regulators; Gibberilines; GA; Hormones; Growth; Elongation; PY:1964 GE:nigeria; **:In Nigeria 20-day-old seedlings of Upper Amazon cocoa were sprayed with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1,000 p.p.m. During 4 weeks after treatment the chemical increased the rate of elongation of the stem and the rate of maturation of new leaves, the effect increasing with the concentration. After that time the effect of gibberellic acid gradually decreased. No differences in the number or size of leaves were observed between treated and untreated plants TI:Cocoa in Sao Tome and Principe OT:O cacaueiro em S. Tome e Principe AU:Ferrao,-J.E.M. SO:Revista Ciencias Agrarias, 14(1):85-94. DE:Regional; Production; Cultivation; History; Propects; PY:1991 GE:Sao-Tome; Principe; **:The history of cocoa production in the islands of Sao Tome and Principe is presented. Information on cultivation practices and on production levels at different periods in time are provided, and the future of the crop in these islands is also discussed. TI:Some aspects of vertabrate damage to cocoa in West Africa AU:Everard,-C.O.R.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.114-119. DE:Pests-; Pest-control; Rodents; Rats; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; **:Vertebrate damage to cocoa was found in W. Nigeria to he mainly caused by rodents. Seeds and young seedlings are dug up, older seedlings are gnawed through at the base. Rodent damage to pods may be fairly serious but has been exaggerated because it was confused with damage caused by the caterpillars of Characoma stictograpta. Fermenting beans may be contaminated with faeces because the mucilage attracts several animals; stored cocoa is consumed by rodents and contaminated with faeces of rodents and lizards. Wire netting or corrugated iron sheeting should enclose nurseries; stores should be made rodent-proof. Protection of plants in the field against porcupines and rats may be attained by treating the plants with a formulation containing nicotine, or by spraying the ground with endrin. TI:World Cocoa Survey AU:Krug,-C.A.; Quartey-Papafio,-E.; SO:FAO Agricultural studies, No 63. 242p. DE:Regional; Climate ; Production; Research PY:1964 GE:World **:A survey based on questionnaires and visits to cocoa producing countries presenting concise information on the cocoa industry in each of these countries: climate and soils, types cultivated, cultural practices, extension and training, and research. Maps show the extent of actual and/or potential cocoa growing regions. The final chapter contains a summary of the information arranged according to subjects, and indicates problems to be solved. The appendices present sources of information, a summary of replies to questionnaires sent in 1958 and 1963, a list of stations and centres working on cocoa research, a list of scientific names of plants, pests and pathogens connected with cocoa, and conversion tables. TI:A toxicogenic leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) observed on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Salas,-A.; Hansen,-A.J.; SO:Cacao, 8(1):6-12. DE:Insect-pests; Homoptera; Cicadellidae; Chainaia-runescens; PY:1964 GE:Coats-Rica; TI:Extension work on mirid control in Western Nigeria AU:Akinwolemiwa,-J.O.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.66-69. DE:Extension; Dissemination; Insect-pets; Hemiptera; Mirids; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; TI:Cocoa, a pre-Colombian food OT:El cacao (Theobroma cacao), alimento precolombino. AU:Arana,-O.; SO:Agricultura Trop. 21(3):179-182. DE:Regional; Germplasm; Diseases-incidence; Monliophthora-pod-rot; PY:1965 GE:Colombia **:Colombia has the 2nd largest per capita cocoa consumption in the world. The total annual consumption is about 30,000 tons; the annual production is only 17.000 tons. About 35,000 ha are planted with cocoa, yielding an average of 400-600 kg/ha/y. The varieties planted are Trinitarios and Amazon Forasteros 91.5%, locally selected clones 5%, imported hybrids 2.5%, and Criollo 1%. Potentially Colombia could be a cocoa exporting country instead a cocoa importing country. low yields are the result of deficient management, particularly control of pests and diseases. Monilia alone causes a estimated reduction of 30-40%. There is no official marketing organisation for the product. A national committee has suggested the establishment of a programme of support to the cocoa growers. Regions suitable for an expansion of the industry are enumerated. TI:The control of cocoa mirids (Hemiptera; Miridae) in Ghana with low volume applications of carbaryl and sumithion. AU:Peterson,-D.G., Bond,-E.F.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.18-25. DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Chemical-control; Insecitcides; Carbaryl; Sumithion; Fenitrothion; Application-technique; Mist-blower; PY:1964 GE:Ghana; **:Trials conducted in Ghana indicated that a 95 % reduction of the cocoa mirid population can be attained by spraying each tree twice, from opposite directions, with carbaryl or fenitrothion (sumithion) at a concentration of 0.625% active ingredient, using a mist-blower with a delivery rate of 0.9 l/minute. In a normal field with 1,875 cocoa trees per ha this works out at a rate of application of 112 l/ha. In contrast to the usual method of applying lindane, the spray should be directed to the trunks and canopies of the cocoa trees. TI:Research on the chemical control of cacao rnirids conducted by the I.F.C.C. in the Ivory Coast from Sept. 1963 to March 1964 OT:Travaux rÈalisÈs par l'I.F.C.C. en CÙte d'lvoire sur la lutte chimique contre les mirides du cacaoyer de Septembre 1963 ý Mars 1964. AU:Decelle,-J.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.35-37. DE:insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides; Fenitrothion; Dichlorvos; Carbaryl; Insecticide-residues; Flavour; Quality; PY:1964 **:Cocoa mirids in the Ivory Coast are usually controlled by spraying with lindane , Field trials showed that 0.3%, fenitrothion (active) gave the best results when trees were sprayed from both sides; 0.3 % dichlorvos was but little effective. Spraying with l.7 kg carbaryl in 100 l water per ha resulted in a residue of 0.13% in the pods and one of 0.15 p.p,m. in the processed beans; it had no perceptible effect on the flavour of the beans. Two sprayings with 500 g fenitrothion per ha at a 4-week interval caused no deterioration of flavour, but a few tasters experienced slight allergenic effects. TI:Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.101-111. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; PY:1964 GE:Ghana; TI:Field experiments in the control of Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemptera: Miridae) with Sevin and Sumithion in Nigeria AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; Youdeowei,-A.; Eugagie,-W.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.26-34. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides; Sevin; Sumithion; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; TI:The distribution of mirid species and of resistant mirids in Nigeria. AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; SO:Proc. of the Conference on mirids and other pests of cacao at the W. Afr. Cocoa Res, Inst. (Nigeria), 24th to 27th March, 1964, Ibadan, 1964. p.9-17. DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Mirids; Sahlbergella-singularis; Distantiella-theobroma; Helopeltis; Bryocoropsis-laticollis; Syrvey; Insect-damage; Resistance; lindane; Dieldrin; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; **:A survey of cocoa mirids in Nigeria was made in 1962/64. Sahlbergella singularis proved to be the dominant species, occurring in all cocoa growing areas and making up 97%, of the catches. Resistance of this species to lindane and dieldrin was only found in an area of 150 km2 in the vicinty of Ondo. The occurrence of Distantiella theobroma was mainly restricted to a large area in the eastern part of the Western Region, where it constituted 18% of the catches. Damage to cocoa by D. theobroma appeared to occur almost exclusively at altitudes of over 250 m. Only 2 Helopeltis spp. and no Bryocoropsis laticollis were collected during the survey. TI:Progress in the laboratory rearing of cocoa mirids in Nigeria. AU:Youdeowei,-A.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.98-100. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; PY:1964 GE:Nigeria; TI:The Badianus manuscirpt (Codex Barberini, Latin 241, Vatican Library), An Aztec Herbal of 1552 AU:Emmart,-E.W.; SO:John, Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 341pp. 118 plates DE:history PY:1940 TI:The Natural and Moral History of the Indians OT:Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, en que se tratan las Cosas natables del Cielo, elementos, metales, plantas y animales dellas y los ritos y ceremonias, leyes y govierno y guerras de los indios. Comuesta por el padre Joseph de Acosta. Religioso de la compania de Jesus. AU:Acosta,-J.-de (Joseph); SO:Impreso en Sevilla en Casa de Juan de Leon. Ano MDXC DE:History; Trade; Roasting; Shade; Health; Medicine; Money; PY:1590 **:[Mueller] Acosta, Spanish historian, jesuit. Born around 1540 Medina del Campo, Died 1599. Went to America in 1577,after his return in 1586 became rector of the University of Salamanca. : :[Ost] According to Markahm's introduction the Spanish Jesuit tre\avelled in 1570 to S. America unitl the end of 1583 or the beginning of 1584 he remained in Peru. Thereafter in Mexico. He returned to Spain in 1587. in Peru he wrote the two books in Latin with the title 'De natura novi orbis,libris dus, et de Promulgatione Evangelii apud barbars,sive de procuranda Inorum Salute, libri sex. First edition Salamanca 1588 (de Natura) resp. 1589 (De promulgatione); Thereafter 2ed. Salamance 1595, Keulen, 1596. : De two books were translated inSpanish by Acosta himself as parts I and II of Historia natural y moral de las Indias; he completed this wrk with an additional 5 books. As a result the comlete work contains 7 volumes. Complete edition Sevilla 1590; Barceona 1591; Madrid 1608 and 1610. Trabnslated in Dutch by Linschoten, Enkhuizen 1598, Amsterdam 1624. English translation by E.G. = Edward Grinston, London 1604. This translation was reprinted by Markham, with a few correction resulting from comaprisons with the Madrid 1608 edition. : :The first volume deals with the discovery of America etc. in relations to the Bible and opinions fo church leaders. Vols. II and II deal with meteorolgy and geography. Vol. IV deals in the first place with mineral resources followed by cultivated plants. Of which :Vol. 4 Chapter 22, p.244 Of cacao and coca : :"Although the plantain be the most profitable, yet cacao is the most esteemed in Mexico, and the Coca in Peru, in which two trees they have great superstition. The cacao is a fruit little lesse than almonds, yet more fatte, the which being roasted hath no ill taste. It is so much esteemed among the Indians (yea, and among the Spaniards), that it is one of the richest and the greatest trafficks of New Spain, for being a drie fruite that keeps long without corruption, they carry whole shippes laoden from the Province of Guatimala. The last year an English Pirat did burne in the Port of Guatulco in New Spain above one hundred thousand cargoes of Cacao. They use it instead of money, for with five Cacaos they buy one thing, with thirtie an other, and with a hundred an other, without any contradiction; and they use to give it to the poore that beg for almes. The chief use of this cacao, is in a drinke which they call ChocolatÈ, thereof they make great accompt in that country, foolishly, and without reason, for it is loatsome to such as are not acquainted with it,having skumme or froth that is very unpleasant to taste, if they be not very well conceited thereof. [p.245] Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the indians wherewith they feast noble men as they passe through their country. The spaniards, both men and women, that are accustomed to the country, are very greedy of this CholatÈ. They say they male diverse sortes of it, some hote, some colde, and some temperate, and therein much of that Chili, yea they make a paste thereof, the which they say is good for the stomake, and against catarch. Whatsover it be,such have not been nourished there, are not very curious thereof. The tree whereon this fruite growes is of a reasonble bigness, and well fashioned; it is so tender, that to keepe it from burning of the sunne, they plant neer unto it a great tree, which serves onely to shade it and they call it the mother of Cacao. There are plantations where they are grown like to the vines and olive trees of Spain. The province where there is greatest trade in cacao is Gutemala. There growes none in Peru,but this country yields Coca .........." TI:Cyclodine resistance in cocoa mirids in Ghana AU:Telford,-J.N.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March. 1964. p.4-7. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insects; Capsids; PY:1964 GE:Africa; Ghana TI:Effect of Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher on growth of cocoa seedlings AU:Yuen-Pak-Mun SO:MARDI Research Bulletin, 11(3):305-308. DE:Nematodes-; Helicotylenchus-dihystera; dry-matter-content; leaf-; stem-; root-; seedling; Damage PY:1983 GE:Malaysia **:An initial inoculum level of 2800, 3500 and 4200 Helicotylenchus dihystera did not significantly depress growth of Upper Amazon seedlings after 4 and a half months in the following variables: dry weight of leaves, stem and roots, total dry weight, leaf number and plant height. Final soil population of nematodes exceeded numbers encountered in cocoa plantings. Author's summary. TI:Nutritional requirements of the cacao plant during a yearly cycle, AU:Rodriguez, R. M., et al. SO:Cacao, 8(4):1-7 DE:Nutrient-uptake; Periodicity; PY:1963 GE:Costa-Rica; **:A trial with 3-year-old cocoa plants grown in nutrient solution, conducted in Costa Rica, showed that the greatest amounts of nutrients were absorbed during periods of leaf formation (March.-Apr. and Sept.-Oct,), Initiation of flowering coincided with a decrease in absorption of Ca, K, and P; much N was absorbed during this stage, and absorption of Mg reached a peak. Root apex development in July was accompanied by increased absorption of P, Ca during fruit ripening. During the 2nd half of the cycle absorption was somewhat erratic. Evidently, the rate at which the cocoa plant absorbs nutrients varies greatly, depending on the physiological state of the plant; differences between plants in the same stage of development were only quantitative. TI:Basis for kina and cocoa cultivation OT:Grondslagen voor de kina- en cacaocultuur AU:Geus,-J.G.-de; SO:Plant en Bodem (advertisment of Mirandolle, Voute & Co.) No.9 p.26-48 PY:1951 TI:Effective rainfall and soil moisture in Trinidad AU:Hardy,-F.; SO:Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 24:45-51. DE:Rainfall; Soil-moisture; Water-relations; PY:1947 GE:Trinidad TI:Recent work of Cotterell and Posnette on swollen-shoot. OT:Travaux rÈcents de G. S. Cotterell et de A. F. Posnette sur le swollen-shoot. AU:Mimeur,-G.; SO:Rev. Internationale de Bot. Appl. et d'Agr. Trop. 29:297-300. DE:Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV; PY:1949 GE:Ghana; TI:Pedological notes of cocoa cultivation in Zaire OT:Notice pÈdologique sur la culture du cacaoyer au Congo Belge. AU:Croegaert,-J.; SO:B. Agr. du Congo Belge 40:865-870. DE:Soils; Climate; PY:1949 GE:Zaire **:Edaphic and climatic requirements of cacao and analyses of some cacao-growing soils of Belgian Congo. TI:Studies on cacao. AU:Ciferri,-R. (Rafael); SO:Porto Rico Dept. Agr. J., 15:223-286. DE:Quality; Cocoa-beans; Food-safety; Microbiology; Actinomycetes; Fungi; Drying; PY:1931 GE:Dominican-Republic; **:I. Actinomycetes on cacao beans. If. Fungous flora of dry cacao beans. Ill. Cacao moulding. IV. Tests for enzymes of cacao. V. An improved method for the desiccation of cacao beans. VI. The yeasts of the, Dominican cacao. TI:Colonisation, people and cocoa plantings in the South of Bahia OT:Colonisation, peuplement et plantation de cacao dans le sud de l'etat de Bahia. AU:Monbeig,-P.; SO:Ann. de Geog., 46:278-299. DE:Regional; PY:1937 GE:Brazil; Bahia; **:Discusses the limits at the cacao-growing zone, ways of communication, production and commerce, methods of exploitation and business and social aspects of cacao culture In Bahia. :Title according to Ostendoirf: Le cacaoyer dnas le Sud de l'etat de Bahia TI:(Agricultural performance of 12 cocoa clones in Turrialba, Costa Rica) OT:Comportamiento agronomico de 12 clones de cacao bajo las condiciones de Turrialba, Costa Rica AU:Morera,-J.; Mora,-A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia). 1996, v. 15(41) p. 15-25; Nov, figs, table, 9 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora; Phytophthora-a; disease-resistance; PY:1996 GE:Costa Rica **:The resistance to the principal cocoa diseases of 12 cocoa clones was investigated in Costa Rica, during 1985-1992. The principal parameters studied were the dry weight and number of healthy and diseased pods. The clones CC 137, EET 183, EET 59 and EET 67 surpassed the average production of 683 kg/ha dry weight. The resistance to Phytophthora palmivora was not significant, whereas differences in resistance to Moniliophthora roreri were very marked with yields oscillating between 158.3 and 811.5 kg/ha. Especially clones EET 183 and UF 183 were superior. A narrow relationship between seed index and yield was observed. TI:(Development of yoghurt stirred with Amazonian fruit pulps: cocoa and cocoa/cupuassu) OT:Elaboracao de iogurte batido com polpas de frutas da Amazonia: cacau e cacau/cupuacu AU:Pina,-M.G.M.; Ribeiro,-C.C.; Dias,-J.C. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil). 1996, v. 8(2) p. 45-50; May, figs, 27 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fruits-; yoghurt-; milk-products; food-technology PY:1996 GE:Brazil; Amazon **:Yoghurts made of cocoa fruit pulp and a mixture of cocoa and cupuassu fruit pulps, were selected through acceptability tests. The main physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics were determined. Eight formulations were developed, differing in total milk solids (with and without the addition of powdered milk), percentage of syrup added to the yoghurt, and the percentages of the cocoa and cupuassu pulps added to the syrup. The test panel results did not reveal significant differences; however, the formulation with 70% yoghurt (integral milk + 4% powder milk) plus 30% syrup (95% cacao + 5% cupuassu), and the formulation with 80% yoghurt (integral milk) plus 20% syrup (100% cocoa) were selected most frequently. The latter formulation has the lowest cost of production. Microbiological analysis of the selected formulations demonstrated their suitability for human consumption. From authors' summary. TI:The effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao AU:BartolomÈ,-R.; SO:Turrialba, 2(1):9-11 DE:Cherelle-wilt; Nutrition; Ferltilizer; PY:1952 GE:America; Costa-Rica; TI:Mission to Mexico during 10-20 January 1994 OT:Mission au Mexique du 10 au 20 janvier 1994 AU:Barel,-M. SO:1994, 34 p., summary ( DE:processing-; international-cooperation PY:1994 GE:Mexico **:The goals of this mission were to make contacts for a cocoa study and to test a prototype of a controlled cocoa dryer; to examine possibilities of latex supplies for studying rubber drying; and to provide support for the coffee improvement and operation programme, which includes a project for treating wastewater from pulping stations. TI:Effects of inoculum forms and densities on cacao root infection by Phytophthora spp. AU:Luz,-E.D.M.N.; Mitchell,-D.J. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(2) p. 41-51; May, 37 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; inoculation-methods; pathogenicity-; PY:1994 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:Responses of cocoa seedlings to infection by different levels and forms of inoculum of Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora heveae, Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora in soil were determined in Bahia, Brazil. Inoculations were done with 100 and 250 chlamydospores or oospores/g of soil and 100 000, 500 000 and 1 million zoospores/plant. Cocoa seedlings of susceptible and tolerant cultivars were used. The plants were harvested 8 weeks after inoculation. Infection occurred in roots of both susceptible and tolerant cultivars using all forms of inoculum. Levels of infection and disease severity varied with species of Phytophthora, inoculum concentrations and types of cultivars tested. Damage to the roots was greatest at the highest inoculum levels, and mortality was generally restricted to inoculation with P. citrophthora and P. palmivora at 100 000 zoospores/plant or 250 chlamydospores/g of soil. These 2 species also caused the greatest damage to the root systems of cocoa seedlings. Phytophthora megakarya caused little damage to roots and no mortality, even at the highest concentration of zoospores or chlamydospores. The mortality of plants exposed to zoospores or oospores of P. capsici or P. heveae was low. All 5 species have the potential to infect cocoa root systems, and, although the plants may not show external symptoms, the colonized roots may function as inoculum reservoirs to infect the canopy. Authors' summary. TI:(Re-evaluation of planters in Cameroon?) OT:Les planteurs camerounais ont-ils ete reevalues? AU:Courade,-G.; Alary,-V. SO:Politique-Africaine (France).1994, no. 54, p. 74-87, tables; summaries (En, DE:price-policies; cocoa-beans; coffee-; monetary-policies; producer-prices PY:1994 GE:Cameroon **:The recent devaluation of the currency was not particularly aimed at the coffee and cocoa planters in Cameroon. The expected rise in producer prices would not act as an incentive to heavily indebted producers of these crops. The high price of inputs is the first bottleneck they face. This lack of opportunities is responsible for the planters' caution. A lasting improvement of prices would incite them to extend rather than regenerate their orchards. Devaluation is no substitute for agricultural and social policies. TI:Report on cocoa marketing and quality. Project for improving cocoa processing. Cocoa Department, Secretary of Agriculture, Dominican Republic OT:Informe comercializacion y calidad del cacao. Proyecto mejora de la elaboracion del cacao. Departamento de Cacao, Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana AU:Roche,-G. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-IRCC, 1992, 72 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:cocoa-beans; cooperative-activities; finance-; marketing-; processing-; quality- PY:1992 GE:Dominican Republic **:CONACADO is a well-organized association of cocoa growers in the Dominican Republic. Its funds are expanding as a result of earnings from interest. The commercial operations of the 6 groups that constitute CONACADO provide net benefits. The credit system for growers continues to give satisfactory results, but it is advisable to decrease the total volume of these loans. An analysis of the sales system shows that setting cocoa prices each week or every 2 weeks results in sufficient profits, particularly for fermented cocoa. Cocoa should not be stocked to wait for prices to rise: this could lead to huge financial losses and lower product quality. (diffusion restricted) TI:Report on marketing and quality of cocoa. Project for improving cocoa processing. Cocoa Department, Secretary of Agriculture, Dominican Republic OT:Informe comercializacion y calidad del cacao. Proyecto mejora de la elaboracion del cacao. Departamento de Cacao, Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana AU:Roche,-G. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-CP, 1993, 90 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:cocoa-beans; quality-; finance-; exports-; marketing-; cooperative-activities PY:1993 GE:Dominican Republic **:The local cocoa growers' association CONACADO has gained access to new markets in Europe. Rains during the month of May, the main harvesting period, have had a negative influence on cocoa quality, and numerous mouldy beans have been observed. The Presidency of the Dominican Republic has created a fund for interest-free financing of infrastructure that would improve cocoa quality, and the Agricultural Bank has granted a sales loan. (diffusion restricted) TI:Guarantee fund for coffee and cocoa co-operatives in the Ivory Coast OT:L'experience ivoirienne en matiere de fonds de garantie au benefice des cooperatives cafe-cacao AU:Lohoury-Guigui,-M.L.; Vannini,-P. SO:Aproma (France).1994, no. 37, p. 7-14, summaries (En, DE:cooperative-activities; credit-; marketing-; support-measures PY:1994 GE:Ivory Coast **:The coffee-cocoa co-operatives guarantee fund was set up in 1991 following an analysis of the system of sales of these products in the Ivory Coast and a thorough study of the co-operative movement. After a review of the conclusions of these preliminary studies, the objectives and organization of the fund and its activities since its creation are described. The importance of the fluidity of the circuit is stressed, and the concepts of financial facilitation and institutionalization of the fund are emphasized. TI:Symptoms of mineral deficiencies in cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) grown in nutrient solution OT:Sintomas de deficiencias nutricionais em cupuacuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum) cultivado em solucao nutritiva AU:Salvador,-J.O.; Muraoka,-T.; Rossetto,-R.; Ribeiro,-G.-de-A. SO:Scientia-Agricola (Brazil).1994, v. 51(3) p. 407-414; Sep, colour photos, 11 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fruit-crops; Theobroma-grandiflorum; mineral-deficiencies; symptoms-; tissue-analysis PY:1994 GE:Brazil **:The visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) were studied in Brazil. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse, in nutrient solutions without N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn or Zn, as well as a complete nutrient solution. All the symptoms, which were very similar to those of cocoa plants, are described and presented in an identification chart. To assess the nutrient concentrations, leaves were collected from different parts of the plants. The concentrations found in leaves of plants from which an element had been omitted were always lower than those in plants submitted to the complete treatment, thereby demonstrating that the symptoms really were due to the induced deficiency. Although the mineral contents of leaves with deficiency symptoms were always lower than those found in other samples, the reference leaf recommended in the literature for cocoa (third leaf from the tip), was also adequate for the identification of nutritional deficiencies in cupuassu, with the exception of Cu. Authors' summary. TI:Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from parts of cocoa flowers OT:Embryogenese somatique et regeneration des plantes de cacaoyer Theobroma cacao L. a partir de pieces florales AU:Lopez-Baez,-O. SO:1994, 145 p., figs, bibliography (160 ref.); summaries (En, DE:somatic-embryos; culture-media; propagation-materials PY:1994 **:A cocoa plant propagation protocol using somatic embryogenesis induced from petals, staminodes and strands of stamens was developed. This process is based on hormonal induction followed by expression on a hormone-free medium. The importance of hormone composition, concentration and length of induction on the expression and quality of embryogenesis was demonstrated. The workers obtained regular production of embryos on a semi-solid or liquid medium. Culture conditions and the media necessary for maturation, germination and conversion of embryos in plantlets were defined. A preliminary study of ploidy and nuclear DNA content conformity of 98 plants regenerated using this pathway indicate that these characters are not modified by somatic embryogenesis. Studies on morphological conformity were continued by transferring the 96 plants to a field in Ecuador. Initial observations show that all the plants have normal morphology and growth, similar to those of a plant grown from seed. TI:(Phenolic compounds in Theobroma cacao leaves and attractiveness for mirids) OT:Les composes phenoliques des feuilles et attractivite des cacaoyers aux mirides AU:Armengaud,-P. SO:1994, 40 p., figs, 16 ref.; summary ( DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Miridae-; phenolic-compounds; pest-resistance; PY:1994 **:The chemistry of cocoa attractiveness to mirids was studied, following research on the activity of flavonols in the cocoa-mirid relationship. The phenolic profile of new clones of different sensitivities was characterized. A study on the basis of leaf age showed significant, characteristic variations in relation to leaf maturity. Flavanols and flavonol-type compounds are most abundant in anthocyaninated leaves. Acids-phenols reach a maximum in mature leaves. Comparative analysis of all clones indicates real polymorphism of the phenolic pool and higher contents of certain flavonols in the most attractive individuals. TI:Tests of the effectiveness of FUMIVAP pyrotechnical insecticide generators: setting up a series of trials OT:Tests d'efficacite des generateurs pyrotechniques d'insecticides FUMIVAP: mise en place d'une serie d'essais AU:Decazy,-B. SO:1993, 22 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:pest-insects; Miridae-; chemical-control; insecticides-; equipment-; Mirids; Fumigation; Application; PY:1993 **:Trials were set up to test the biological efficiency of a pyrotechnical generator of insecticides (FUMIVAP) on cocoa mirids. The programme and the progress of the trials, which were carried out in the Mbam region, are described. The functioning and the efficiency of FUMIVAP are analysed. The situation of both cocoa and coffee are examined. Major points of interest are the cocoa entomology research programme (tests of insecticides on mirids; evaluation of mirid resistance of plant material) and the coffee tree (inventory of the parasitoids of the berry borer) in Cameroon. TI:Allometric equations for estimating the above-ground biomass of cacao stands in the eastern Amazon Basin AU:Subler,-S. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(3) p. 65-72; Sep, figs, 21 ref.; summaries (En, DE:measurement-; biomass-; dimensions-; stems-; canopy- PY:1994 GE:Brazil; Para **:Allometric relationships are described for estimating cocoa tree leaf, branch, bole and total aboveground dry biomass from measurements of bole diameter and height, primary branch diameter and maximum canopy height. Eight cocoa trees in a 16-17-year-old plantation in Para, Brazil, in the eastern Amazon Basin, were measured and destructively sampled for component wet and dry weight determinations. Step-wise regression was used on log-transformed measures to develop equations of best fit. The best overall predictor of total and component dry biomass was the sum of the bole and branch diameters (Dt). Correlation coefficients for allometric regressions of biomass variables on Dt were generally above 0.90, with over 98% of the variation in branch and total biomass accounted for by variation in Dt. From author's summary. TI:(Simulation model for the development of witches' broom disease of cocoa in Bahia) OT:Modelo de simulacao da evolucao da vassoura-de-bruxa do cacaueiro na Bahia AU:Sgrillo,-R.B.; Araujo,-K.R.P.-de SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(3) p. 73-84; Sep, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-; models-; crop-losses; disease-control; Epidemiology; PY:1994 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A deterministic compartmental model for simulation of the development of witches' broom (caused by Crinipellis perniciosa) in cocoa in Bahia, Brazil, is proposed. The compartments represent areas with different infection levels, and are mathematically represented by differential equations. The equation coefficients are variable and calculated by algebraic equations. The model was coded in Dynamic Simulation Language (DSL/VS). The model was calibrated by comparing simulation results with results from field surveys conducted during 1989-1991 and in 1993. Additional simulations were carried out for sensitivity analysis. Finally, 3 different scenarios were explored: a constant disease control rate, a decreasing disease control rate and an increasing disease control rate. Using the first scenario, by the end of the century, cocoa production in Bahia would be 40% of potential production. If the farmers gradually neglected their plantations (the second scenario) the losses in 1999/2000 would be about 80%. However, if the political and market conditions permitted an efficient control of the disease (the third scenario), the losses in 1999/2000 would not be significant. Authors' summary. TI:The CEPEC platform drier: its construction, operation and maintenance OT:Instalacao, operacao e manutencao do secador plataforma CEPEC AU:Cunha,-J.; Passos,-F.J.V.; Freire,-E.S. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1995, no. 177, 47 p., figs, photos, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cocoa-beans; dryers-; postharvest-equipment; hot-air-drying; processing- PY:1995 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A description is presented of the CEPEC platform dryer for cocoa, developed in Bahia, Brazil. The dryer uses a forced convection system, is relatively cheap, and is able to handle 2 products simultaneously. It has a high capacity and its products are of good quality and are not contaminated by the smell of smoke. The design, installation and construction of the dryer are outlined. The design includes a heating unit, consisting of a furnace in which fuelwood is burnt, the drying platform, a covering structure with a roof to protect the dryer and the cocoa from the rain, and a ventilator to force the air along the product. TI:First meeting on the agriculture of Sao Tome and Principe. Lisbon, National Museum of Ethnology, 9-11 December 1993 SO:Comunicacoes.-Serie-de-Ciencias-Agrarias (Portugal).1995, no. 19, 282 p., figs, tables; bibliography (vp.); summaries (En, DE:agricultural-policies; animal-production; plant-production; agronomy- PY:1995 GE:South Atlantic Islands; Sao Tome and Principe **:A workshop on agriculture in Sao Tome and Principe was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in Dec. 1993. Subjects dealt with included: (1) soil fertility and fertilization of cocoa and coffee; (2) conservation measures for forests and endemic species; (3) strategies for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry; (4) epidemic parasitosis of animals; (5) the need for a veterinary diagnosis laboratory; (6) projects for cocoa improvement; (7) development of oilseed crops; medicinal plants and their uses; (8) selection and introduction of food crop species and varieties; (9) cocoa pod rot; (10) coffee nematodes and the selection of resistant cultivars; (11) the promotion of integrated pest management; (12) the present status of cocoa cultivation and technology; (13) technological aspects of coffee quality; and (14) agro-food industries in developing countries. In addition, agrarian reforms and their prospects, and options available for agricultural development are discussed. TI:Variability of some physical and chemical characters of cupuassu fruit OT:Variabilidade de alguns caracteres fisicos e quimicos do fruto do cupuacuzeiro AU:Fonseca,-C.E.L.-da; Escobar,-J.R.; Bueno,-D.M. SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1990, v. 25(7) p. 1079-1084; Jul, 6 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cupuassu-; physico-chemical-properties; Composition; PY:1990 GE:Brazil, Amazonas **:The variability and correlation of several physical characteristics (length, girth, volume and weight, the weight of the fruit and seed components and the seed number) and chemical characteristics (soluble sugar content, Brix percentage, and the Brix/acid ratio) of the fruits of 19 cupuassu genotypes were studied in Amazonas, Brazil in 1984. The correlation coefficients were high for the seed and pulp percentage, while the fruit weight was highly correlated with the pulp weight, the fruit volume, the husk weight, and the fruit length. The chemical characteristics showed a poor correlation with the physical characteristics. TI:Absorption and water movement resistance in cocoa OT:Absorcao e resistencia ao movimento da agua no cacaueiro AU:Amorim,-S.M.C.-de; Valle,-R.R. SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1993, v. 28(8) p. 907-913; Aug, figs, table, 23 ref.; summaries (En, DE:water-potential; transpiration-; photosynthesis-; soil-temperature PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The effects of root temperature on water movement resistance were studied in cocoa seedlings under greenhouse conditions in Bahia, Brazil, at root temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40degC. Observations were made of leaves covered with foil and black plastic bags, and of uncovered leaves. The leaves were located at the base, at the intermediate part, and at the apex of the stem. Measurements of water potential and its components, transpiration, photosynthesis, temperature, and stomatal conductance were done by psychrometry in the uncovered leaves adjacent to the covered leaves. The resistance to water movement did not depend on the position of the leaves on the stem, but depended on the transpirational flux. The water potential gradients across the plant varied at temperatures higher than 30degC. Gas exchanges at different root temperatures depended on the water status of the plant. Authors' summary. TI:(Black root rot of cocoa caused by Rosellinia spp. in Brazil) OT:Podridao negra da raiz do cacaueiro causada por Rosellinia spp. no Brasil AU:Oliveira,-M.L.-de SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(2) p. 21-26; May, photos, 11 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Diseases; Fungi; Rosellinia; Black-root-rot; symptoms-; PY:1992 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:In a disease survey carried out in Bahia, Brazil, from 1981 to 1986, a root disease was found in several municipalities of southern Bahia, causing death of cocoa trees. Wilting, chlorosis of leaves, and death of the whole plant or branches, depending on plant age, were the main symptoms of the disease. In the root system, up to the collar level, a mycelial sheath was observed on the root surface which was at first light-grey and later black, and coalesced to form a carbonaceous mass with a woolly or felt-like surface and light-grey margin. Beneath the bark, on the surface of the wood, white mycelial (star-like) fans, for Rosellinia pepo, or black hyphal strands, for Rosellinia bunodes, were observed. In one case Rosellinia pepo was also found to cause root rot of Erythrina trees. Four-month-old cocoa plants inoculated with both species started to show symptoms 25 days after inoculation, while the first dead plants were observed 28 days after inoculation. Both species were re-isolated from all the artificially infected cocoa plants. Author's summary. TI:(Climatological parameters for modelling cocoa fruit growth) OT:Parametros para modelagem do crescimento do fruto do cacaueiro AU:Milde,-L.C.E.; Sgrillo,-R.B. SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1993, v. 28(7) p. 759-765; Jul, fig, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:models-; fruiting-; growth-rate; development; temperature; PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:Research was conducted in Bahia, Brazil, on climatological parameters influencing cocoa fruit growth, to facilitate yield forecasting. Threshold temperature and thermal constants were calculated for each stage of fruit development after estimating the mean length of the different stages. The main meteorological factors found to have a significant relationship with the different lengths of the stages of fruit development were: rain, solar radiation, pitch evaporation, class A pan evaporation, cloudiness, maximum and minimum temperatures, average temperature, and hours of sunshine. Authors' summary. TI:(Available technology for the processing and storage of cocoa) OT:Tecnologia disponivel para o beneficiamento e armazenamento do cacau AU:Cunha,-J.; Serodio,-R.-dos-S. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1991, no. 172, 45 p., figs, 46 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cocoa-beans; fermentation-; drying-; storage-; postharvest-equipment PY:1991 **:Basic data are provided on various techniques for the processing and storage of cocoa. Subjects dealt with include methods and equipment for fermentation, drying and storage. Five types of fermentation equipment and 6 types of dryers are discussed. The control of cocoa quality by appropriate storage structures, including controlled atmosphere storage, is also reviewed. TI:(Extraction of theobromine from cocoa in an aqueous solution) OT:Extraction de la theobromine du cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en milieu aqueux AU:Nemlin,-G.J.; Coulibaly,-S. SO:Agronomie-Africaine (Ivory Coast).1992, v. 4(1) p. 61-66, figs, table, 16 ref.; summaries (En, DE:theobromine-; solvent-extraction; byproducts-; cocoa-beans; Composition; PY:1992 GE:Ivory-coast; **:A relatively inexpensive process for solid-liquid extraction of cocoa theobromine from cocoa cake is described. The finely ground cake is treated with a hot alkaline hydroxide solution of 2% Ca, dissolving the theobromine. The filtrate is concentrated in a vacuum and the theobromine, which is insoluble in water, is precipitated by neutralizing the medium with an acid. The average yield is 1.5% of the cocoa cake, giving an extraction rate of 75%. TI:Cacao standard production cost monitoring in Bahia, Brazil AU:Ferreira,-H.I.S. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(3) p. 53-70; Sep, 30 ref.; summaries (En, DE:economics-; costs-; profitability-; producer-prices; production-functions PY:1992 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:An economic evalution of cocoa production was made in Bahia, Brazil, by the standard prime cost of production approach. Indicators such as price-cost break-even point (PCBEP) and still economic maximum price (SEMP) were used. Twelve scenarios were distinguished by the combination of 3 levels of fixed costs with 4 technologies. Two of these scenarios are described. A production cost function, used in the evaluation, was elaborated. Given the market prices of Dec. 1987 or Dec. 1989, the situation is very unfavourable for the cocoa producer. Author's summary. TI:(Fertility determinants in a rural forest area of Ivory Coast) OT:Facteurs de fecondite en milieu rural forestier ivoirien AU:N'Guessan,-K. SO:Dossiers-du-CEPED-Centre-Francais-sur-la-Population-et-le Developpement (France).1993, no. 25, 45 p.; Dec, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fertility-rate; commercial-farming; household-composition; social-change PY:1993 GE:Ivory Coast **:A fertility study was undertaken in an area of Ivory Coast which had undergone deforestation to make way for the production of coffee and cacao. In addition to changes in social organization, the transformation has led to a progressive reduction in household size and a growing participation of women in cash cropping and other commercial activities. Despite the socio-economic and cultural changes, there has been little change over time in fertility level which is related to complex relationships between the various proximate determinants involved: breast feeding, amenorrhoea and abstinence. Other variables that may explain the fertility pattern are associated to changes occurring in nuptiality: a delay in the age at first marriage and a higher frequency of marital disruptions as a result of an increased incidence of divorce. However, the effects of the latter set of factors are weaker than those of the former. From author's summary. TI:Influence of treatments with cupric fungicides on the mineral composition of cocoa trees AU:Lima,-J.S. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 43-51; Sep, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:copper-; fungicides-; nutrient-uptake; mineral-content; plant-analysis; copper-; iron-; zinc-; manganese-; phosphorus-; calcium-; magnesium-; potassium-; carbon-; nitrogen-; soil-analysis; seeds-; roots- PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The influence of Cu surplus on the mineral composition of cocoa trees was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1990. The nutrient content of the cocoa trees was analysed in 3 plantations, in 1 of which agrochemicals had not been applied (A), and 2 plantations which had been treated with cupric fungicides for 5 and 16 years, respectively (B and C). The elements Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Mg, K, C, and N were measured in the soil, and Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Mg, and K were measured in tree samples. The nutrient contents of the vegetative tissues reflected those of the soil, but after a fungicide application the concentration of micronutrients in plant parts varied. Alterations in the nutrient contents of trees in the plantations B and C were observed 1 week after a fungicide application (at an interval of 1 year after the last fungicide application). The most evident alterations (e.g. Mg decrease in beans and Ca increase in roots and beans) were observed in plantation C. From author's summary. TI:(Adaptability and stability of cocoa cultivars) OT:Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de cacaueiro AU:Martins-Pinto,-L.R.; Lopes,-U.V.; Monteiro,-W.R.; Pereira,-M.G. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 53-63; Sep, figs, 18 ref.; summaries (En, DE:genotype-environment-interaction; hybrids-; variety-trials PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia, Espirito Santo **:The adaptability and phenotypic stability of 10 cocoa cultivars were evaluated at 6 different sites in cocoa producing areas of Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil, with different soils and climates. The plant characterstics evaluated were number of healthy pods/plant, moist seed weight/ha, and moist seed weight/pod. Variability was observed among various crosses for both adaptability and phenotypic stability for all 3 characterstics studied. Hybrids of cv. Scavina displayed great adaptability and an average stability in all environments. The performance of hybrids of ICS 1 was only high in the environments which were most suitable for cocoa cultivation, and their phenotypic stability was below average. From authors' summary. TI:Interactions of black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.) and the ant Azteca chartifex spiriti in Bahian cocoa plantations AU:Medeiros,-M.A.-de; Fowler,-H.G.; Delabie,-J.H.C. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 65-68; Sep, fig, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; vectors-; predators-; Formicidae-; PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The interaction of black pod disease (caused by Phytophthora spp.) and the ant Azteca chartifex spiriti was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1990 and 1991. In a cocoa plantation of 1 ha, with 537 cocoa plants of 15 years old, shaded with Erythrina, the incidence of black pod disease was higher in trees where A. chartifex was found (21%), than in trees without ants (10%). Laboratory cultures demonstrated the capacity of the ant to act as a mechanical vector of Phytophthora spp. spores. However, the percentage of transmission was low. Azteca chartifex is probably more efficient in mechanically transmitting spores from one pod to another on the same plant, due to its territorial behaviour. Azteca chartifex may be important in inhibiting the rate of disease spread through predation of other vector insects. The association between black pod disease and A. chartifex should be considered when designing integrated control programmes, using this ant to reduce populations of phytophagous cocoa pests. From authors' summary. TI:Study of the agricultural potential of sugar cane froth and bagasse in Sosuho, Gabon OT:Etude des possibilites de valorisation agricole des ecumes et de la bagasse de canne a sucre de Sosuho (Gabon) AU:Makita-Ngadi,-J.; M'Batchi,-B.; Kilbertus,-G. SO:Tropicultura (Belgium).1993, v. 11(1) p. 20-24, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:waste-utilization; bagasse-; sugar-byproducts; organic-fertilizers PY:1993 GE:Gabon **:The use of organic fertilizers to improve soils of Upper Ogooue District, Gabon, is examined, taking the case of sugar cane wastes. The germination and growth of various crops (maize, rice, cocoa, okra, marrow and soybean) using soil fertilized by two types of sugar cane wastes, namely froth and bagasse, was examined. In comparison with commercial compost, the bagasse and froth did not inhibit germination of the tested seed. However, growth of all species is better on froth than on bagasse. The results of chemical analyses of these two types of waste can partially explain the good growth observed on the froth alone or on froth mixed with soil. TI:Food production and trade dynamics in the N'Tem District, northern Gabon OT:La production vivriere et la dynamique commerciale dans le departement du Ntem, Nord Gabon AU:Delpech,-B.; Flitner,-M.; Hulshof,-M.; Toueilles,-J.C.; Twagiramungu,-F. SO:Documents-de-Travail-ICRA (Netherlands).1993, 110 p., 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cropping-systems; cash-crops; ; constraints-; farm-surveys PY:1993 GE:Gabon **:Farming systems in Woleu Ntem District of Ntem Province, northern Gabon, are based on shifting cultivation; land and labour being the factors of production. The main crops are cassava, plantain, groundnut and cucumber. Those crops, mostly grown by women, are meant to satisfy the subsistence needs of their families. Since the beginning of this century, men have grown cocoa as a cash crop. Its importance has been declining since the beginning of the 1980s and no other crop has been able to replace it despite the establishment of small-scale rubber plantations. Agriculture in the province lacks public as well as private technical assistance. Credit for farm investment and extension services is of little importance or not available. In order to obtain cash, women have to sell some of their produce at Bitam market, within the village or to traders-collectors. Bananas are the most important agricultural commodity: they are sold by order to merchants who sell them at the markets of Libreville. TI:Role of phenolic compounds in the development of soluble colouring matter during alkalinization of cocoa OT:Role des composes phenoliques dans le developpement de la matiere colorante soluble au cours de l'alcalinisation du cacao AU:Bianchi,-J.; Cros,-E.; Pontillon,-J. SO:Bulletin-de-Liaison-du-Groupe-Polyphenols (France).1992, v. 16(2) p. 92-95, table, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:phenolic-compounds; colour-; alkali-treatment; cocoa-beans; Phenols; composition; PY:1992 **:The flavan-3-ols of the cocoa bean are precursors of soluble colouring matter that develops during alkalinization. When this soluble colouring matter is fractioned on gels it produces several fractions of the same colour. However, they are not polymers of the same basic unit. The insoluble amino and polyphenol compounds of the bean also participate in forming soluble colouring matter. TI:(Population structure of Phytophthora on cocoa trees infected with black pod rot in Cameroon) OT:Structure d'une population de Phytophthora sp. des cacaoyeres camerounaises atteintes de pourriture brune AU:Nyasse,-S. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-IRCC, 1992, 65 p., figs, 45 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; pathotypes-; PY:1992 GE:Cameroon **:Studies were made of 131 strains of Phytophthora sampled on pods of cocoa trees in various parts of Cameroon. There were two major groups composed of 5 subgroups in the population. This variability can also be observed in the population's sexuality and pathogenicity (classification into groups by aggressiveness being consistent no matter which clone was used). The isoenzymatic profiles of constituent systems (PGI: phosphogluco-isomerases, and MDH2: malate-deshydrogenases locus 2) confirm this variability, showing that all of the strains studied belong to the same species, namely Phytophthora megakarya. TI:(Regional revival of small-scale coffee and cocoa growing in Cameroon. Status of agronomic research on coffee and cocoa: current development prospects) OT:Relance regionalisee de la production paysanne de cafe et de cacao au Cameroun. Bilan-diagnostic de la recherche agronomique cafe/cacao: quels acquis pour le developpement dans le contexte actuel? AU:Petithuguenin,-P. SO:1993, 46 p., 32 ref.; summary ( DE:cropping-systems; development-projects PY:1993 GE:Cameroon **:A study was carried out following a mission to Cameroon in December 1992. This mission was part of a feasibility study on the regional revival of coffee and cocoa growing. The characteristics of coffee and cocoa cropping systems, recent developments in relation to declining prices, and major questions facing research on cocoa and on Robusta and Arabica coffee growing are reviewed. Advances made in major areas of agricultural research are assessed in relation to expectations. In certain cases, these advances can provide more profitable systems that are compatible with the farming conditions and constraints. The assessment also reveals short and medium term research needs. TI:Evaluation of the aromatic quality of coffee and cocoa OT:Evaluation de la qualite aromatique du cafe et de la masse de cacao AU:Hashim,-L. SO:1990, 181 p., bibliography (127 ref.); summary ( DE:Flavour-; beans; roasting-; chemical-composition; quality-; Pyrazine; Precursors; PY:1990 **:The aromas of cocoa and coffee develop primarily during roasting. Changes in certain methylpyrazines in these products was studied during roasting by combining a steam/microdistillation unit with gas chromatography assay using a thermionic detector. Methylpyrazine assays in cocoa beans, undertaken in Ivory Coast, show the pre-existence of the mono-, 2,3 di-, 2,5 di-, 2,6 di-, tri et tetramethylpyrazine in unroasted cocoa. During roasting, there is a slow but steady increase in methylpyrazines, except for tetramethylpyrazine. It reaches a maximum with roasting. Monomethylpyrazine is the most important component in coffee. The pyrazine composition of the two products, particularly the values of certain ratios, can provide information on the aromatic quality of cocoa and coffee. TI:(Appropriation and management of forest resources in the Ivory Coast) OT:Appropriation et gestion de la rente forestiere en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Leonard,-E.; Ibo,-J.G. SO:Politique-Africaine (France).1994, no. 53, p. 25-36, summaries (En, DE:forestry-policies; resource-conservation; resource-depletion PY:1994 GE:Ivory-Coast; West-Africa; Africa; **:The economy of Ivory Coast relies on forest products, including wood, coffee and cocoa. Forest capital is the source of the "economic miracle" and of the stability of the political system. It is threatened by the depletion of forest resources, the agricultural colonization of pioneer frontiers, political strategies, and the quest for immediate profit. The State and peasants must undertake a concerted policy of forest rehabilitation if forest capital is to be regenerated. TI:The virobacterial agglutination test as a rapid means of detecting cocoa swollen shoot virus. AU:Hughes,-J.-d'A; Ollennu,-L.A.A.; SO:Annals-of-Applied-Biology. 1993, 122: 2, 299-310; 13 ref. DE:Diseases; detection-; techniques-; plant-pathology; plant-viruses; cacao-swollen-shoot-badnavirus; badnavirus-group; viruses; PY:1993 **:The virobacterial agglutination (VBA) test was developed to detect cocoa swollen shoot virus [cacao swollen shoot badnavirus] (CSSV). The VBA test successfully detected CSSV in infected sap diluted to 1/2560. Antisera to a range of mild and severe CSSV isolates were tested, and the results suggest a close relationship between 7 isolates (1A, Bosomtwi, Bosomuso, Nkrankwanta, Nsaba, Seidi-Nkawie and SS365B) while the mild isolate N1 appears to be less closely related. The VBA test was compared with both direct and indirect ELISA in the field. Only VBA detected all the cocoa trees which were known to be infected and additionally identified infection in many symptomless trees. TI:Mild strain protection of cocoa in Ghana against cocoa swollen shoot virus - a review. AU:Hughes,-J-d'A; Ollennu,-L.A.A.; SO:Plant-Pathology. 1994, 43: 3, 442-457; 86 ref. DE:plant-pathogens; plant-viruses; plant-diseases; cacao-swollen-shoot-badnavirus; reviews-; induced-resistance; viruses-; Badnavirus- PY:1994 GE:Ghana-; **:In this review, mild strain protection of cocoa against isolates and strains of cocoa [cacao] swollen shoot badnavirus in Ghana is considered under the headings: introduction; viruses of Theobroma cacao; mild strain protection; variations within the CSSV group; virus complexes; experimental transmission of mild and severe strains and isolates; cross-protection observations and experiments; distribution of CSSV strains and isolates within trees; effect of mild strain protection on growth and yield; and appropriateness of mild strain protection in the control of CSSV. It is concluded that the appropriate combinations of mild strains and new hybrids for distribution to the farmers needs to be determined to ensure a high yield of good quality cocoa as well as adequate protection against infection by isolates of CSSV. Methods for inoculating the mild strains to cocoa beans, seedling or trees or a technique for multiplying mild strain-infected planting material vegetatively need to be developed. This could enable mild strain protection to be developed as a part of an integrated control programme to protect the Ghanaian cocoa industry against CSSV. TI:Levels of nutrients in healthy tissues of cocoa and those infected by Crinipellis perniciosa. OT:Teores de nutrientes em tecidos de cacaueiro sadios e infectados por Crinipellis perniciosa. AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Pereira,-G.C.; SO:Fitopatologia Brasileira. 19(2):245-247. DE:Fungal-diseases; nutrients; Crinipellis-perniciosa; biochemistry- PY:1994 **:Ca, Mg, P, Zn and Mn levels were higher in healthy cocoa tissues compared with those infected by C. perniciosa. There were no significant differences in N, S, Cu and Fe levels between healthy and diseased tissues. Higher levels of Ca, Mg, N, Zn, Cu and Mn were detected in dry brooms and of P, K, S and Fe in green brooms. The total sugar levels were significantly lower in dry brooms. TI:The effect of ornithine decarboxylase inhibition on growth, enzyme activities, and polyamine concentrations in Crinipellis perniciosa. AU:Zarb,-J; Walters,-D.R.; SO:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 47(1):44-50. DE:Crinipellis-perniciosa; Polyamine; Biosynthesis-inhibitors; activity; ornithine-decarboxylase; Putrescine; Spermidine PY:1993 **:Growth, polyamine concentration and the activities of enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis and breakdown were examined in the cocoa pathogen grown in the presence of irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase: difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), monofluoromethyl-dehydro-ornithine methyl ester (MFMOCH3) and 6-heptyne 2,5 diamine (RRMAP) and in the presence of difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), an irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase. All treatments reduced mycelial growth and depressed ornithine decarboxylase activity, but these events were not always directly linked to polyamine depletion. Putrescine concentration was markedly increased by DFMO but was not affected by DFMA and was decreased by both RRMAP and MFMOCH3. All treatments, apart from MFMOCH3, increased spermidine. No spermine was detectable in DFMO- and MFMOCH3-treated mycelia. All treatments, apart from DFMA, increased S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity. The activities of di- and polyamine oxidase were increased by DFMO but not significantly affected by other treatments. It is suggested that the growth reduction induced by DFMO, DFMA and RRMAP may be due, in part, to spermidine accumulation. In this scheme, the action of polyamine oxidase on spermidine would generate hydrogen peroxide and free radicals, both of which would induce membrane damage. TI:Preliminary information on food marketing networks in eastern Cameroon OT:Premieres informations sur les reseaux commerciaux des vivres dans la region de l'Est-Cameroun: protocole d'enquete pour l'approfondissement de la connaissance de ces reseaux. Protocole de reunions avec les commer AU:Leplaideur,-A.; Manga,-A.; Sieffert,-A.; SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-CA, 1992, 62 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:Marketing-channels; food-supply; domestic-markets; surveys- PY:1992 GE:Cameroon **:Since 1989, eastern Cameroon has undergone a decline in economic activity. Outside of the logging industry, cash crops are based primarily on coffee and cocoa, and to a lesser extent on tobacco. These crops are suffering from low international market rates. Since 1989, small farmers have not received all of the cash anticipated for their delivery of these products. The crisis is also affecting urban areas, which are subject to austerity programmes. Within this context, a new project (API) is trying to define new lines of action for the forestry and agricultural sectors. The survey of food marketing networks in eastern Cameroon began in May 1992. The current mission was assigned the task of producing a systematic approach and preparing the programme of negotiations that could lead to a charter of joint actions involving merchants and the API Project at the end of 1992. TI:Evaluation of antisporulants for the control of Crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa AU:Laker,-H.A.; SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(1) p. 7-15; Jan, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; fungicides-; chemical-control; Tebuconazole; cyproconazole PY:1992 GE:Brazil, Rondonia **:The effectiveness of 12 systemic and 6 protectant fungicides to prevent sporulation of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa, was assessed in Rondonia, Brazil. The fungicides were applied to green brooms still attached to the trees and to dry detached brooms. These were subsequently kept in an environment conducive to sporulation. Production of basidiocarps on these brooms were monitored weekly for a total of 20 to 36 weeks. Tebuconazole and cyproconazole emerged as the most efficient antisporulants. Their effects were characterized by a delay in the initiation of fructification, a reduction in the percentage of active brooms and a decrease in the number of basidiocarps produced per broom. Inoculum from basidiocarps formed on brooms sprayed with the chemicals were infective to cocoa seedlings. Antisporulants could be used to reduce the inoculum intensity and consequently pod losses in regions with high witches' broom disease pressure. Author's summary. TI:Growth and establishment of Cordia alliodora as affected by various planting methods in agroforestry systems in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica OT:Aufwuchsentwicklung von Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken in Abhangigkeit verschiedener Pflanzmethoden in agroforstlichen Systemen in der Atlantikzone von Costa Rica AU:Schlonvoigt,-M.; SO:Gottinger Beitrage zur Land -und Forstwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen, no. 80, 201 p. DE:Shade-trees; planting-; propagation-materials; agroforestry- PY:1993 GE:Costa-Rica **:On-farm trials were conducted in Costa Rica, to determine the effects of various planting methods on the growth and establishment of Cordia alliodora, as a shade tree in agroforestry systems with cocoa and pasture. The influence of planting date, soil and shade were determined. The influence of planting methods on the development of the root system was also studied. The mortality of the plants after 3 months was lowest for seedlings raised in containers, and highest for seedlings transplanted with uncovered, pruned roots, and for direct-seeded plants from uncovered seed. Growth at the end of the trials, after 6, 12 or 18 months, was also best for the container-grown plants. Container-grown plants performed best independently of the planting season, but in certain seasons good results were also obtained with various forms of bare-root planting, which may have practical advantages under certain circumstances. A brief review of literature on C. alliodora is included. TI:Economically important Chalcididae of oil palm in tropical America OT:Les Chalcididae d'importance economique dans les palmeraies d'Amerique tropicale (Hymenoptera) AU:Delvare,-G.; SO:Bulletin-de-la-Societe-Entomologique-de-France (France).1992, v. 97(4) p. 349-372, figs, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:parasites-; Chalcididae-; identification-; pest-insects; PY:1992 GE:Tropical America **:A key for the identification of the parasites or hyperparasites of pests of oil palm (such as Haltichella spp. and Brachymeria spp.) in tropical America is provided. A number of new species are described, including Conura acragae, Conura desmieri, Conura elaeisis, Conura hispinephaga, Conura magdalensis, Conura martinezi, Conura napo, and Conura phobetronae. TI:Cocoa in French Guiana OT:Le cacaoyer en Guyane francaise AU:Bereau,-M.; Lachenaud,-P.; Planquette,-P.; SO:Cahiers-d'Outre-Mer (France).1992, v. 45(179-180) p. 349-356, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cultivation-; processing-; chocolate-; traditional-technology; Management; PY:1992 GE:French-Guiana **:After a brief review of the conditions and circumstances involved in setting up cocoa plantations in French Guiana, an illustrated commentary on non-industrial chocolate manufacture is provided. The product is called "homemade chocolate" or "baton cacao". TI:History of cocoa riches OT:Le cacao, richesse des pays pauvres AU:Huetz-de-Lemps,-A.; SO:Cahiers-d'Outre-Mer (France).1992, v. 45(179-180) p. 357-372, figs; summaries (En, DE:Plant-introduction; history; chocolate; Aztecs PY:1992 **:The cocoa tree played an essential role in Aztec civilization. Its grains were used as money and, when ground into powder, as a ceremonial drink, chocolate. In the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors in Mexico sweetened naturally bitter chocolate by adding sugar, and the resulting product became fashionable in Spain and France. Venezuela was then the leading supplier of cocoa, as a result of new plantations. The major boom in cocoa dates from the 19th century, when the solid form of chocolate became a common consumer item. Manufacturing was refined, particularly in Holland, Switzerland and France. To satisfy growing demand, plantations were developed in Africa. At the present time, Ghana, the Ivory Coast and Nigeria are the leading producers. In South America, Brazil and Ecuador have also developed large plantations. TI:The problems of controlling cocoa swollen shoot disease in Ghana AU:Legg,-J.T.; Owusu,-G.K.; Ollennu,-L.A.A.; Lovi,-N.K.; SO:In: 6. International Cocoa Research Conference: proceedings, Caracas, Venezuela, 6-12 Nov 1977.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. DE:virus-diseases; swollen-shoot; PY:1981 GE:Africa; Ghana **:The most pertinent aspects of the 5 most important cacao diseases, black pod (Phytophthora palmivora), witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa), monila pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri), ceratocystis (Ceratocystis fimbriata) and swollen shoot are discussed. Research methodologies for resistance screening are summarized and the most important cacao cultivars mentioned in the literature listed. TI:Ureum and cherelle wilt of young cacao fruits OT:La urea en el marchitamiento de las frutas jovenes de cacao AU:Jaramillo,-R.A.; SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:63-76 DE:Growth-regulators; Foliar-fertilizers; Ureum PY:1953 GE:Colombia **:A decrease in cherelle wilt has been reported while spraying with 50 - 100 ppm naphyphtylacetic acid (NAA). TI:Annual report on cacao research 1970. AU:ICTA SO:Regional research centre, ICTA, University of W.I. DE:plant breeding; plant physiology; agronomy; biochemistry; new trials; shade trees; witches' broom inoculations; fermentation; fatty acids; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1970 TI:Annual report on cacao research 1966. AU:ICTA SO:Regional research centre, ICTA, University of W.I. DE:plant-breeding; physiology; agronomy; biochemistry; germplasm, genetics; witches-broom; black-pod; leucocyanidins; fermentation. Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1966 TI:The effect of mulching on the status of major nutrients and the growth of cacao seedlings. AU:Wasowicz,-T; SO:Tropical Agriculture, 29:163-169 DE:Mulch; Litter; PY:1952 GE:Trinidad; TI:Temperature relations in cacao fruit AU:Schroeder,-C.A.; SO:Cacao 8(4):8-10. DE:Pods; Temperature; PY:1963 GE:USA **:Measurements of temperatures inside the pericarp of nearly mature cocoa :fruits, made in Costa Rica, demonstrate that tissues of pods exposed to the sun undergo a daily fluctuation in temperature greater than that of the air. Fruits on the north side of the trees or inside the leaf canopy attain lower temperatures than those on the south side. Dark red fruits develop higher daytime temperatures than do light green fruits. A temperature gradient within the fruit could be demonstrated, according to which surface temperatures are higher during the day and comparatively lower at night. TI:(Evaluation of the reaction to moniliasis in cacao clones and hybrids at Rio Frio, Costa Rica) OT:Evaluacion de la reaccion a moniliasis en clones e hibridos de cacao en Rio Frio, Costa Rica AU:Gonzalez,-L.C.; Vega,-E.V. SO:Agronomia-Costarricense (Costa Rica).1992, v. 16(1) p. 13-22; Jan, fig, 10 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-resistance; hybrids-; PY:1992 GE:Costa-Rica **:Data are presented on the susceptibility to Moniliophthora roreri under high inoculum pressure, as well as data on yield, from the sixth year of evaluation of 10 cocoa clones and 26 of their hybrids, planted in the very humid tropics of Costa Rica. The 36 clones and hybrids ranged from 2 to 40% in incidence of moniliasis and from 8 to 114 fruits/tree/year. Out of 11 commercial cultivars planted as borders, to provide a reference and inoculum source, IMC 67 and SPA 9 showed resistance and productivity comparable to the best hybrids, whereas Pound 7, UF 29 and EET 400, although very productive, proved highly susceptible to moniliasis. During the following year (1990-91), a follow-up was focused on 17 individual, promising hybrid trees, from which 8 were selected, on the basis of their resistance and productivity, for vegetative propagation. Authors' summary. TI:Notes on the fertility of cacao soils (a) Diminishing fertility of successive soil layers. (b) Effect of drying on soil fertility AU:Wasowicz,-T; SO:Trop. Agric., 29:156-162 PY:1952 GE:Trinidad TI:Pathogenicity and characteristics of the isolate of Crinipellis perniciosa from Urucuca, Bahia Brazil. AU:Bastos-C.N.; SO:Fitopatologia brasileira, 15(4): 344-346 DE:Witches-broom-disease; Biochemical-tests; Diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1990 GE:Brazil; Urucuca; Bahia; **:Witches' broom disease of cocoa, caused by the basidiomycete Crinipellis perniciosa, was recently reported in South Bahia, the principal cocoa growing region of Brazil. Pathogenicity tests conduced on differential hosts proved the pathogenic activity of the parthogen only to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Biochemical tests and compatibility studies with mycelial cultures were used to compare the isolate from Urucuca-Bahia to isolates from the Amazon region. It was observed that the isolate from Urucuca was identical to those belonging to the group from Ouro Preto an Jaru, Amazon region. TI:(Postharvest pod-storage influence on bean fermentation and kernel acidity of cocoa) OT:Influencia do periodo de pos-colheita do fruto no tempo de fermentacao e acidez do cacau AU:Dias,-J.C.; Avila,-M.-da-G.M. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1990, v. 2(3) p. 145-150; Sep, figs, table, 21 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Cocoa-beans; Fermentation-; Chemical-composition; Pod-storage; PY:1990 GE:Brazil, Para **:As cocoa pods are not usually opened on the day they are harvested, the possible effects of this delay on the required length of bean fermentation and on the resulting kernel acidity were investigated in Para, Brazil. Seeds were extracted from pods that had been stored for periods of 1 to 5 days and fermented for 7 days. Samples were taken daily during fermentation to determine the total sugars, acidity and pigments. In this period, the total sugar content of the pulp dropped steadily and ranged between 79.4% and 87.81% of the initial content. The values of the pigment index for all treatments indicated an acceptable level of fermentation from the sixth day onwards. In the last 3 days of fermentation the titratable acidity ranged from 14.16 to 16.47 meq NaOH per 100 g kernels, but no significant differences between the storage periods were found. Authors' summary. TI:Performance of the "Burareiro" 3 x 3 m dryer for cocoa OT:Desempenho do secador "Burareiro" 3 x 3 m na secagem do cacau AU:Cunha,-J. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1990, v. 2(3) p. 157-164; Sep, figs, table, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Dryers; Equipment; Appropriate-technology PY:1990 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:A technical description is provided of a dryer for cocoa beans, developed in Bahia, Brazil. Based on the Burareiro 2 x 2 m artificial cocoa dryer with an iron furnace, suitable for small farmers, the Burareiro 3 x 3 m was developed for medium size farms (16.3% of the farms in the region). The average temperature of the drying air immediately below the drying platform was 62degC, and due to the ease of mixing, carrried out every 2 h, the drying process was very uniform, with an average variation of 1.94% w.b. (wet basis). Because of the reduction in the construction cost per m2 (18.7%), the new dryer is affordable for medium and small farms. Its performance and capacity is suitable for 67.9% of the medium size farms, all small farms and burareiros (cocoa farmers producing less than 6000 kg per year) in a phase of increasing production. From author's summary. TI:Potential for potash production from cocoa-pod husk in Nigeria AU:Oduwole,-O.O.; Arueya,-G.L. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1990, v. 2(3) p. 171-175; Sep, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cocoa-husks; waste-utilization; crop-residues; salts- PY:1990 GE:Nigeria **:The potential for potash production from burnt cocoa-pod husk (CPH) was examined in Nigeria. Dried CPH was burnt in an incinerator, and the crude ash was transferred to a gas kiln and kept for 40-60 min at 700-710degC to ensure complete ashing. The ash was mixed with water and boiled for 20 min. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was dried. The economic feasibility of a small scale processing unit (14 kg of potash/day) is also examined. The profitability of the small scale production unit at different prices, costs and operating capacities shows that the method has economic potential. From authors' summary. TI:Fungicide application as a potential method against witches' broom of cocoa OT:Uso de agroquimicos como posible medida de control de la "escoba de Bruja" (Crinipellis perniciosa) del cacao AU:Mayorga-P,-M.; Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:Revista-ICA-Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario (Colombia).1990, v. 25(1) p. 61-67; Jan, 15 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; chemical-control; PY:1990 GE:Colombia **:An experiment was carried out in Colombia to find an alternative for the control of Crinipellis perniciosa in cocoa. The systemic fungicides pyracarbolid, oxicarboxin, triadimefon and a mineral oil were evaluated under field conditions, in 1981-82. Three types of brooms were sprayed twice during the highest peak of sporulation. A high inhibition of sporulation was observed with mineral oil alone or mixed with fungicides. Good sporulation inhibition was also observed when oxicarboxin was applied in water. Sporulation of brooms on trees was lower in those sprayed with oil or fungicides in oil. Green and dry brooms detached from trees and hung up under the canopy, produced significantly fewer basidiocarps than the control. An integrated programme of control should be used, taking into consideration the efficiency of the fungicide, the spray cover and the disease cycle. From authors' summary. TI:The performance of the "Tubular" dryer, with forced airflow, for cocoa drying OT:Desempenho do secador "Tubular", com ventilacao forcada, na secagem do cacau AU:Cunho,-J. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1991, v. 3(1) p. 39-43; Jan, figs, table, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Dryers; Equipment; PY:1991 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The "Tubular" dryer, traditionally used for artificial cocoa drying in the southern region of Bahia, Brazil, has natural convection as its working principle. The dryer has a low efficiency and a high cost of construction. A fan-driven airflow system was added to the dryer. The advantages include: (1) a large increase in drying capacity; (2) a much better drying uniformity of the product; (3) an increase in the lifetime of the furnace and heat exchanger parts; (4) a large increase in overall drying efficiency; (5) a reduction in fuelwood consumption; (6) a better balance between the drying capacity and the initial investment. The fan is made by metal workshops in the region, and its costs are only 5.7% of the total costs of the dryer. From author's summary. TI:Processing tropical crops: a technological approach OT:La transformation des produits agricoles en zone tropicale: approche technologique AU:Asiedu,-J.J. SO:Economie-et-Developpement (France).Paris (France), Karthala, 1991, 335 p., figs, ref.; summary ( DE:food-technology; equipment-; processing-; traditional-technology; industrial-crops PY:1991 **:This manual covers all aspects of the processing of cassava, cocoa, coconuts, coffee, groundnuts, maize, palm oil, sorghum, millet, soybeans and yams. Each product is examined in light of traditional processing methods. The technology and equipment used are discussed and the physical and chemical properties of the various products are considered. Modern processing methods are also reviewed. TI:Cocoa planting systems on a clayey yellow Latosol of the Brazilian Amazon basin OT:Sistemas de implantacao do cacaueiro em latossol muito argiloso da Amazonia Brasileira AU:Morais,-F.I.-de-O.; Anizio,-G.L.C. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1991, v. 3(1) p. 23-28; Jan, fig, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:shading-; intercropping-; agroforestry-; forest-soils PY:1991 GE:Brazil, Amazonas **:In Amazonas, Brazil, alternative cocoa planting systems were evaluated on clayey (>60% clay) yellow latosols of the Amazon basin, to solve problems related to temporary shading with banana. Cocoa cv. IMC 67 x BE 10 was established in a thinned forest (secondary regrowth) under shade of Gliricidia sp. and intercropped with food crops, legumes and forest trees, after slash and burn of the natural vegetation. Intercropping with Gliricidia, alone or mixed with papaya and forest regrowth, was found to be the best cocoa planting system on the basis of the death rate of the plants, and growth and productivity of cocoa. The performance of the system with banana plus Inga edulis was intermediate, and could be an option for shade in new plantings, provided moko-tolerant varieties of banana are used. Thinned forest, pigeon pea plus gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and cassava plus Inga edulis were not adequate due to a lesser precocity and lower productivity in a market where production efficiency is of prime importance. Information is also provided on the changes in the chemical soil properties as a result of the different intercropping treatments. From authors' summary. TI:The impact of tree ants on a population outbreak of Achaea catocaloides (Lepidoptera, Nocutidae) in cocoa plantations of Cameroon, and a study of their associated Homoptera OT:Impact des fourmis arboricoles sur une pullulation d'Achaea catocaloides (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) dans des plantations de cacaoyers du Cameroun, et etude de leurs homopteres associes AU:Dejean,-A.; Nkongmeneck,-B.; Corbara,-B.; Djieto-Lordon,-C. SO:Acta-Oecologica (France).1991, v. 12(4) p. 471-488, 60 ref.; summaries (En, DE:IPM-; Achaea-catocaloides; natural-enemies; Formicidae; Biological-control; Ants; Tetramorium-aculeatum; Oecophylla-longinoda; Crematogaster-depressa; Chromoleana-odorata; Defoliator; Predation; Biological-control; Aphis-citricola; PY:1991 GE:Cameroon **:A study was carried out in cocoa plantations in Cameroon, during the period of maximum proliferation of Achaea catocaloides caterpillars, in 2 neighbouring cocoa plantations with similar sun exposure but different ant populations. In plantation A, Tetramorium aculeatum was abundant and the crop was hardly attacked. Plantation B, in which the ant population was low, was heavily defoliated. The study of the impact on the cocoa trees of the three dominant ant species, T. aculeatum, Oecophylla longinoda and Crematogaster depressa, showed a beneficial effect of all 3 insects. The effects of Tetramorium and Oecophylla are very similar. The protective role of Crematogaster is less pronounced. TI:New behaviour of Akye growers in a suburban rural environment. Elements for a demographic-economical approach OT:Nouveaux comportements des planteurs Akye en milieu rural periurbain. Elements d'une approche demo-economique AU:Faussey-Domalain,-C.; Vimard,-P. SO:In: 10. Seminaire d'economie et de sociologie.Montpellier (France), CIRAD-MES, 1990, p. 689-700, fig, 9 ref.; summary ( DE:farmers-; production-structure; socioeconomic-development; suburban-areas PY:1990 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Cash crops in the Ivory Coast, such as coffee, cocoa and palm oil, are controlled by international factors (competition and falling prices). An analysis is provided of a production system oriented towards perennial crops (coffee and cocoa), in which food crops are intended for personal consumption. Two villages were studied (Memni and Montezo), which are part of the former pioneer zone of the smallholdings economy (southeastern Ivory Coast) that was confronted with the national agricultural crisis as soon as it occurred. Located on the outskirts of an urban environment (50 km from Abidjan), these smallholdings are characterized by a declining economy and high natural population growth that is modifying the economic and social landscape. The agricultural system is characterized by stagnation, land saturation, low level technology use, family labour and temporary farm workers. Demographic and sociologic variables prevent the system from developing in the direction of intensified farming. New individual and family mechanisms are evolving, based on increasing integration into the city (schooling for children) and closer city-country relations (rapid circulation of men, products and income). TI:(The evolution of farming systems in the SODECAO zone in Cameroon, and producer responses to the cocoa crisis) OT:Evolution des systemes de production agricoles en zone SODECAO et principales reactions des producteurs camerounais a la crise cacaoyere AU:Losch,-B. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-DSA, 1990, 71 p., ref.; summary ( DE:farming-systems; production-economics; marketing-; constraints- PY:1990 GE:Cameroon **:Cameroon, like other cocoa-producing countries, has been hard hit by the crisis on the international market. Within this context, it must embark upon the delicate phase of replanting and rejuvenating its orchards. The low prices on the international markets necessitate a reorganization of the cocoa marketing channels. The ONCBP (Office de Commercialisation) and the SODECAO (Societe de Developpement du Cacao) are being reorganized. Official purchase prices have been reduced by 40%, which is a drastic cut in the cash income of the growers, and is leading to sharp cutbacks in household budgets. In the central and southern regions where SODECAO is active, there are few alternatives to cocoa growing. The creation of alternatives depends on agricultural policy measures in the areas of marketing, storage and processing of products, and on technical and financial support for livestock production or palm growing. On the other hand, the possible responses of cocoa management differ in the various areas. In Mbam available land resources are fueling a pioneering movement. In Lekie the land is saturated and orchard age leaves little room to manoeuvre. In the south, lack of labour is a major handicap in attempting to respond to the unfavourable changes in the environment. TI:(The main characteristics of the cocoa marketing channels in Cameroon) OT:Caracteristiques principales de la filiere cacaoyere camerounaise AU:Lebailly,-P. SO:In: 10. Seminaire d'economie et de sociologie.Montpellier (France), CIRAD-MES, 1990, p. 711-719, fig, 9 ref.; summary ( DE:cocoa-beans; marketing-channels; production-economics; prices- PY:1990 GE:Cameroon **:Cocoa ranks with coffee as the main export crop of Cameroon. In spite of discouraging price prospects on the world market, cocoa cannot be abandoned. It is a pillar of the agricultural economy in the forest zone, and the main source of cash income for numerous growers. The main characteristics of the commodity chain are presented. An analysis of cocoa production is provided. With the exception of a few areas, growing is nonintensive, growers are old, and black pod rot is spreading rapidly. Changes in production and prices to producers are discussed. Participants are grouped into 6 categories, viz. growers, agents, cooperatives, exporters, ONCPB and NPMB (National Produce Marketing Board), and processors. A calculation was made of commodity chain costs and domestic costs of DRC resources on the basis of a bibliographic study and information gathered on production, supervision, marketing and exports. TI:Feasibility study of the reorganization of the cooperatives in Moungo, Cameroon OT:Etude de factibilite de la restructuration des cooperatives du Moungo SO:Paris (France), BDPA SCETAGRI, 1990, 215 p., tables; summary ( DE:cooperative-activities; Management; PY:1990 GE:Cameroon **:Given the difficult situation facing the coffee and cocoa producers cooperative of Moungo, southern Cameroon, the Cameroon government has decided to carry out a thorough reorganization of this cooperative sector. The study of the socioeconomic factors governing production, the administrative and commercial environment, and the situation of the cooperative has led to the proposal of a series of recovery actions. This reorganization project should last 5 years and cost 1215 million CFA francs. The Moungo region produces 40% of the country's Robusta coffee; 15 to 20% of this production passes through 9 cooperatives; 6870 t of cocoa is produced. One union of cooperatives (UCAL) has been designated to deal with exporters and will complete this ready-for-export production chain. Growing conditions, coffee production characteristics and the situation of each of the 10 cooperatives are analysed. The overall situation is catastrophic, because of deficient installations, poor management, embezzlement and huge liabilities. This is a particularly difficult context for reorganization. Recovery action should be based on a 3-step approach, consisting of the elimination of deficits, then mergers and/or redeployment to strengthen the potential of a limited number of cooperatives, and finally, a reconditioning effort focused on cooperative education of growers, contract policies and the organization of collection and of personnel. (Diffusion restricted) TI:Observations on varieties and cultivars of cacao in Bahia, Brazil OT:Observaciones sobre las variedades y cultivares de cacao en Bahia, Brasil AU:Soria,-V.J.; SO:Cacao 8(1):1-6 DE:Germplasm; Para; Maranhao; Commun; Almeida; Catongo; PY:1963 GE:America; Brazil; Bahia **:Review of the planting material available in Brazil. These are of 3 types: Para, Maranhao and Commun. 2 albino mutants were discovered in 1937/38: Almeida and Catongo. in later years several more albino trees have been found. Probably all these trees are segregates resulting from one mutation. Segregation from a cross with Criollo is unlikely because albinism affects various parts of the trees, not just the seeds. The alleged resistance of Catongo to Phvtophthora should be further investigated. Selection work has been performed by the Urucuca and Jucari experiment stations; the main criteria were high yield and a low incidence of pod rot. TI:The virobacterial agglutination test as a rapid means of detecting cocoa swollen shoot virus AU:Hughes-J-d'A.; Ollennu-L.A.A.; SO:Annals-of-Applied-Biology, 122(2):299-310. DE:Diseases; CSSV; Virobacterial-Agglutination; ELISA; Detection; Plant-viruses; Mild-strain-virus; PY:1993 GE:Africa; Ghana **:The virobacterial agglutination (VBA) test was developed as a means of detection of cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV). Identification of CSSV-infected Theobroma cacao in the field has only been possible by visual examination of symptoms, by virus transmission using mealybugs and by grafting to induce symptom expression in Amelonado cocoa seedlings. Detection of latent infection has not been possible even using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The VBA test successfully detected CSSV in infected sap diluted to 1/2560. Antisera to a range of mild and severe CSSV isolates were tested, and the results suggest a close relationship between seven isolates (1A, Bosomtwi, Bosomuoso, Nkrankwanta, Nsaba, Seidi-Nkawie and SS365B) while the mild isolate N1 appears to be less closely related. The VBA test was compared with both direct and indirect ELISA in the field. Only VBA detected all the cocoa trees which were known to be infected and additionally identified infection in many symptomless trees. TI:Symptoms of mineral deficiency in cacao AU:Greenwood,-M.; Djokoto,-R.K.; SO:J. Hort. Sci., 27:223-236 DE:Disorders; Nutrients; PY:1952 TI:Iron and Zinc deficiencies in cacao in the Gold Coast AU:Greenwood,-M.; Hayfron,-R.J.; SO:Emp. J. Exp. Agr. 19:73-86 DE:Mineral-deficiency; Zinc; Iron; Disorders; PY:1951 GE:Africa; Ghana TI:Some problems in the physiology of cacao AU:Evans,-H.; SO:Agr. Soc. Trinidad Tob. Proc. 51:277-292. DE:Fertilization; Nutrient-disorders; PY:1951 GE:West-Indies; Trinidad; TI:Mineral nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) OT:L'alimentation minÈrale du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Homes,-M.V.; with contributions from Molle,-A; Ringoet,-A.; Schoor,-G.-van; SO:INEAC, SÈr. Scientific. No.58, 128p. PY:1953 GE:Africa; Zaire TI:Study of the regional and seasonal development of the populations of miridae (Capsidae) in the Ivory Coast OT:Etude de l'Èvelation rÈgionale et saisonniËre des populations de mirides (capsides) en CÙte d'Ivoire. AU:Lavabre,-E.M.; Decelle,-J.; Debord,-P.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 7(3):267-289. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Sahlbergella-singularis; Distantiella-theobromae; Bryocoropsis-laticollis; Survey; Geography; Season; Die-back; Stag-headed; Control; Insecticides; C-HCH; Lindane; PY:1963 GE:Africa; Ivory-coast; TI:Soil and manuring in cocoa cultivation OT:Bodem en bemesting in de cacao-cultuur AU:Ebes,-K.; Vink,-A.P.A.; SO:Archief voor de koffiecultuur in Nederlansch-IndiÎ, 17:(1):53-99 DE:Fertilizers; Field-experimentation; Soil-types; Soil-management; PY:1950 GE:Indonesia; Java; Sumatra **:With annex by A.P.A. Vink, De voornaamste literatuur over bodem en bemesting van de cacao tot 1950 (The most important literature on soils and fertilization of cocoa until 1950) TI:Cocoa storage and shipment AU:Mould,-H.A.; SO:1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome, 7-11 Sept. 1964. Paper CA 64/10 DE:Storage; Transport; Fumigation PY:1964 GE:Africa; Ghana **:Increase cocoa production in Ghana has aggravated problems of insect infestation. Initial infestation should be kept low by avoiding contact with foodstuffs and by keeping warehouses clean. The moth Cadra cautella can be controlled by nightly fogging with 0.5% pyrethrins in oil; the spray is effective for 1 day only and piperonyl butoxide has no synergistic effect against this insect. Weevils and beetles are controlled by fumigation with methyl bromide under gas tight sheets; leaving the cocoa covered with the sheets protects it against mould, but mould development should be prevented in the first place by constructing and managing warehouses so as to keep the humidity of the air as low as possible. Ship inspection was started in 1962; misting of holds with 0,2% malathion is effective against most insects found in them, but fumigation with methyl bromide is necessary when Trogoderma is present. TI:A new type of fermenting box for cacao AU:Maravalhas,-N.; SO:1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome, 7-11 Sept. 1964. Paper CA 64/27 DE:Fermentation; Fermentation-box; Fermentary PY:1964 GE:America; Brazil; Bahia **: :Trials with a new type of swaet box were conducted at Itabuna (Bahia, Brazil). The box measured 1.2x1x1 m and is divided into 4 compartments by removable vertical positions 25 cm apart, consisting of double wall lath works. Two lateral walls are provided with rows of holes 8 cm apart, coinciding with the position of the partitions and giving access of air to the gaps in the middle of the partitions; a perforated lath sliding over the holes regulates the passage of air. One of the walls facing the partitions can be removed for unloading. Improved aeration, which can be regulated according to the stage of the fermentation process, renders turning of the cocoa unnecessary and allows the process to be completed in 3-41 days. A series of trials resulted in an average of 50% fully fermented and 43% partially fermented beans TI:A new fermentary for small quantities of cocoa OT:Caugacua - Un nuovo fermentador para pequenas cantidades de cacao AU:Reyes,-E.H.; SO:1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome, 7-11 Sept. 1964. Paper CA 64/25, 5p. DE:Fermentation; Fermentary PY:1964 GE:America; Venezuela **:Successful trials with a new type of cocoa fermentary were conducted at Caucagua in Venezuela. The fermentary consisted of a basket holding 32 kg of wet cocoa, made from a tall reed (Gynerium sagillatum) and strengthened with a rim of lianas (Bauhinia sp,) It was exposed to the sun and covered with a polyethylene sheet; the cocoa was turned every 24 hours. A charge of Trinitario cocoa reached a temperature of over SO'C in the upper layer on the 2nd day and at the bottom on the 5th day; fermentation was completed in 5 days, and after drying 86% of the beans were found to be well fermented. TI:Soils of the Ouro Preto Project OT:Solos do projeto Ouro Preto AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Filho,-R.C.; Santana,-M.B.M. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1973, no. 23, 31 p., 13 refs; summaries (En, , 2 maps DE:Land-Evaluation; Soil-Survey; PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Rondonia **:Results are described of a soil survey of the 600-km2 Ouro Preto settlement project along the highway to Porto Velho. The soils should be used for perennial tree crops and pastures. Special attention is paid to their suitability for cacao growing. TI:The influence of soil components on the nutrient conditions of the Adio series and of the Agodi soil of the Egbeda series in Nigeria AU:Unamba-Oparah,-I. SO:Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin, 12(2):159-171. DE:Soil-Fertility; PY:1974 GE:Nigeria **:Analysis of an entisol and ultisol showed a correlation between the properties of these soils and the occurrence of Phytophthora palmivora on cacao plants. The disease was particularly prevalent on soil with insufficient exchangeable and reserve potassium and with a high sodium content. TI:Aspects of general and economic geology in the polygon area of the cacao region Itabuna-Bahia OT:Aspectos da geologia geral e economica da area do poligono AU:Siqueira-Filho,-J.-de SO:Boletim-de-Recursos-Naturais-da-SUDENE (Brazil).1974, v. 12(1) p. 37-76; Jan, 21 refs; summary ( , maps DE:Geography-; Natural-Resources PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The study discusses geographical aspects, geology at great length, and mineral resources and their utilization. The area is of economic importance from a mining point of view. TI:(A study of fluctuations in the pollination of cacao by the midges Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Palmira, Valle, Colombia). OT:Estudio de fluctuaciones de polinizacion del cacao por las mosquitas Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), en Palmira, Valle, Colombia AU:Cruz-L,-J.-de-la; Soria-V,-S. SO:Acta-Agronomica (Colombia).1973, v. 23(3-4) p. 1-17, 26 refs; DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development; Animal-Biology PY:1973 GE:Colombia **:In a study in Colombia, the number of Forcipomyia midges was found to be 1 midge to 1,038 cacao flowers. A midge pollinated 0 to 4 flowers per tree per day. Pollination fluctuated throughout the year in direct dependence on flowering and rainfall. TI:(S. Tome and Principe islands - agricultural aspects). OT:S. Tome e Priincipe - sob o ponto de vista agricola AU:Rodrigues,-F.M.-de-C. SO:Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, Junta de Investigacoes Cientificas do Ultramar.Lisboa (Portugal), Junta de Investigacoes Cientificas do Ultramar, 1974, no. 130, 203 p.; no. 130A, 4 maps;, figs, photos, 72 refs; summaries (En, maps DE:Agricultural-Sector-Analysis; Regional-Development; General-Agriculture; Geography- PY:1974 GE:Central-Africa; Principe; Sao-Tome **:The present work has its origin in the studies for the ordinance survey record of rural real estate in the S. Tome and Principe overseas islands. The 1st part of this work is an analysis and a brief description of Principe island's farming procedures. The 2nd part is an analysis and a description f S. Tome islands's farming procedures, focused on several problems related to the cyclic agricultural crisis in S. Tome island, such as cacao tree monoculture, intensification of crops, concentration of rural real estate, labour problems, and its productivity. The problem of the developing agriculture in the overseas province is presented as a commentary on the development plan data. The 3rd part is a commentary on the agricultural map of S. Tome and Principe islands, drafted from data of the parceling from the ordinance survey record. TI:Preliminary study on hybrid vigour in cacao OT:Estudio preliminar sobre vigor hibrido en cacao AU:Dominguez-R,-P.F. SO:Revista-de-la-Facultad-de-Agronomia (Venezuela).1975, v. 8(3) p. 61-75; Jul, 10 refs; DE:Girth; PY:1975 GE:Venezuela **:In Venezuela the best crosses with respect to stem diameter at 5 cm height of 12-month-old seedlings were ICS-1 x Porcelana and ICS-1 x OC-73. TI:New information on "engurrunadera" of cacao in Venezuela OT:Nueva informacion sobre la "engurrunadera" del cacao en Venezuela AU:Doreste-S,-E.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Aponte-L,-O.; Mijares,-J. SO:Revista-de-la-Facultad-de-Agronomia (Venezuela).1975, v. 8(3) p. 119-127; Jul, figs, photos, 3 refs; DE:Pests; Insects; Floracarus-theobromae; Eriophyes-reyesi PY:1975 GE:Venezuela **:Investigations showed that eriophyd insects (Floracarus theobromae and Eriophyes reyesi) can be held responsible for the growth disorder "engurrunadera" occurring in cacao trees. Symptoms consisting of shedding of leaves and dieback of the branch ends and distributions of the pest and intensity and variability of attack over the year are described and susceptible varieties are indicated. Long periods of dry weather appear to promote heavy attacks. TI:(Hybridization and selection of cacao in Bahia). OT:Producao e selecao de cacaueiros hibridos na Bahia AU:Vello,-F.; Garcia,-J.R.; Magalhaes,-W.S. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 38-56, 10 refs; summaries (En, PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Dry cocoa yields are listed of progenies derived from crosses between local cacao clones and clones of different genetic and geographical origin, as obtained in 12 field trials at different locations and using progenies from open pollinated Catongo cacao as control. Progenies from crosses between local clones and Upper Amazon or local clones yielded better and were more precocious than progenies from crosses between local clones and Trinitario cacao clones. Yields of 12 different 3-year-old clonal progenies ranged from 148 to 1,340 kg/ha as compared with 19 to 283 kg/ha for the Catongo seedlings. TI:The programme of genetic improvement of cacao in Venezuela OT:Programa de mejoramiento genetico de cacao en Venezuela AU:Perez-Zamora,-A.; Reyes-E,-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 57-68, 8 refs; DE:Programmes; Selection-criteria; Vigour; Precocity; Yields; Bean-weight; PY:1972 GE:Venezuela **:Breeding work using locally selected cacao clones and introduced clones is described. Excellent results have been obtained from crosses between Criollo (Porcelana) cacao clones and Upper Amazon clones regarding vigour, precociousness in bearing, yield, and bean weight. Criollo clones of the Chuao and Ocumare types have shown good combining ability and homozygosity. Resistance to fungal diseases (Marasmius, Ceratocystis and Fusarium spp.) is evaluated. TI:Preliminary results of regional trials in Venezuela OT:Resultados preliminares del proyecto de ensayos regionales de cacao en Venezuela AU:Molina-Maggi,-C. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 90-98, map, 9 refs; DE:Yields; Disease-resistance; PY:1972 GE:Venezuela **:Preliminary results are given of regional trials started in 1963 with progenies derived from crosses between several Criollo, Trinitario, and Upper Amazon clones. The behaviour in respect to yield, quality and resistance of progenies of the 10 best combinations with 3 or 4 years of yield is described. TI:(Classification of the main cacao soils in Bahia, Brazil). OT:Classificao taxonomica dos principais solos de cacau da Bahia, Brasil AU:Silva,-L.F.-da SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 129-134, 6 refs; summaries (En, DE:Soil-Survey; Soil-Chemistry PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The good soils for growing cacao in the Bahia region of Brazil are classified according to the 7th approximation classification system. Of the 9 identified orders within this system, only the alfisols and inceptisols are important with respect to cacao growing in the area concerned. These soils are relatively young and are characterized by their high base saturation index, average to high total cation exchange capacity, pH of 5.5-6.5 good moisture retention capacity, medium depth of 80-150 cm, loam to clay texture, and richness in primary minerals. TI:A study of the fertilizer requirements of cacao in the Ivory Coast using soil analysis OT:Etude de la fertilisation minerale des cacaoyers en Cote d'Ivoire a partir du diagnostic 'sol' AU:Jadin,-P.; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 135-152, graph, map, tables; summaries (En, DE:Soil-Fertility; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application PY:1972 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Pedological studies carried out on demonstration plots at different locations in the Ivory Coast have shown that for the choice of a fertilizer formula the balance between the elements is more important than the actual level of the elements. A linear relation was found between exchangeable bases and N for a given pH. A balance was also shown between K, Ca and Mg, which balance expressed as a percentage of total exchangeable bases had an optimum ratio of about 8% K, 68% Ca and 24% Mg. Furthermore, a balance between N and P, with an optimum ratio of 2, was found. In 4-year-old cacao, the adoption of this fertilizer formula has led to an increase of 300 to 600 kg/ha of dry cocoa in the 2nd year of application. TI:(Effect of fertilizers and spacing on the growth and yield of young cacao). OT:Influence des apports fractionnes d'engrais et de la densite de plantation sur la croissance et la production des jeunes cacaoyers AU:Capot,-J. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 190-198, tables; summaries (En, DE: Crop-Planting-and-Propagation; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application PY:1972 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:In a field trial carried out in Upper Amazon cacao planted in 1964 on a sandy soil in the Ivory Coast, the effect was studied of annually NPK fertilizing in 2 or 6 equal split applications, combined with planting at a spacing of 2.5 x 30 cm, 2.5 x 2.5 m or 2.5 x 2.0 m. Over the first 4-year cropping period, fertilizing in 2 and 6 applications resulted in total yield increases of 10 and 26%, respectively, as compared with no fertilizing. Planting at a spacing of 2.5 x 3.0 m gave a total yield of 6,122 kg/ha of dry cocoa as compared with 5,365 and 5,194 kg/ha, respectively, for the 2 closer spacings. No interactions between fertilizing and spacing was observed. TI:Response of cacao to fertilizers on the alluvial soils of Rio Quevedo, Ecuador OT:Respuetas del cacao a la fertilizacion quimica, en las condiciones del suelo aluvial del Rio Quevedo, Ecuador AU:Lainez-C,-J. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 204-209, 11 refs; DE:Fertiliser-Responses PY:1972 GE:Ecuador **:In a 10-year field trial on the effect of NPK fertilizing in cacao, only N fertilizing resulted in a considerable yield increase. Leaf contents of P and K in unfertilized cacao were found adequate. The very high leaf content of Ca can be related to the occurrence of B deficiency in the soils of the region concerned. TI:Effects of drainage on cacao production OT:Efectos del drenaje sobre la produccion del cacaotero AU:Cadima-AZ; Alvim-P-de-T; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 296-299, table, 4 refs; DE:Drainage; Yields; Water-logging; Soil-water PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Yields of cacao areas with distinctly different groundwater tables were compared during a 5-year period. A moderately drained area, showing a water table of a little above 1 m for 13 months and a markedly lower one for the other months, had an average yield of 897 kg/ha of dry cocoa. The yield of a poorly drained area, having a water table near the surface for 41 months and below the 1-m mark for 19 months, averaged only 306 kg/ha. TI:Research on varieties resistant to Phytophthora palmivora: the reaction to experimental infection of pods OT:Recherche de cultivars resistants a Phytophthora palmivora. Etude comparative des reactions aux infections experimentales effectuees sur cabosses AU:Blaha,-G. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 435-445, tables; summaries (En, DE:Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1972 GE:Cameroon **:In Cameroon, a number of locally selected and introduced clones of Trinitario cacao as well as of Upper Amazon cacao have been tested under different ecological conditions regarding their susceptibility to artificial infection with P. palmivora. TI:Trials with systemic fungicides against witches' broom caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Ecuador OT:Pruebas con fungicidas sistemicos para combatir el 'Mal de Machete' del cacao, causado por Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted, en el Ecuador AU:Espinoza,-A.; Delgado,-J.; Suarez,-C. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 511-516, 12 refs; DE:Plant-Diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1972 GE:Ecuador **:In laboratory studies, 8-month-old seedlings were infected artificially with C. fimbriata. The effect on the rate of survival of 10 seedlings was studied regarding treatment with 6 fungicides, i.e. Plantvax 75W (oxycarboxin), Vitavax 75W (carboxin), Benlate 50W (benomyl), Demosan 65W (chloroneb), Cercobin (thiophanate), and NF-35. Treatment with water solutions was carried out 2 times, either 40 and 20 days before infection or 4 and 24 days after infection, by spraying at 7.5 ml/plant or by watering into the soil at 15 ml/plant. Only watering into the soil of NF-35 (1,2 bis(3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-diureido) benzene 50%) proved to be very effective. This fungicide, applied at concentrations of 7.2, 5.4 and 3.6 g/l reduced the percentage of seedlings killed by the pathogen from 88.0 in the untreated control to 2.0, 2.7 and 13.2, respectively. TI:(Studies on the efficiency and reduction in cost of anti-mirid treatments on African plantations). OT:Considerations sur l'efficacite et la reduction des couts des traitements antimirides dans les plantations africaines AU:Lavabre,-E.M. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 521-531, tables; summaries (En, DE: Crop-Protection; Plant-Pests PY:1972 GE:West Africa **:Experiments conducted in the Cameroon and the Ivory Coast to reduce the high costs of spraying cacao against attack by mirids, mainly Sahlbergella singularis, are discussed. In the Ivory Coast, very promising results have been obtained with ultra-low-volume (U.L.V.) spraying, using rates as low as 3 l/ha. The standard treatment is still with lindane, but endosulfan, Thiodan and Nuvacron (monocrotophos) have shown to be very effective insecticides as well (90-100% mortality in mirids exposed to the insecticide). In the Cameroon mist blowing has been practised already for many years with satisfactory results. Techniques are explained for minimizing the sanitary hazards involved in the adoption of U.L.V. spraying, and for improving its efficacy. TI:Insect pollinators of cacao in cross fertilization in the Cameroon OT:Insectes pollinisateurs du cacaoyer en fecondation croisee au Cameroun AU:Mire-B-de; Mbondji-Mbondji-P; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 566-569, table; summaries (En, DE:Pollination; Insects; PY:1972 GE:Cameroon **:A flower-loving insect species, Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) triangulifer seems to have alone been responsible for more than 43% of identified fertilizations, followed by Crematogaster and Ceratopogonids, mainly of the Stilobezzia genus. TI:Studies in the use of Rohan trays in Venezuela OT:Estudios concernientes al uso del fermentador Rohan en Venezuela AU:Vivas,-J.A.; Reyes-E,-H. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 612-619, 11 refs; DE:Fermentation; PY:1972 GE:Venezuela **:Information is given regarding the appropriate use of the fermenting trays, fermentation time according to the type of cacao grown, and the necessity of regularly turning of the beans during fermentation. TI:A new rehabilitation programme for cacao in Bahia OT:Novo programa de renovacao de cacauais na Bahia AU:Vasconcelos,-A.; Alencar,-M.H.; Ferreira,-H.I.S.; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 677-686, 3 refs; summaries (En, , map DE:Rehabilitation; PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Under a 10-year (1972-1982) programme, 150,000 ha of old cacao plantations, mainly owned by smallholders, will be replanted with high-yielding hybrids. Two-fifths of these new plantations will be established by total felling of the old cacao, and the balance by interplanting, using the old cacao trees as temporary shade which will be gradually removed. Along with the expansion of cacao growing in new areas and the application of improved cultivation techniques, the programme is expected to increase cocoa production from the pre-1970 annual level of about 160,000 tons to a volume of at least 320,000 tons by 1989/90. TI:(The IUM system for determining the use and management of sloping soils). OT:Sistema IUM para determinacion del uso y manejo de los suelos de ladera AU:Gomez-Aristizabal,-A. SO:Cenicafe (Colombia).1975, v. 26(2) p. 72-86; Apr, 30 refs; DE:Soil-Physics; Land-Conservation-and-Management PY:1975 GE:Colombia **:I(ndex of) U(se and) M(anagement) = AxSxE. A is a factor for the erosive agressivity of the rainfall, S for the inherent susceptibility of soils to erosion, and E for the degree of soil exposure, brought about by the plant cover. Values for A depend upon rainfall distribution and intensities, and have been calculated using the annual index of Fournier. A ranges from < 2 (light aggressivity) to > 5 (very high aggressivity). S is based upon soil structure, depth, permeability, stability and organic matter content, and runs from 1 (very little susceptible) to 5 (very susceptible). E takes into account the nature of the vegetation and the degree in which it requires soil disturbance. It ranges from 1 (forests) to 5 (annual, cultivated crops). The IUM for several areas and crops in Colombia has been calculated, and the measures to be taken accordingly, are listed. TI:(The application of the IUM system to determine the use and management of coffee soils in the Tolima Department). OT:Aplicacion des sistema IUM para determinar el uso y manejo de los suelos cafeteros del Departamento del Tolima AU:Fajardo-Puertas,-N.F.; Gomez-Aristizabal,-A. SO:Cenicafe (Colombia).1975, v. 26(2) p. 87-100; Apr, 4 refs; DE:Land-Conservation-and-Management; Soil-Survey; PY:1975 GE:Colombia **:The IUM (see previous abstract) was calculated, using rainfall data from 10 meteorological stations in the area, and results of analyses of soil samples from 10 agrological units. The units originating from volcanic ashes did not show any limitations for crop planting. In the other units there were limitations on the establishment of crops which gave little protection to the soil. TI:A new fig disease (Ficus carica) in Venezuela) OT:Nueva enfermedad fungosa del higo (Ficus carica L.) en Venezuela AU:Rondon-G,-A.J. SO:Agronomia-Tropical (Venezuela).1975, v. 25(5) p. 487-494; Sep, colour photos, 8 refs; DE:Diseases; PY:1975 GE:Venezuela **:A fungus of the genus Phytophthora causing rot of fruits, leaves, and shoots was isolated. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation tests. TI:Nutritional requirements and manuring of the cacao tree OT:Exigencias nutricionais e fertilizacao do cacaueiro AU:Rosand,-P.C.; Miranda,-E.R.-de; Santana,-M.B.M.; Santana,-C.J.L. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1975, no. 30, 59 p.; Oct, tables; summary ( ; bibliography (106 refs) DE:Reference-Documents PY:1975 **:This is essentially a review article, dealing with the history and economic importance of cacao, nutritional requirements in relation to climate, botanical material and soil, the evolution of research on fertilizer application, and the use of fertilizers. TI:Some physical and chemical characteristics of the pod husk of Fdn3 Amazon, Trinitario and Amelonado cocoa in Nigeria AU:Ogutuga,-D.B.A. SO:Ghana-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science (Ghana).1975, v. 8(2) p. 115-120; Aug, photos, 10 ref.; summary (En, DE:Pod-husks; PY:1975 GE:Nigeria; West-Africa; Africa; **:Studies of some physical and chemical characteristics of F3 Amazon, T9/15 and Amelonado cocoa have shown that the pod husk of each cultivar is separable into 3 portions: the 'outer' pericarp, the 'middle' pericarp and the 'inner' pericarp. Most of the crude fibre is located in the 'middle' pericarp. The 'outer' pericarp constitutes over one-half of the whole husk. It is suggested that if ways could be found to separate the outer pericarp economically, it might be useful as food for livestock. Author's summary. TI:Relation between plant vigour and resistance to the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao OT:Relacion entre vigor de las plantas y resistencia al hongo Ceratocystis fimbriata en cacao AU:Dominguez,-R.,-P.F.; SO:Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central (Venezuela) 1976, v. 9(1) p. 5-21; Jun, figs, 3 ref.; DE:Diseases; Selection; Ceratocystis-fimbriata PY:1976 GE:Venezuela **:This study of the potential use of native cacao clones for obtaining resistance to Ceratocystis (Ceratomella wilt) and a higher productivity resulted in a proposal for a breeding programme. TI:(Soil survey of the "Project Burareiro" in Rondonia). OT:Solos da area do Projecto Burareiro, Rondonia AU:Leao,-A.C.; Carvalho-Filho,-R. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).Itabuna, Bahia (Brazil), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, 1977, no. 52, 31 p.; Feb, maps (1 separate), 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE: Soil-Surveying-and-Mapping PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Rondonia **:This bulletin contains the results of a preliminary study of the soils of a colonization project in the Federal Territory of Rondonia, Brazil. The soils were mapped and tentatively grouped according to their potential suitability for cacao cultivation. TI:Eco-physiological studies on cocoa OT:Recherches eco-physiologiques sur le cacaoyer AU:Lemee-G; SO:Revue-Generale-de-Botanique (France).Paris (France), Librairie Generale de l'Enseignement, 1956, v. 63, 54 p., tables; bibliography (67 ref.); summary ( ; reprint DE:Water-stress; Stomata; Micro-climate; Photosynthesis; Transpiration; PY:1956 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Pot experiments on cocoa in the Ivory Coast showed that growth and stomatal aperture were more rapidly affected by decreasing soil moisture than leaf water deficit , diffusion pressure deficit, apparent photosynthesis, and transpiration per unit of leaf area. Field observations demonstrated the pronounced interactions between age of leaf, stomatal aperture, soil moisture content, light intensity, leaf water deficit, apparent photosynthesis, water conductivity of tissues, and transpiration. Cocoa was found to be highly susceptible to both excess and shortage of soil water and to prefer light shade over full sunlight. TI:(Agrarian structures and evolution of rural areas (the cocoa region of Mid-South Cameroon)). OT:Structures agraires et evolution des milieux ruraux: le cas de la region cacaoyere du centre-sud Cameroun AU:Weber,-J. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).1977, v. 14(2) p. 113-139, maps, photos, 44 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Rural-Sociology; Population-Migration-and-Settlement PY:1977 GE:Cameroon; Centre-Sud Province **:The aim of this article is to study the consequences that social evolution has had on land tenure, and then those that changes in the system of land tenure have had on rural society. At the beginning of the 20th century the population of the Mid-South province still migrated towards the sea. The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao), which gradually led to private ownership of the land on which it was planted, finally bound the population to that land, more so than colonization did. The system of land tenure has evolved rapidly, but is still opposed to the formation of large plantations. Where the land is exposed to strong population pressure, its use is also undergoing transformation. Finally this evo lution is accompanied by a good deal of townward migration. TI:(Problems concering the development of cocoa-production in the Sembe and Souanke districts (Congo)). OT:Problemes de developpement de la production cacaoyere dans les districts de sembe et souanke (Congo) AU:Guillot,-B. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).1977, v. 14(2) p. 151-169, maps, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Agricultural-Production; Population-Migration-and-Settlement; Regional-Development PY:1977 GE:Congo; Sangha **:These districts have a total population of 22 000 inhabitants on an area of 22 000 km2 (i.e. 1 inhabitant/km2). Their economy is based on cocoa (Theobroma cacao), but production is limited by the low population and its bad distribution. Only 1/3 live in the most favourable areas. A better distribution could develop the very fertile eastern part (Sembe district), where the per capita income reached US $80 in 1972. This population redistribution could increase cocoa production to 3500 tons in 1985. Improved farming techniques could further increase that level. TI:The effect of planting density on the behaviour of hybrid cocoa plants OT:Efecto del distanciamiento de siembra sobre el comportamiento de plantas hibridas de cacao AU:Reyes-E.,-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Rojas,-E.; Valera,-A. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 17 p., 5 ref.; DE:Densities; Weed-control; Hybids; Disease-Incidence; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1970 GE:Venezuela **:Hybrid cocoa, ICS-6 x Scavina 6, was planted in a statistical plan at 2 x 2, 2 x 3, 3 x 3 and 4 x 4 m in 4 replications during 1964. The highest yields over the first 9 years of production were obtained in 2 x 2 m spacing. This may be attributed to an early control of grasses, that form a serious competition for water and nutrients, and a lower soil temperature, that may cause a slower decomposition of organic matter. Dense planting will reduce weed control costs early. These costs may be up to 30% of the total exploitation costs. Disadvantages of dense planting are increased costs in sanitary pruning, fertilizer application and sucker removal. A 2 x 3 m spacing allows easier management. Witches' brooms incidence in brooms per plot was highest in the wide spacing. TI:Effectiveness of fungicides in the control of witches broom, Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer in cocoa trees OT:Efectividad de fungicidas para el control de escoba de bruja Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer en plantas de cacao AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Freites,-A. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 8 p., 10 ref.; DE:Diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Chemical-control; PY:1977 GE:Venezuela **:The control of witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa in cocoa was studied on var. UF-677 which was badly affected. Cupravit (copper oxychloride) 10 g/l and Brestan-60 (fentin acetate) 2 g/l were applied in 8 biweekly applications during the rainy season. Cupravit gave 264% and Brestan-60 225% higher bean production than the control, indicating a good control of pod rot. Cupravit application gave more pods. There is no effect of the fungicides on witches' broom control. The leaf area index increased 75% with Cupravit and 39% with Brestan as compared with the control. This effect is probably due to a protective action on healthy branches. Fungicide application is highly profitable in view of the benefit-cost ratio. Spray frequency may be reduced when sanitary pruning and fruit waste removal are implemented. TI:Behaviour of cocoa varieties affected by witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer OT:Comportamiento de cultivares de cacao al ataque de escoba de bruja Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Rojas,-C.E. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 18 p., 11 ref.; DE:Diseases; Crinipellis-periciosa; PY:1970 GE:Venezuela **:The problems encountered in inoculation with Crinipellis perniciosa of germinated cocoa seed and 8 months old seedlings are discussed. Inoculation presents problems as it is not possible to culture the mould in vitro. Data are presented on many mature cocoa progenies in respect of field resistance as observed in different sites. The Scavina 6 progenies seems the most resistant material available although some field infection has been observed. The less vigorous Criollo types such as Porcelena, Criollos de Merida and Chuao-2 normally escape field infection. Infection is favoured by pruning at the beginning of the rains, too much fertilizer and poor drainage. Higher planting density than normally recommended and a better distribution of shade trees will reduce disease incidence. TI:Biochemical differences between cacao plants resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma OT:Diferencias bioquimicas entre plantas de cacao resistentes y susceptibles a Phytophthora megasperma AU:Reyes,-E.-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Martin,-J.; Briceno,-J.; SO:Caracas (Venezuela), Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, 197, 6 p., table, 5 ref.; DE:Plant-Diseases; Biochemistry; Selection; Susceptibility; Phytophthora; PY:1977 GE:Venezuela **:Resistance of cocoa to black pod disease, Phytophthora megasperma, seems related to the presence of a group of phenolamines in the pod tissue. TI:The effectiveness of systemic fungicides in the control of Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ell and Hals) in cacao OT:Efectividad de fungicidas sistemicos en el control de Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ell y Hals) en plantitas de cacao AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Sanchez,-P.; Mijares,-J.; Palacios,-C. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 11 p., 6 ref.; DE:Plant-Diseases; Chemical-control; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Benomyl; Cycosin PY:1970 GE:Venezuela **:Five systemic fungicides were tested on 18 month old cocoa seedlings inoculated at 10 cm above the ground with Ceratocystis fimbriata. The best results were obtained with benlate (benomyl) and cycosin. The fungicides were applied before and after inoculation on the foliage or on the soil. No curative effects were observed but there seems a possibility of preventive use of Cycosin-70 at 200 mg per plant applied on the foliage or 400 mg benlate applied on the ground close to the plant. The use of Actidione (cycloheximide), Triforine and Mertec (thiabendazole) resulted in chlorosis to necrosis of the leaves. TI:(Cocoa plantations soils in Woleu-Ntem (Gabon)). OT:Les sols des cacaoyeres du Woleu-Ntem (Gabon) AU:Martin,-D. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Pedologie (France).1977, v. 15(3) p. 303-318, map, 23 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Soil-Physics; Soil-Chemistry PY:1977 GE:Gabon **:A study with 50 soil profiles showed that though a nearly homogenous ferrallitic material was developed, the 1st m of these profiles varied in morphology and in physical and chemical properties. The multivariate type analysis showed the morphologically detectable impoverishment of texture had effects on properties other than clay content: the absorption complex, as characterized by pH, S and S/T improved with Mg/Ca ratio, whereas fulvic acids/humic acids ratio decreased with increased impoverishment. Soils with texture impoverishment were most suitable for cacao plantations and non-impoverished soils were to be enriched with lime. The multivariate type analysis was used to classify soils according to decreasing texture impoverishment. TI:Land resources of the Solomon Islands. Vol. 6. Choiseul and the Shortland Islands AU:Wall,-J.R.D.; Hansell,-J.R.F. SO:Land-Resource-Study (UK).1976, no. 18, 205 p., figs, photos, 29 ref.; maps (8 in cover, some in colour) summaries (En, ; DE:Land-Evaluation; Soil-Surveying-and-Mapping PY:1976 GE:Pacific; Solomon-Islands, Choiseul, Shortland-Islands **:The area of Choiseul and the Shortland Islands is estimated at 3714 km2. The islands are studied on a reconnaissance basis and their physiography, landforms, soils, forest types and present land use are mapped and described. There are 8 land regions subdivided into 33 land systems; component land facets are described in detail with areal measurements. The agricultural potential of the land regions is discussed and areas having a large proportion of land suitable for large-scale cash crop agriculture (228 km2) are mapped. These maps are presented under a separate cover. TI:Research on cocoa diseases in Ecuador: Past and present AU:Evans,-H.C.; Edwards,-D.F.; Rodriguez,-M. SO:PANS.-Pest Articles-and-News-Summaries (UK).1977, v. 23(1) p. 68-80; Mar, photos, table, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Diseases PY:1977 GE:Ecuador **:The history and importance of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Ecuador are discussed and the biology of the two more important pathogens is described. Chemical methods offer few prospects for economic control. Cultural control appears ineffective in reducing infection by Crinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom) but there are possibilities of a partial control of Monilia roreri (Monilia pod rot) by cultural methods. Manipulation of the crop to escape infection has shown promise in reducing pod losses from both diseases. Authors' summary. TI:Cocoa flower Diptera; their identity, pollinating activity and breeding sites AU:Winder,-J.A. SO:PANS.-Pest Articles-and-News.1978, v. 24(1) p. 5-18. DE: Animal-Biology PY:1978 GE:World **:The Diptera associated with cocoa flowers throughout the world, their pollinating activity and known breeding sites are reviewed, and the disadvantages of using cages for assessing pollinating potential are discussed. Author's summary. TI:Plantation crops in selected rural development units AU:Evans,-R.C. SO:TAD-Reports (Germany F.R.).Eschborn (Germany F.R.), German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), 1978, no. 18, 119 p., fig, graph, maps, tables; summary (En) DE:Agricultural-Projects-and-Programmes; Rural-Development; Production-Economics PY:1978 GE:Indonesia; East Kalimantan **:This report presents the findings and recommendations for the improvement of existing plantation crops and the development of a perennial tree crop pilot project in East Kalimantan. Coconuts in the growing areas show sub-standard maintenance resulting in low yields. There is scope for rehabilitating the existing coconut smallholdings. The ground conditions of rubber smallholdings are very poor, with alang alang (Imperata cylindrica) and other noxious and forest growths predominating. Most trees are being badly tapped and wounded, and 90 to 95% of the total area is a replanting proposition. Rehabilitation is not considered practicable or economical. Cacao and oil palm have not been cultivated in this area before. TI:Coconut intercropping systems in Peninsular Malaysia AU:Denamany,-G.; Md-Sharif-Bin-Ahmad; Nasrun-Bin-Baginda-Hamid SO:Oleagineux (France).1979, v. 34(1) p. 7-15; Jan, table, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Inter-cropping PY:1979 GE:Malaysia **:Intercropping trials in coconut plantations in Malaysia showed that the combination with cacao gives the highest income, followed by pineapple, coffee and banana. Vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato and shallots gave a higher gross income but are also more labour-intensive. Possibilities of intercropping on various soils and under various climatic conditions in Malaysia are discussed. TI:Host plants of the okra mosaic virus OT:La gamme d'hotes du virus de la mosaique du gombo (okra mosaic virus) AU:Givord,-L. SO:Agronomie-Tropicale (France).1979, v. 34(1) p. 88-90; Jan, 3 ref.; DE:Plant-Diseases; Host-Plants PY:1979 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Okra mosaic virus is a tymovirus which is easily transmitted mechanically to a great number of plants. To determine its host range it was inoculated into 287 plant species and varieties belonging to 44 different families. 171 plants distributed in 31 families are susceptible and react either by local or systemic infection. Important useful plants were found among these hosts in Ivory Coast, viz. cotton (Gossypium spp.), coffee (Coffea spp.), cacao (Theobroma cacao), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and several vegetables. Author's summary. TI:Economic viability of black pepper cultivation in the cacao region of Bahia. Estimation of investment costs for one hectare of pepper OT:Viabilidade economica do cultivo da pimenta-do-reino na regiao cacaueira da Bahia. Estimativa das despesas de capital para foramcao de um hectare de pimenta-do-reino na regiao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Brandao,-A.L.-de-A.; Tafani,-R.R.; Lima,-L.P. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1978, no. 64, 56 p., 5 ref.; summary ( DE:Production; Costs; Intercropping; PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:One hundred and twenty-four plantations, representing 70% of the area under black pepper (Piper nigrum) were investigated. The investment costs for 1 ha of black pepper at a planting distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m during its economic life of 16 years were estimated at US$ 12 700 with a cash return of US$ 15 867. Investment costs were recovered in the 10th year of cultivation when planted at a distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m, in the 11th year for a spacing of 2.0 x 2.5 m, inthe 9th year for a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m and in the 8th year for a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m. TI:Detection of shea butter in cocoa butter OT:Detection du beurre de karite dans le beurre de cacao AU:Derbesy,-M.; Richert,-M.T. SO:Oleagineux (France).1979, v. 34(8-9) p. 405-409; Aug, 12 ref.; DE:Analytical-Chemistry; Product-Properties PY:1979 **:The unsaponifiable part of shea butter contains constituents which make detection of shea butter in cacao butter possible by quantitative chromatographic determination. TI:The evaluation of a motorised knapsack mistblower AU:Clayphon,-J.E. SO:PANS.-Pest Articles-and-News- (UK).1979, v. 25(4) p. 440-443; Dec, photo, table, 3 ref.; summa DE:Crop-Protection; Agricultural-Equipment PY:1979 GE:Ghana **:Cacao (Theobroma cacao) trees grow to more than 11 m high in Ghana because of tall shade trees, making it more difficult to control insect pests in the top. Field tests carried out using live capsids (the main pest) suspended in cages at various heights and distances from the nozzle of a Porta-Pak mistblower, manufactured by H.D. Hudson Mfg. Co., USA, and designed specifically for ULV application, are described. Other possible uses are also discussed. TI:Composition of various organic residues used as organo-mineral fertilizers OT:Composition de divers residus organiques utilises comme amendement organo-mineral AU:Godefroy-J; SO:Fruits, 34(10):579-584; 637-640. DE:Wastes; Mineral-composition; Cocoa-husks; Cocoa-shell; Coffee-parchment; PY:1979 GE:Ivory-Coast **:The carbon, N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of various agricultural residues sampled in Ivory Coast are presented. Farmyard manure, household composts, coffee parchment, cacao bean shells and integuments have a balanced mineral composition and have a good fertilizing value. The grading rejects from banana processing factories and pineapple waste from canning plants are only rich in K. Brewers' grains and sawdust are rich in carbon but low in the other mineral elements. TI:(Equipment for phytosanitary treatment in the tropics: sprayers). OT:Les appareils de traitement phytosanitaire en milieu tropical: les pulverisateurs AU:Weber,-R. SO:Machinisme-Agricole-Tropical-CEEMAT (France).1979, no. 68, p. 3-27; Oct, figs, photos, tables; summaries (En, DE:Agricultural-Equipment; PY:1979 **:This study on sprayers from France contains: classification according to the spraying principle, the transporting principle and versatility; description and specifications; adjustments and maintenance; capacity; treatment specifications; and examples of use and level of mechanization . Some concrete cases of treatments currently applied in Africa are quoted, i.e. herbicides on hevea groves (Hevea brasiliensis), insecticides on cotton (Gossypium sp.), on stored products, on cocoa (Theobroma cacao) against mirids, and on pineapple (Ananas comosus). TI:(The fertility of the cacao soils of Colombia). OT:Generalidades sobre la fertilidad de los suelos en las zonas cacaoteras colombianas AU:Garcia-Ocampo,-A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1979, no. 10, p. 15-30; Sep, 12 ref.; DE:Soil-Fertility; PY:1979 GE:Colombia **:Results of a soil fertility study on the cacao soils in Colombia based on soil analysis data from some 2400 soil samples are discussed with particular attention to pH, exchangeable Al, Ca, Mg, organic matter, P and K contents. TI:(A method for the isolation of the fungus Monilia roreri). OT:Un metodo de aislamiento del hongo Monilia roreri, Cif y Par AU:Baros-N,-O.; Sanchez-L,-J.A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1979, no. 11, p. 27-40; Dec, colour photos, 3 ref.; DE:Fungal-Diseases; Microbiology-; Moniliophthora-roreri; PY:1979 GE:Colombia **:Studies conducted in Colombia showed that isolation in pure cultures of the fungus causing pod rot in cacao, Monilia roreri, is no longer a problem. The method which was most successful is described. Infected pods 1 to 3 months of age were washed in running water, disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite, treated with 40% alcohol and flamed with an alcohol burner. Then small pieces of infected tissue were removed from the pod and transferred to the culture medium. TI:Cacao leaf mosaic disease: electron microscope observations). OT:Penyakit mosaik pada coklat: pengamatan dengan mikroskop elektron AU:Sumardiyono,-Y.B.; Harjosudarmo,-J. SO:Ilmu-Pertanian (Indonesia).1978, v. 2(5) p. 279-284; Dec, photos, table, 11 ref.; summaries (En, In) DE:cacao-; viral-diseases; mosaic-virus PY:1978 GE:Indonesia **:The leaf mosaic virus disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) has long been known in Java. The disease can be transmitted by grafting and also by the mealy bugs Pseudococcos sp. and Ferrisia virgata. In an electron microscope study it was found that the virus causing this disease in Java lies between CLMV (Cocoa Leaf Mottle Virus) and CSSV (Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus), while that in North Sumatra belongs to the CSSV group according to Kenten and Woods. The latter needs further research to support this observation. TI:The use of diuron in coffee and cocoa nurseries in the Ivory Coast OT:Utilisation du diuron en pepiniere cafe et cacao en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Snoeck-J; SO:Troisieme Symposium sur le Desherbage des Cultures Tropicales, Dakar, Senegal.1978, vol. 2, p. 340-346, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:weed-control-chemical; herbicides-; diuron- PY:1978 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Weeding of coffee (Coffea sp.) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) is very laborious, requiring 50 mandays per month per ha. Trials were conducted applying 600, 900 and 1200 g of diuron 80% a.i./ha, 6 days before the transplanting of the young coffee seedlings (T-6). Weeds were indeed controlled for 3 months, but complementary hand weedings were still necessary. In a cacao nursery, diuron 80% was applied at dosages of 0.83, 1.250 and 1.666 kg/ha at S-2 (2 days before sowing) and this was repeated at S+1. It was shown that all the treated plots were nearly free of weeds for a period of 6 to 8 months, without any signs of phytotoxicity. Chemical treatment was shown to be 66% cheaper than hand weeding. TI:(Effect of increasing rates of soil applied Mg on growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao) seedlings). OT:Efecto de varias dosis de magnesio aplicadas al suelo sobre el crecimiento de plantulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Quiceno,-O,-J.; Naranjo,-A,-G.; Garcia,-O,-A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1980, no. 14, p. 26-39; Sep, 23 ref.; DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; magnesium- PY:1980 GE:Colombia **:Seeds of cacao (Theobroma cacao) var. ICS 60 x SCA 12 were sown in polythene bags containing soil with high levels of Ca, Mg and K. Magnesium sulphate was added at rates between 0 and 38.9 meq. per 100 g of soil. One hundred and twenty days after sowing the young seedlings were uprooted and analysed for Ca, Mg and K content. Height, stem diameter, foliar area and number of leaves were also determined. The results obtained indicated that best seedling development was obtained in soils with a Ca/Mg ratio between 1:1 and 1:2. Ca/Mg ratios of 1:3 and 1:4 had adverse effects on plant growth. TI:(Control of Monilia pod rot in the cacao plantation "'Cacaoteras del Dique'). OT:El control de la moniliasis en "'Cacaoteras del Dique' AU:Barros-N,-O. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1980, no. 15, p. 31-44; Dec, colour photo, 15 ref.; DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; disease-control-cultural PY:1980 GE:Colombia **:A phytosanitary review of this cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation since its establishment in 1967, is made. Monilia pod rot, caused by Monilia roreri, was first observed in 1971. Six years later disease incidence was 52.8%. A field experiment was carried out to study the efficacy of various cultural practices on disease incidence, including 4 weeding rounds and 6 pruning rounds (with immediate disinfection of the pruning wounds) per year, careful drainage, regulation of shading and the collection of both diseased and ripe pods every 8 days. It was shown that all these cultural practices, especially the collection of diseased and ripe pods, increased yields by 250 kg dry beans/ha in the second year of application. TI:(Aspects of production and area distribution of cacao in Bahia state OT:Aspectos da distribuicao da producao e area de cacaou do estado da Bahia AU:Vergara,-J.R.A.; Monteiro,-A.; Alves,-F.A.; Bordoni,-O.F.G. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1980, no. 75, 21 p., 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Regional; production-survey; crop-area; productivity- PY:1980 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Various agricultural statistics relating to cacao plantations in the Bahia region are given, including cropped area, production and productivity. 78.6 per cent of the total farms produced under 22 500 kg of cacao and 76 per cent of farms had less than 30 ha. Of the total production the 'buraras' and small farms contributed 36 per cent. Counties that had the biggest and lowest cacao production are identified. Information is given on area in production, area with growing cacao trees, productivity, number of farms and recent expansion of the agricultural frontier. TI:Cacao genetic resources in Latin America AU:Williams,-J.T. SO:FAO-Plant Genetic-Resources-Newsletter (FAO).1981, no. 45, p. 20-22; Apr, 2 ref.; summaries ( DE:cacao-; genetic-resources PY:1981 GE:Latin America **:Since cacao is an important cash crop for developing countries and its genetic resources are being threatened, IBPGR convened a working group in 1980 to propose counter-measures. Its report recommends that Brazil and Ecuador maintain primary collections, Trinidad and Costa Rica universal collection depositories and USA and UK quarantine transfer collections. Priority areas for collecting in Central and South America were identified. TI:Mammalian pests of cocoa in South India AU:Bhat,-S.K.; Nair,-C.P.R.; Mathew,-D.N. SO:Tropical-Pest Management (UK).1981, v. 27(3) p. 297-302; Sep, photos, 11 ref.; DE:cacao-; mammal-pests; pest-damage PY:1981 GE:India; South India **:By 1977, some 6500 ha were planted to cacao (Theobroma cacao) in South India, most in mixed plantations. The Western Ghats squirrel, Funambulus tristriatus; the South Indian palm squirrel, F. palmarum and the black rat, Rattus rattus were observed to be causing much damage to cacao in South India; the palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and the bonnet monkey, Macaca radiata were causing minor damage. Monthly surveys made for one year in Karnataka showed that the percentage of damage caused by rodents was 29.0; that by civets and monkeys 0.4 and 0.3 respectively. In Kerala and one district of Tamil Nadu rodents were estimated to be causing 15% damage and civets 3%; no monkey damage was found. Authors' summary. TI:(The effect of diseased fallen pods on the incidence of Monilia pod rot of cacao caused by Moniliophthora roreri). OT:Exploraciones acerca de la importancia que tienen los frutos enfermos dejados sobre el suelo como fuentes primarias de infeccion de Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.) Evans et al. AU:Cubillos-Z.,-G. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1981, no. 18, p. 38-43; Sep, fig, table, 7 ref.; DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; disease-control-cultural PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:Good results have been obtained in controlling Monilia pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), caused by Moniliophthora roreri, through collecting and destroying affected pods twice weekly. However, this method is very labour-intensive. A field trial was conducted in which 400 infected, sporulating pods were spread over 16 plots. Disease incidence countings started 2 weeks later and were continued over a period of 3 months. The results showed that high concentrations of diseased material did not affect disease incidence. The best control measure seems to be weekly collection of all diseased pods. TI:(Importance of endomycorrhiza in the mineral nutrition of cacao). OT:Importancia da endomicorriza na nutricao mineral do cacaueiro AU:Ezeta,-F.N.; Santos,-O.M. SO:Revista-Brasileira-de-Ciencia-do-Solo (Brazil).1981, v. 5(1) p. 22-27; Jan, fig, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:mycorrhiza; nutrient-uptake; inoculation-; soil-sterilization PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Mycorrhiza for cacao were studied in pot experiments under unsterile and partially sterile soil conditions. Plants grown in sterile soil were stunted showing symptoms of zinc deficiency. Plants inoculated with Gigaspora margarita recovered after 15 weeks while control plants remained stunted. Zn concentration as well as total Zn uptake increased by inoculating with G. margarita. In sterile soil, inoculation with G. margarita increased total nutrient uptake two-fold relative to other species. TI:Control of bark canker in cocoa with metalaxyl AU:Prior,-C.; Smith,-E.S.C. SO:Tropical-Pest Management (UK).1982, v. 28(1) p. 45-48; Mar, table, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; metalaxyl- PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:Bark canker caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora causes serious damage to cocoa of all ages in Papua New Guinea, and its severity has recently increased. Bark cankers very often start around bark damage made by the larvae of wood-boring insects. 0.25% a.i. metalaxyl added to an aqueous dichlorvos/white oil mixture used to control these insects was also effective in eliminating the fungus. It was considered that scraping (removal of outer bark) followed by natural desiccation, which effectively controls canker in W. Malaysia, would not be reliable under the wetter conditions in Papua New Guinea. Painting with 0.5% metalaxyl very effectively controlled the fungus, with or without scraping. TI:(Residual value of fertilizers on abandoned black pepper plantations OT:Nivel atual de fertilidade dos solos de pimentais decadentes AU:Neves-AD-de-S; Pereira-GC; Morais-FI-de-O; Campos-AX-de; SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1981, no. 87, 10 p., fig, map, table, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fertiliser-response; residual-effect PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Para **:Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is an important crop in Para State, receiving heavy fertilizer dressings in the order of 100-180 kg N, 200-900 kg P2O5, 200-250 kg K2O, 0-720 kg CaO and 0-450 kg MgO/ha a year. However, most plantations have to be replaced by other crops like cacao, because the pepper plant is attacked by the fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis after 6 to 8 years. This article deals with the residual value of the fertilizers which were applied on these black pepper plantations. Available P in the top 20 cm was very high, showing an average of 30-50 ppm as compared with 1 to 5 ppm on soils without P. nigrum. TI:(The Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. and the development of cacao cultivation in Colombia). OT:La Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. y el fomento del cultivo del cacao en Colombia AU:Moreno-P,-L.J. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1981, no. 19, p. 21-29; Dec, 2 ref.; DE:cacao-; production-development; government-agencies; cultural-practices; agricultural-research PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:This article describes recent developments in Colombian cacao production, and its research and extension organizations. Information is given about on-going agronomic and crop protection research and major recommendations about clones and cultural practices. TI:Influence of seedling age on cacao growth following transplanting OT:Influencia de la edad de la plantula sobre el crecimiento del cacao despues del transplante AU:Souza,-J.-de; Garcia,-J.R.; Muller,-M.W.; Midlej,-P.R.M. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1981, no. 19, p. 39-45; Dec, 5 ref.; DE:Transplanting; Seedlings; Plant-age PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Studies were conducted on methods for transplanting cacao and optimum seedling age at transplanting. Seedling survival and growth was better for transplantings of 2 to 6 month old seedlings than for older seedlings or for direct seeding. TI:Recent work on biological control in Papua New Guinea and some suggestions for the future AU:Young,-G.R. SO:Tropical-Pest Management (UK).1982, v. 28(2) p. 107-114; Jun, 25 ref.; DE:insect-pests; pest-control-biological; weed-control-biological PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:The biological control of some insect crop pests in Papua New Guinea from the late 1950s to 1979 is reviewed. The pests are considered according to the crops affected which include coconut, citrus, cocoa, coffee, legumes, rice, sugar-cane, grain sorghum, cruciferous vegetables and forest trees. The distribution in Papua New Guinea of each pest and the damage it causes are briefly described. Potential biological control agents are discussed with reference to the effects of any pest introductions and some comments on possible future use. The biological control of some weed species, in particular lantana (Lantana camara) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta), the giant snail (Achatina fulica hammilei), and cattle dung is also considered. Author's summary. TI:(Fertilizing of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with compound fertilizers in the banana-growing zone of the Riofrio region). OT:Abonamiento del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) con fertilizantes compuestos en el corregimiento de Riofrio, zona bananera AU:Quiroz-P,-G.; Bonilla-M,-A.; Delgado-V,-J.L. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1982, no. 20, p. 33-37; Apr, 7 ref.; DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; compound-Fertilisers PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:A field trial was conducted with recommended cacao (Theobroma cacao) varieties applying various compound fertilizers. The fertilizers included 13-26-4, 12-6-22-2, 12-12-17-2 and 14-14-14-2 at rates of 350, 400 and 450 kg/ha/year, applied in equal doses at 6-month intervals. Highest yield was obtained with 350 kg/ha/year of 13-26-4 followed by 12-6-22-2, giving 55 and 46% increases, respectively. TI:Development of agriculture in northeast Brazil since 1950 OT:Die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft im Nordosten Brasiliens seit 1950: zu den Grundbedingungen der Entstehung und Entwicklung der Lohnarbeit auf dem Lande AU:Klagsbrunn,-V.H. SO:Sozialokonomische Schriften zur Agrarentwicklung (Germany F.R.) Saarbrucken (Germany F.R.), Verlag Breitenbach, 1982, no. 45, 670 p. DE:agricultural-development; agricultural-system; rural-labour; large-scale-farming; smallholders-; regional-survey PY:1982 GE:Brazil; North-East-Brazil **:Northeast Brazil may be divided into 4 zones: (1) the Zona-da-Mata (forest zone), a narrow, humid, fertile area along the east coast. Main crops are sugar-cane and cacao. This zone comprises 7% of the area and 23% of the population of northeast Brazil. (2) The Agreste, a small transitional zone with animal husbandry and smallholder production of cotton and staple food crops, comprising 3% of the area and 16% of the population. (3) The Sertao, a vast, semi-arid area with extensive cattle raising and smallholder production of cotton and staple food crops, comprising 60% of the area and 48% of the population. (4) The transition to the Amazon area, with higher rainfall, extensive cattle raising and production of vegetable raw materials, comprising 30% of the area and 13% of the population. Since 1950, the most important development has been the change from a traditional non-capitalistic production system to hired labour. TI:(Cacao yields and natural vegetation: a study of practical ecology in the forests of Sangha (Congo) and south-eastern Cameroon). OT:Rendements de la cacaoculture et formations vegetales: essai d'ecologie pratique des forets de la Sangha (Congo) et du Sud-Est du Cameroun AU:Guillot,-B. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).1981, v. 18(1) p. 63-106, figs, photos, 26 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; soil-suitability; plant-ecology; tropical-forests PY:1981 GE:Cameroon, Congo **:In the Sangha region (Cameroon), a map of the distribution of cacao output per planter shows that the best yields are obtained in eastern Sembe district where soil studies have revealed the presence of good soils developed on tillite, limestone and argillite. The inventory made in the Ouesso region by the Forestry Department also shows that these soils give rise to well developed natural vegetation cover. Trees characteristic of these soil-vegetation localities might advantageously be used for the identification of good land for cacao cultivation. TI:Viruses and resistance to virus diseases in cocoa AU:Posnette-AF; SO:In: 6. International Cocoa Research Conference: proceedings, Caracas, Venezuela, 6-12 Nov 1977.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 262-266, 27 ref.; DE:Virus-diseases; Disease-resistance; CSSV PY:1981 GE:Nigeria, Ghana **:Two serologically related viruses, swollen shoot and mottle leaf, are known only from Nigeria and Ghana where swollen shoot has caused extensive damage to the main cultivar West African Amelonado. Some Trinitario and Upper Amazon types are more resistant and tolerant to infection. The strongest resistance and tolerance has been in certain Iquitos and Nanay types. These could be used to produce progeny in which the rate of virus spread and yield depression by infection should be considerably less. TI:7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 November 1979 AU:Lafforest,-J.-de (ed.) SO:Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, 728 p., figs, maps, photos, tables; bibliography (vp.); summaries (En, DE:cacao-; agricultural-research PY:1981 GE:World; Cameroon; **:During the 7th International Research Conference, held in Cameroon in November 1979, almost 100 papers were presented in the field of agronomy, soils, phytopathology, pests, genetics and breeding, and other research aspects. A number of these papers will be abstracted separately in ATA. TI:The influence of ecological and socio-economic factors on the yield of smallholder cocoa plantations in South-Cameroon AU:Embrechts-J; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 5-11, figs, map, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:smallholdings; yields; environmental-factors; socio-economic-factors; Production; PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:In southern Cameroon there are high and low yielding cacao smallholdings. In the first type climate is the major, and soil factors the minor, influence. In the other type soil factors do not contribute to yield. Difference in yield is essentially due to socio-economic factors. Five suitability classes have been distinguished: moderately suitable, marginally suitable, conditionally suitable, actually unsuitable but potentially suitable, and permanently unsuitable; these classes cover 15, 26, 12, 19 and 28%, respectively, of the area studied. TI:(Agronomic practices in Colombian cacao plantations). OT:El manejo agronomico en plantaciones de cacao en Colombia AU:Gutierrez-C,-H. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 25-29, tables; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; cultural-practices; productivity- PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:After 14 years devoted to clarify how to increase the yields of cacao in Colombia, the experimental work made at the Luker Farm has established a technological system proved efficient to obtain three times more cacao per hectare as compared with the regular yields obtained. Such a system is based on the correct application of certain agronomic practices. Figures presented on cacao yields in several cacao producing countries show how low they are. It is possible to increase these yields by using adequate management applied to cacao farms. Author's summary. TI:The interrelationships between shade types and cocoa pest and disease problems in Papua New Guinea AU:Smith,-E.S.C. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 37-43, tables; bibliography (53 ref.); DE:Pests; Diseases; shade-trees; pest-incidence; disease-incidence; reviews- PY:1981 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:The buffering effect on the cacao ecoclimate and the alternative food source provided by shade trees may have a profound effect on the incidence of pests and diseases in cacao. However, there have been few attempts to determine the interrelationships between these pests and diseases and the type of shade used. Many of the present-day problems have arisen from the use of Leucaena leucocephala as a shade tree. In contrast, the widespread practice of interplanting cacao under coconut has considerable economic and managerial advantages and generally suffers much less from insect and disease attack than sole planted cacao. TI:Responses of 10 year-old cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.) to different thinning and fertilizer treatments AU:Moses,-D.D.; Enriquez,-G.A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 45-50, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; thinning-; Fertiliser-response PY:1981 GE:Costa-Rica **:Different plant densities and distributions as well as response to fertilizer applications at rates of 1500 or 2250 kg/ha of 18:10:6 were evaluated, based on wet cacao yield, tree girth, jorquette height, number and weight of chupons and the incidence of Phytophthora infection. At a planting distance of 2 x 2 m thinning out of 50% of the weak trees produced the highest yield, while at 2 x 3 m no thinning at all is best. Generally the lower level of fertilizer application resulted in higher yields of cacao/ha. Lesser plant densities and the lower fertilizer application resulted in lower Phytophthora infection. TI:Calibrating variates for yield of cocoa, as well as the relationships of several cacao features with the environment AU:Moses,-D.D.; Enriquez,-G.A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 51-55, figs, table, 8 ref.; DE:cacao-; yield-characters; climatic-factors PY:1981 GE:Costa-Rica **:Calibrating variates for cacao yields were identified and the response of cacao plants subjected to different treatments and to varying climatic conditions interpreted. Several highly significant correlations were observed. The results indicate that the trunk diameter at 0.3 m above the soil can be used in estimating yields, yields can be predicted by the number of pods harvested, temperature and rainfall play important roles in deciding the final yield of cacao, and the greater the yield of cacao the more pods are infected by Phytophthora and also lost due to the infection. TI:Long-term effects of chemical and manual weed control in cocoa. 1. Girth and height increments AU:Bonaparte-EENA; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 91-95, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Weed-control; Vegetative-growth; Varieties PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:The long-term effects of weed control are of prime importance in perennial crops. The first experiment compared the girth and height increments of four cacao cultivars subjected to three weed control treatments, from the 6th to the 44th month after planting. Weed control with paraquat six times a year was consistently superior to the manual weed control methods. Manual weed control twice a year produced non-significantly higher girth increments than manual weed control six times a year. Amelonado showed the least girth increment, and the differences among the hybrids were non-significant. The height increments followed the same trend. The girth increments during the dry seasons confirmed the superiority of the paraquat treatment over the high slashing methods. Author's summary. TI:Long-term effects of chemical and manual weed control in cocoa. 2. Flushing, flowering and early yields AU:Bonaparte-EENA; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 97-101, figs, tables; DE:Weed-control; Varieties; Flushing; Flowering; PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:In two experiments cultivars exhibited four to five flushing peaks during the year, including some occasional minor peaks, and periods of relatively minimal flushing. The seasonal pattern of flushing under weed control treatments showed relatively little year-to-year variation in the various cultivars, with few deviations from this consistency. Differences among the weed control treatments were also manifest in the duration to the attainment of 100% flowering of individual trees. In the hybrids, the paraquat treatment (T2) attained 100% flowering after 40 months, and the manual weed control treatments after 50 months. The T2 treatment outyielded the other weed control treatments in the three harvest seasons. Thus the initial superior growth and early yields of the T2 treatment were still being maintained after 6 years in the field. Author's summary. TI:Flushing, flowering and pod-setting of hybrid cocoa in a cocoa shade/spacing/cultivar experiment AU:Ampofo,-S.T.; Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 103-108, figs, 20 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Shade; Spacing; Varieties; Growth; Flushing; Flowering; Periodicity; PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:The cacao cultivar T85/799 x S84 tended to flush with a similar periodicity from year to year but the periods of flushing peaks differed slightly from year to year. Intensity of flushing also differed from year to year. There were generally five flushing peaks in a year. The pattern of pod-setting closely followed that of flower production. The effect of shade and spacing on the periodicity of flushing, flowering and pod-setting was negligible but the onset of flushing was delayed slightly by shade. Shading and close spacing suppressed both flowering and pod-setting. TI:Physiological reactions of cacao to water deficiency in the soil OT:Reacoes fisiologicas do cacaueiro adeficiencia de agua no solo AU:Machado,-R.C.R.; Alvim,-P.-de-T.; Milde,-L.C.E.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 121-127, figs, table, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Water-stress; PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effect of water deficiency in the soil on leaf water potential, stomatal aperture, turgidity of the cortex, flowering intensity and rate of leaf renewal of seven year old cacao trees was studied. In the greenhouse, flowering intensity was considerably reduced and leaf renewal was absent in the dry regime. However, there was intense foliar renewal out of season one week after the plants were watered normally. The control plants and the plants subjected to the moderate regime remained dormant until the period of maximal growth. Under field conditions normal leaf renewal was observed despite the water deficiency in the soil to a depth of 20 cm but with availability below 30 cm. TI:(Improvement of cacao: development of an early evaluation test of resistance to drought). OT:Amelioration du cacaoyer: mise au point d'un test d'evaluation precoce de la resistance a la secheresse AU:Segbor,-A.; Djiekpor,-E.K.; Amefia,-Y.K.; Partiot,-M. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 131-133, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; drought-tolerance PY:1981 GE:Togo **:With a perfected test it is possible to assess even at the nursery stage the behaviour of various cacao hybrids recommended for their drought resistance and local Amelonados. It was found that hybrids dl T65/7 and dl T7/12 which transpire less than the Amelonados and dl T86/45 are more resistant to drought. TI:Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. 3. Standard curves and observations AU:Ahenkorah,-Y.; Halm,-B.J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 177-182, figs, 12 ref.; DE:foliar-diagnosis- Leaf-analysis PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:The progress made on foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique for cacao nutrition in Ghana is presented. Whilst it is suggested that sampling to determine the optimum N, P and K concentration should be done between March and April, the need for further work in Ghana so that foliar analyses can be related to fertilizer application and crop yield is stressed. Authors' summary. TI:Cocoa diseases of West Africa AU:Adegbola-MOK; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 243-250, 4 ref.; DE:plant-diseases; disease-control PY:1981 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria **:Black pod disease, canker, seedling blight, leaf fall and chupon wilt, all caused by Phytophthora palmivora, pod rot caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa, charcoal pod rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and the physiological disease cherelle wilt are discussed as well as control methods of these diseases. Also various trunk and root diseases and the problem of epiphytes are mentioned. TI:The International Black Pod Project: 1979 review AU:Maddison,-A.C.; Ward,-M.R. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 261-266, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; epidemiology-; disease-control-chemical; research-projects PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:The aim of the project has been to deepen the understanding of the epidemiology of Phytophthora pod rot on cacao and thereby rationalize and improve control measures. This report briefly outlines findings from detailed observation of the natural epidemic in unsprayed cacao and in cacao subjected to various treatments likely to delay or slow disease development. Tree base treatments (basal pod suppression and insecticide applications to prevent activity of tent-buildingn ants) reduced disease early in the season by blocking the major source - the soil, but later, when accompanied by fungicide, failed to prevent outbreak of disease in the canopy. Some of the reasons for this are discussed, but conclusions regarding control measures are left for the Final Summary Report of the Project which is in preparation. Authors' summary. TI:Speculations on Phytophthora as a cocoa root pathogen AU:Gregory,-P.H. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 267-269, 12 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; root-diseases PY:1981 GE:West Africa **:In some areas at least, soil is an important source of black pod Phytophthora. Evidence points against passive survival or saprobic growth in soil. It is suggested that the fungus may be a pathogen on feeding roots of mature trees (roots of seedlings are already known to be susceptible). Possible resulting loss of yield and replanting difficulties are discussed. Need for a pilot research project (perhaps with a root observation tunnel) is emphasized. Author's summary. TI:The effects of tree base treatments on the incidence of Phytophthora pod rot AU:Ward,-M.R. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 277-284, figs, 8 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; disease-control PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:Effects of tree base treatments on the incidence of black pods are described. The treatments were basal pod supression by the removal of flowers below 0.7 m and the application of dieldrin tree base insecticide. Basal pod supression gave a small reduction in the number of black pods but had no effect on percentage disease incidence due to a 14% reduction in healthy pod yields. Tree base insecticide decreased disease incidence form 12% to 7% and also slightly decreased healthy pod yields. Knapsack application of fungicide was more effective in controlling the disease than motorblow application but the difference between healthy pod yields was small. Two other insecticides, primicid and permethrin had no apparent effect on the disease. The fungicide CGA A5055A gave good control of the disease and increased healthy pod yields by 40% compared with the no fungicide control treatment. Author's summary. TI:Perfecting test methods for sensitivity to Phytophthora for use on cacao seedlings and on other dicotyledonous plants with epigeous development OT:Mise au point de methodes de tests de sensibilite aux Phytophthora sur semenceaux de cacaoyers et sur autres plantes dicotyledones a developpement epige AU:Blaha,-G.; Muller,-R.A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 303-310, figs; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; pathogenicity-; host-range; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1981 GE:France **:In order to assess the respective aggressivity of various geographical isolates of cacao Phytophthora, sensitivity tests were made on very young Amelonado plants and also on a range of plants originating from either temperate or tropical countries. Successive trials on very young cacao seedlings showed differences in pathogenesis between isolates and opened the way to a breeding technique in the laboratory and led to an improvement in the infection method through its standardization. If a whole range of different plants is subjected to infection, it is possible to characterize several strains in relation to the same plant and also a single strain in relation to several plants. The establishment of a range of differential hosts and knowledge of pathogensis in cacao would, in particular, make it possible to determine the level of parasitic specialization for each isolate. Authors' summary. TI:Variations in yield and disease patterns in a blackpod resistance trial in Ghana AU:Dakwa,-J.T. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 311-327, figs, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Diseases; Fungi; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance; growing-season; yield-; disease-incidence PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:Variations in cacao yield and proportion of pods infected by Phytophthora palmivora were examined for the minor (April-August), main (September-March) and epiphytotic (June-November) periods. In the first 7 cropping years, yield on all progenies increased steadily in all periods but thereafter yield fell at different rates. Amazon x Trinitario and Amelonado crosses always outyielded Trinitario and Amelonado x Trinitario crosses: crosses from susceptible or susceptible x resistant parents outyielded those from selfed resistant or resistant x resistant parents. In all periods, black pod incidence increased from about 30% in the 5th year of the trial to various successive peaks in later years. Variations in disease were consistently less in the main and June-November periods when it rained frequently. Crosses from selfed susceptible or susceptible x resistant parents were more diseased than those from resistant or resistant x susceptible parents. Author's summary. TI:Phytophthora pod rot research in Papua New Guinea since 1971 AU:McGregor,-A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 339-345, figs, table, 6 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control; disease-resistance PY:1981 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:In clonal cacao removal of diseased pods gave a considerable yield increase but in open pollinated cacao the yield increase was marginal and the treatment uneconomic. Monthly sprays of cuprous oxide, at an average rate of 20 g a.i. copper per tree, to infected trees only, reduced the average annual infection rate of pods over 40 mm in length from 20% to about 5% and resulted in a yield increase of about 50%. In very high incidence periods yields from treated areas were consistently double those from untreatred areas. A yield differential between previously treated and untreated areas persisted for more than six months after spraying was terminated. Of 20 Trinitario clones, K82 and KA2-106 demonstrated a high degree of resistance, while KT140 was classed as moderately susceptible. The remaining seventeen were rated susceptible to extremely susceptible. TI:(Ridomil(R), a new fungicide for the control of Phytophthora pod rot on cacao). OT:Ridomil(R), un nouveau fongicide contre la pourriture brune (Phytophthora spp.) sur cacaoyer AU:Eberle,-J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 361-364, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; metalaxyl-; biocide-science PY:1981 GE:Brazil, West Africa **:In Brazil, field trials with the systematic compound Ridomil (metalaxyl) at a rate of 200 g a.i./100 l applied over the entire tree at 5 to 7 week intervals resulted in good control of cacao black pod disease, as did 30-50 g a.i./100 l sprayed on pods at 21 day intervals in Cameroon. Tests in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea and Nigeria also indicated promising results. No residues in cacao beans are expected after correct use of the fungicide. TI:(Swollen shoot disease: importance of host plants). OT:Maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer: importance des plantes relais AU:Amefia,-Y.K.; Brunel,-J.; Delecolle,-B.; Partiot,-M. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 387-388, 8 ref.; DE:viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; host-plants PY:1981 GE:Togo **:A comparative study of the flora associated with healthy and diseased cacao plantations is in progress. This should make it possible to identify those plants which are liable to harbour the virus and to be the source of the first foci of infection. A study carried out on Commelina, a plant difficult to eradicate, has led to planning a particular method of management of plantations. Authors' summary. TI:(Tests on cacao seedlings: application to the study of anti-oomycetal systemic fungicides). OT:Les tests sur plantules chez le cacaoyer: application a l'etude des fongicides systemiques anti-oomycetes AU:Daguenet,-G. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 393-397, figs, 7 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; seedling-; translocation- PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A method of studying the effectiveness and translocation of systemic fungicides was used on Amelonado cacao. The fungicides in aqueous suspension were introduced either to the soil or to the leaves of one-month old seedlings being grown in sand in laboratory conditions. Eight days after treatment, the inoculum of Phytophthora palmivora was deposited on the stem after section just above the leafstalk insertion of the two primary leaves. The intensity of the attack by the parasite was shown by the extent of necrosis on the stem. In the same way, this measurement was confirmed by isolation of the fungus on the stalk fragments. Application of fosetyl-Al and Curzate, to both soil and leaves, did not have any effect on the development of the necrosis, nor on the growth of the fungus. The absence of necrosis and of P. palmivora after metalaxyl application proves that this fungicide travels inside the plant in both upward and downward directions. TI:Cacao pests in Central America AU:Saunders,-J.L. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 429-432, 13 ref.; DE:cacao-; insect-pests; mites-; pest-control PY:1981 GE:Central-America **:Actual or potential pests of major economic importance are: Miridae - several species of the genus Monalonion; Thripidae - primarily Selenothrips rubrocinctus; Scolytidae - as potential transmitters of Ceratocystis fimbriata and as killers of young plants; Formicidae - leaf cutting ants, mostly of the genus Atta; Phaloniidae - the defoliating caterpillar Catephoides zuelana; Termitidae - termites of the genus Nasutitermes; Aphidae - the aphid Toxoptera aurantii; Cercopidae - the spittlebug Clostoptera globosa; Pseudococcidae - mealybugs of little present importance in the absence of major virus diseases; and Tetranychidae - spider mites. The lack of sufficient knowledge of biological and ecological information on which to base the establishment of sound cacao pest management is emphasized. Recommendations are made to fund and initiate long-range investigation programmes. Author's summary. TI:(Control of cacao pests in South America). OT:Controle de pragas do cacaueiro na America do Sul AU:Abreu,-J.M.-de; Soria-V,-S.J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 433-441, 31 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:insect-pests; mites-; storage-pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides- PY:1981 GE:South-America **:Selenothrips rubrocinctus and the mirid Monalonion spp. are the most important cacao pests in South America. Other economically important pests are Atta spp., Colaspia spp., Xyleborus, Steirastoma breve, Tetranychus mexicanus and Eriophyes reyesi. The chemical control of these pests is discussed. Side-effects of insecticides on pollinating insects were determined and the most important pests infesting cacao in storage discussed. Methods to protect stored cacao from insect infestation are presented. TI:(Shade and anti-mirid cacao treatments, their influence on yield). OT:Ombrage et traitements, anti-mirides sur les cacaoyers: leur influence sur la production AU:Decazy,-B. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 443-446, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; shading-; pest-control-chemical PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:Seven-year old cacao trees were grown either under shade or in full light and in both conditions either or not treated against mirids. Four years later the amount of canopy on the trees in full light and left untreated was significantly lower than that of the shaded treated trees. The cumulative results show that the absence of shade increased yield by 26%, that anti-mirid treatment increased yield by 24% and that treated plots in full light had a yield 55% higher than that of untreated shaded plots. TI:(Effect of insecticide treatment of cacao against mirids on pollination conditions). OT:Influence des traitements insecticides contre les mirides du cacaoyer sur les conditions de pollinisation AU:Lucas,-P.; Decazy,-B. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 447-451, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; insecticides-; lindane-; application-methods; pollinators- PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:Lindane was applied against mirids either by thermofogging at 320 g a.i./ha or by spraying at 300 g a.i./ha. The effect on the population of pollinating insects and consequently on pollination was negligible in the case of thermofogging and only slightly more pronounced in the case of spraying. The entomofauna was reestablished after 2 and 8 days, respectively. TI:Meloidogyne incognita infection of cocoa seedlings AU:Asare-Nyako,-A.; Owusu,-G.K. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 457-461, figs, 6 ref.; DE:cacao-; nematodes-; Meloidogyne-incognita; pest-damage; seedling-; pest-resistance PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:Meloidogyne incognita infection of cacao seedlings in which there were above-ground hypocotyl swellings in addition to large swellings on tap roots and smaller swellings on feeding roots is reported. The disease, which was first observed on seedlings of T63/967 x Sca 6 in a field nursery, was found in gauzehouse inoculation tests to infect three other types of cacao studied (Wacri Series IIJ, Wacri Series IID and Amelonado), but differences in varietal susceptibility were discernible. In the gauzehouse tests, inter-callary and terminal swellings were produced on the tap roots and feeder roots of all the four types of cacao while hypocotyl swellings were produced in T63/967 x Sca 6, Series IIJ and Amelonado. There were significant reductions in root weight and seedling height which in Series IID were drastic. Authors' summary. TI:Effect of physical environment of the abundance of Bathycoelia thalassina (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Ghana AU:Owusu-Manu,-E.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 463-468, figs, 5 ref.; DE:insect-pests; Bathycoelia-thalassina; pest-incidence; climatic-factors PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:Amongst the physical environmental factors influencing the abundance of the cacao pest B. thalassina in the field, the most important factor was rainfall which may cause mortality as high as 52% for early larval instars and as low as 3% for eggs. The mortality occurred during the rainy seasons, March-July and September-November. It was concluded that moderate temperature (25-30 degC) coupled with a mean monthly rainfall less than 130 mm lead to an increase in the population of B. thalassina in the field. Author's summary. TI:(Some aspects of damage caused and the biology of the cacao pest Selenothrips rubrocinctus, a Thysanoptera). OT:Quelques aspects des degats et de la biologie de Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), Thysanoptere ravageur de cacaoyer AU:Coulibaly,-N. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 469-472, table, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:insect-pests; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; insect-biology; pest-damage PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Selenothrips rubrocinctus is regarded as a minor pest but its importance is growing in the ecosystem of Ivory Coast cacao plantations. This development is related to the new cultivation techniques which have been adopted as well as to unfavourable climatic conditions over the past few years. Larvae and adults pierce the leaves, causing chlorotic stains and defoliation which may be total when the infection is serious. Pods are not free from attack and become covered with a layer of dead cells, dark brown in colour, which hinder or prevent any estimation of their state of maturity. The female deposits eggs individually under the skin of leaves and pods. Incubation lasted 9 days on average, the development cycle of larvae and pupae was 11 days and adults lived for 25 days. Author's summary. TI:(Pollinating insects: Forcipomyia, methods of increasing pollination and their effect on production). OT:Insetos polinizadores: Forcipomyia metodos para aumentar a polinizacao e seus effeitos sobre a producao AU:Soria,-S-de-J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 497-506, tables; bibliography (85 ref.); summaries (En, DE:pollinators-; Forcipomyia-spp.; insect-biology; host-plants; pollination-; review- PY:1981 GE:Latin America **:Water-storing plants such as Uriesea procera and Musa spp. are of particular importance in the agro-ecosystem of the cacao tree in view of their capacity to retain water in the interaxillary spaces of their leaves during dry periods, allowing reproduction of pollinating insects to take place when the leaf debris dries out to the extent of causing mortality. Retention of these natural insect breeding grounds requires no capital outlay and could result in economic benefits. Laboratory research has shown that mass breeding of Forcipomyia spp. is promising owing to the fact that the larvae feed on bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas) which can be cultivated on cheap substrates. TI:Global concepts for genetic resources and breeding in cacao AU:Bartley,-B.G.D. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 519-525, DE:cacao-; genetic-resources; breeding-programmes PY:1981 GE:World **:Suggestions are made for improving the existing situation, where the use of genetic materials in the production of cultivars is limited in relation to the potential variability and to establish controlled germplasm centres. In view of the scarcity of experienced manpower to manage the genetic resources system in relation to the predictable scale of variability to be handled a centralized operation is necessary to effect adequate supervision of the diverse activities and to achieve maximum coordination and efficiency. TI:(Results of Bahia selections and the yields of hybrids). OT:Comportamento das selecoes baianas na producao de hibridos de cacaueiros AU:Mariano,-A.H.; Bartley,-B.G.D.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 527-533, figs, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; variety-performance; hybridization- PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The cacao populations in southern Bahia result from the restricted introduction of origins from the south Amazons. This explains the reduced genetic variability of these populations. The first works directed to the genetic improvement of plantations in Bahia focused on the identification of representative selections from the available genetic base. Selections of the types Comum, Para and Maranhao were found, as well as several Catongo cultivar clones, characteristic for the absence of anthocyanic pigmentation in the cotyledones, flowers and young shoots. TI:Influence of methods of pollination on the cacao crop OT:Influence des modalites de la pollinisation sur la recolte du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Reffye,-P.-de; Parvais,-J.P.; Mossu,-G.; Lucas,-P. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 545-552, figs, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Pollination; yield-characters; Modelling; PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Experiments show that the only variable factor affecting the form of distribution of the number of beans per pod is found to be the law of distribution of pollen on the styles of the flowers. Since the biological data of a clone are fixed (number of ovules per ovary, fertility, cherelle wilt owing to an insufficient number of beans), it is possible to determine mathematically the distribution of the number of beans per pod. The distribution parameters are calculable from the experimental data, and these make it possible to use simulation which shows a good measure of agreement with the observation in all the cases analysed. The application of this theory makes it possible to calculate from the observed distribution of number of beans per pod, the genetic characteristics of a given clone which are important criteria for selection, as well as showing the pollen environment from which the crop has resulted. TI:Cocoa fermentation in Ghana and Malaysia AU:Carr-JG; Davies-PA; Dougan-J; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 573-576, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Microorganisms; Chemical-composition; Acidity; PY:1981 GE:Ghana, Malaysia **:Microbiological methods were designed to detect acid-tolerant aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Counts of the total number of microorganisms present were made daily and the numbers of individual species present were estimated. The organisms found were various kinds of yeast, both fermenting and non-fermenting, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and representatives of the genus Bacillus. Although there were some differences in microflora between Africa and Malaysia there was a good measure of similarity between the two. Upper Amazon hybrids were used, and in both countries acid cocoa was produced. Analysis of the cured cocoa from the experimental fermentations and non-acidic Amelonado cocoa shows that the former contains higher levels of acetic and lactic acids and similar levels of citric acid. TI:The influence of the storage environment on the quality of commercial cocoa with special reference to mouldiness of the beans AU:Oyeniran,-J.O. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 577-582, figs, tables; DE:storage-conditions; moisture-content; Microbiology; contamination; Moulds; Food-safety; Quality; PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:The moisture content of cacao beans with an original moisture content of 6.9% changed in the course of 3 months to 6.5, 7.1, 7.4, 8.5, 9.2, 11.7 and 17.9% when stored at an RH of 65, 71, 75, 81, 84, 90 and 98%. Internal mouldiness in the beans occurred at an RH between 75 and 98%. Eleven fungal species, both xerophylic and hydrophylic, were isolated from the mouldy beans. Beans were also stored either outside in the laboratory veranda or inside the laboratory room. Here only one xerophylic fungus was isolated from mouldy beans. TI:(Storage of cocoa in a thermally insulated airtight warehouse). OT:Stockage du cacao en hangar hermetique protege thermiquement AU:Challot,-F.; Petnga,-E.; Roche,-G.; Decazy,-B. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 583-589, tables; DE:Storage; Quality; Duration; Deterioration; PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:In a special warehouse, thermally insulated and as airtight as possible, the humidity level of the air was kept below 70% by means of an air dryer. Seventeen tons of grade 1 cacao were treated and stored for more than 15 months. The development of the moisture content, the study of cut tests and organoleptic analysis failed to reveal any significant deterioration of the product. A relative stability of the various chemical elements of the cacao during storage was found, except in the case of ammonia level which was reduced. Insect pest populations did not attain serious levels. TI:Costing experiment in cocoa: towards the long run AU:Ajobo,-O.; Folarin,-J.O. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 601-604, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cost-benefit-analysis; spacing-; weed-control PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:It is widely believed that a cacao farmer can expect about 19 years of positive economic returns from his plantation since the plantation does not reach a profitable stage until 10 years after planting. However, the possibility for a cacao farmer to expect positive gross returns from his plantation after 6 years has been demonstrated; thus the farmer could expect an active 24 years of economic life for his plantation. In terms of yield more dry beans and pods per ha were harvested by closer spacing, while wider spacing had less yield per ha but more pods per living tree. The economic consequences of these phenomena are being studied. The statistical analysis of the data collected from the 4th to the 6th year did not show that any one of the spacing treatments to be superior to any other in terms of the growth parameters studied. TI:Cost-benefit analysis of agricultural research in Nigeria: a case study of cocoa AU:Abidogun,-A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 605-609, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cost-benefit-analysis; agricultural-research; crop-improvement PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:The analytical model employed involved deriving a productivity index of improved cacao varieties by measuring the shift in the long-run cacao supply function as a way of estimating the annual values of resource ""savings" resulting from increased productivity. The annual value of resource savings (representing the gross benefits) was then adjusted for the value of additional inputs contingent to the introduction and adoption of improved variety, thus deriving the stream of net benefits. This was matched against the stream of annual research costs, and the cost/benefit ratio computed, using appropriate discount rate. TI:(Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct. 1981). OT:Actas Conferencia Internacional de Investigacion en Cacao, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct. 1981 AU:Lafforest,-J.-de (ed.) SO:Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, 920 p., figs, photos, tables; bibliograpy (vp.); summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; agricultural-research PY:1982 GE:World **:Over 100 papers were presented during the conference. These are categorized into the following subjects: agronomy; soils and nutrition; physiology; pests and diseases; extension; genetics and breeding and fermentation, storage, marketing and quality. Excerpts from discussions are presented as well as opening and closing speeches, resolutions and a list of participants. Most of the papers will be abstracted separately in ATA. TI:Intensive systems of fruit production and their relevance to cocoa AU:Posnette,-A.F.; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 3-8, 34 ref.; summaries (En, DE:agricultural-research; fruit-trees; Intensive-cropping; Dwarfing; Rootstocks; PY:1982 **:Some recent developments in tree fruit production are relevant to cacao but others are not. A transition from traditional 5 m x 5 m spacing to dense planting, about 2.5 m x 2.5 m, has already been made by West African farmers; spacing trials confirmed the merits of close spacing for Amelonado cacao in the early years of cropping. Evidently research is needed on maintaining high yields at maturity of more vigorous types when inter-tree competition diminishes production. Repeated pruning is unlikely to be cost effective. Growth-regulating chemicals used on fruit trees should be tried on cacao. The most feasible solution is the selection of precocious-bearing clones with moderate vigour, or dwarfing rootstocks. Selection for tolerance to full sunlight is also desirable since shade management presents unsolved problems that are accentuated in intensive systems. TI:(Establishment of 6 cacao hybrids using the ""Turrialba" renovation method). OT:Establecimiento de 6 hibridos de cacao por el metodo de renovacion ""Turrialba" AU:Enriquez,-G.A.; Paredes,-L.A. SO:In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 9-13, 10 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; hybrids-; crop-establishment; rehabilitation-; cost-benefit-analysis PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:The cost of renovating a 49-year old plantation of Matina cacao with interclonal hybrids was studied. The improved material was planted beneath the shade of old cacao which is then removed by gradual pruning as the new cacao grows up. The production from this experiment over the following years was examined. While the new cacao is growing, the old cacao is still partially productive, which can pay for the cost of the renovation, particularly since it responds favourably to the pruning, cleaning and application of fertilizer which is carried out at the time of planting. During the first three years of establishment, the old cacao produced an average of more than 3000 kg/ha of dry weight cacao, while the yield from the first year of the hybrids exceeded 500 kg/ha. After 13 years the yield was 2442 kg/ha. TI:Studies on cocoa seedling (Theobroma cacao L.) transportation from the nursery and bare-root transplanting into the field AU:Esan,-E.B. SO:In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 15-20, fig, 18 ref.; summaries (En, DE:seedling-; transportation-; transplanting- PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:The conventional method of transporting cacao seedlings from the nursery into the field with ball of earth in heavy-duty vehicles has been practised with utmost difficulty principally because of inadequate transport facilities coupled with the heavy weight of the potted seedlings. The objective of this investigation therefore is the detailed reassessment of the ball of earth and the bare-root methods of transporting and transplanting cacao seedlings. The treatment consisted of enveloping the seedling foliage shoot in a balloon of transparent polyethylene bag and covering of the roots with a damp thick, absorbent, paper. The application of rooting hormone at low concentration also enhanced root development. It was evident that an unassisted farmer could conveniently transport over 1000 seedlings cheaply from the nursery to his farm, transplant his consignment on to the field within two days, and still record over 90% successful re-establishment. Author's summary. TI:Viability of bare-root cacao transplanting OT:Possibilidade de transplante do cacaueiro com raizes nuas AU:Alvim,-R.; Lima-Filho,-J.M.P.; Afonso,-C.A.; SO:In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 21-26, figs, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Propagation; Seedlings; transplanting; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:This paper describes findings which demonstrate the viability of bare-root transplanting of cacao (Theobroma cacao) separated from its ball of earth either by washing or direct extraction, using processes involving application of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) to the foliage and previous reduction in the number of leaves. Mean survival rates of over 90% were obtained when a 10% Mobileaf emulsion was applied to the foliage and the transpiratory surface area reduced to a single pair of fully formed new leaves. Use of a substance (Agricol) recommended for its capacity to reduce water loss through the root system did not lower the mortality rate of the seedlings after transplanting. The possible economic benefits of the bare-root transplanting method are discussed. Authors' summary. TI:(Improvement of factors influencing cacao production: modification of pollinating conditions). OT:Amelioration des facteurs de production du cacaoyer: modification des conditions de pollinisation AU:Lucas,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 27-29, 1 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; pollination-; pollinators- PY:1982 GE:Togo **:In Togo cacao trees are under-pollinated. Pollination is essentially carried out by Diptera, Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Where ants are likely to make an effective contribution to pollination, placing nests in the trees produced a significant improvement. Where pollination is carried out by a large number of different genera the use of colour traps can increase the number of pollen grains deposited on flower styles. Author's summary. TI:Supplementary pollination and stem cutting as simple measures to increase cacao yields OT:La polinizacion suplementaria y cortes en el tallo como practicas simples para incrementar los rendimientos en cacao AU:Vera-B,-J.; Mogrovejo-J,-E.; Moreira-D,-M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 31-35, fig, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Pollination; Ringing PY:1982 GE:Ecuador **:In the principal cacao growing areas in Ecuador peak cacao production occurs with the onset of the rainy season, when the proliferation of certain endemic diseases causes losses as high as 60%. Studies have shown that losses caused by disease can be avoided if the receptive flowers on the trunk are manually pollinated and these pods harvested in months which are unfavourable for the development of fungal diseases. The aim of the present study was to try out certain simple management practices at the small farm level which could lead to the avoidance of diseases in the normal harvest curve. It was concluded that by manual pollination plus removal of a ring of phloem from round the trunk 15 cm above the ground, an increase of between 182 and 409 kg of dry weight cocoa can be achieved per hectare, particulary on smallholdings. TI:Study of the effect of flowering and pollination conditions on cacao yields OT:Etude des conditions de floraison et de pollinisation sur les rendements du cacaoyer AU:Mossu,-G.; Paulin,-D.; Reffye,-P.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 37-44, figs, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; flowering-; pollination-; yield-forecasting PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A study of the flowering, ovule count per ovary and analysis of histograms of bean frequency per harvested pod for a given cultivar make it possible to determine all the factors governing production. Over a 30 month period the weekly flowering development of different Amelonado and Amazon cultivars was followed. The correlations between the calculated data and the observed data are highly significant for the different cultivars. The similarities and differences observed between Amelonado and Amazon cultivars during the course of the experiment can be explained perfectly satisfactorily; the first by the remarkable parallels between flowering variation and pollintion variation, the latter by the way the data varies in accordance with the wilt point values of the different cultivars. TI:Towards integrated weed control in cacao plantations OT:Hacia un control integral de malezas en cacaotales AU:Reyes-E,-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Martinsky,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 45-48, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:IPM-; Integrated-weed-control; Weeding; Biological; Chemical; Manual; PY:1982 GE:Venezuela **:This paper presents the problem of weed control in cacao plantations and the importance that, without doubt, the factors related to the plant, climate and soil as regards weed development, represent. A whole series of studies is presented, in which the characteristics of the weeds and cacao plantations have been observed as well as the effect on them of agronomic, biological and chemical aspects of their control. An integrated strategy of management is presented which, relating all these factors, would make the work of weed control more efficient. Authors' summary. TI:(Development trial of a grafting method for cacao). OT:Essai de mise au point d'une methodologie de greffage chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Kadje,-A.; Ngambi-Ndjama,-J.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 49-55, figs, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:grafting; Vegetative-propagation; PY:1982 GE:Cameroon **:A new grafting technique in which the graft, cut in a shield shape, is inserted in an inverted T incision made on the rootstock below the cotyledon, has been developed. The hypocotyl is bent over immediately after the grafting operation, followed by a period under a polythene tube until the graft has taken. With these innovations the success rate of grafts compared with the control treatment, where unbent grafts remain under a corrugated iron shed is improved. Results from this preliminary study indicate that bending encourages leaf burst and scion development and that in supervising the grafts care needs to be taken as regards lighting, humidity, etc. TI:(Effects of controlled pollination on cacao). OT:Efectos de polinizacion controlada en cacao AU:Martin,-E.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 57-60, 6 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Compatibility; Pollination PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:The low-yielding trend in inter-clonal commercial cacao stands was studied. Trials consisted of a series of controlled crosses which were initiated back in 1960, checking the compatibility of the parent clones involved, combining ability and fruit set, wilting of young fruit and the number of ripe fruit harvested. This experiment tends to explain that interclonal mixed stands should be established technically in order to enhance proper cross-pollination so as to secure regular commercial yields, stressing fruit set of self-incompatible trees which require foreign pollen for fruiting. A second experiment which covered a period of 30 months showed precocity of two controlled crosses at a rate of 6:1. Such findings tend to explain the low-yielding trend in uncontrolled seedling stands thus favouring the use of proper and selected seedling material of bi-parental stock. Author's summary. TI:(Influence of climatic conditions, weight and volume of seed on the development of cacao plants in the nursery and subsequently under field conditions). OT:Influencia das condicoes, peso e volume de sementes no desenvolvimento de plantas de cacau em condicoes de viveiro e posteriormente no campo AU:Souza,-J.-de; Garcia,-J.R.; Muller,-M.W.; Midlej,-P.R.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 61-64, 9 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; climatic-factors; seed-weight; seed-size; growth-rate; seedling- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Measurements of diameter, height and number of leaves, taken when the seedlings were 4 months old, showed positive correlations with the weights of seeds but no correlations were found between the volume and the parameters measured. At 8 months - 4 months after being transplanted the same plants which had achieved better development in the nursery continued to prove significantly superior, although the average rate of stem increase was lower than that of the transplanted seedlings which had showed less development. That superiority gradually diminished with increasing age and by 12 and 16 months there was a tendency for the average growth rate of stem to level out. The differences between the more vigorous plants in those planted out in the field in a less developed state gradually became less pronounced. TI:(Transplanting bare-root cacao seedlings). OT:Transplantio de mudas de cacaueiro com raizes nuas AU:Souza,-J.-de; Garcia,-J.R.; Muller,-M.W.; Midlej,-P.R.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 61-64, table, 8 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Propagation; Seedlings; Bare-root; transplanting- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The following treatments were carried out to determine the best method of transplanting bare-root cacao seedlings, in comparison with the method traditionally used (roots encased in soil): (1) seedlings transplanted with a ball of earth; (2) seedlings transplanted with two leaves and bare roots unpruned, and with application of Mobileaf (antitranspirant); (3) seedlings transplanted with two leaves, bare roots pruned, and with application of Mobileaf; (4) unpruned bare-rooted seedlings, with stems cut to 30 cm from the ground and application of Mobileaf. The stem diameter taken 6 months after transplanting, showed no significant differences between the treatments, while after 12 and 18 months treatments 1 and 2 showed development equal to each other and superior to treatments 3 and 4. The treatments showed the following results with respect to percentage survival up to 60 days after transplanting: 1 and 2: 97.50%, 3: 88.75% and 4: 90.00%. Authors' summary. TI:Influence of seedling age on the development of cacao after transplanting OT:Influencia da idade da muda no desenvolvimento do cacaueiro apos o transplante AU:Souza-J-de; Garcia-JR; Muller-MW; Midlej-PRM; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 69-72, 5 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Transplanting-; Seedlings; Plant-age PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Seven treatments were used in this study: pre-germinated seeds planted out directly in the field, seedlings of 2-6 months and seedlings of 6 months transplanted with bare roots. The results showed that the 2-6 month old seedlings planted out by the traditional method used in the region (roots encased in soil), showed little variation amongst themselves and turned out to be superior both in development and in percentage survival to the 6-month old seedlings, planted with bare roots, and also to the seeds planted directly in the field. Authors' summary. TI:Programming cacao fertilizer schedules based on correction of anionic and cationic balances in the soil and compensation for depletions by the expected harvest. OT:Programmation de plans de fumure du cacaoyer bases sur la correction des equilibres anionique et cationique dans le sol et la compensation des exportations par la recolte escomptee AU:Lotode,-R. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 91-104, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Fertiliser-requirement; nutrient-balance; soil-analysis; computer-program PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast, Cameroon **:Research into fertilizer formulation for cacao in a given soil is based on the knowledge of certain anionic and cationic balances promoting growth and yield. The steps in a computer program for calculating fertilizer requirements depend on the initial soil characteristics and result in a print-out with information on initial characteristics; quantities of fertilizer required to correct the soil; the compensation for depleted elements of the total; the final balance of the exchangeable bases and the time for correct application. Consideration is also given to the number and dates of application according to the elements; soil sampling and specification; and the choice of fertilizers to compensate for depletions only, after soil correction. TI:(Nutritional diagnosis and classification of representative soils from the cacao-growing areas of Amazonia). OT:Diagnose nutricional e classificacao de solos representativos dos polos cacaueiros da Amazonia AU:Neves,-A.D.-de-S.; Campos,-A.X.-de; Barbosa,-R.C.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 105-126, figs, 33 ref.; summaries (En, DE:soil-survey; soil-suitability; nutrient-deficiency; cacao-; Fertiliser-response PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Amazonia **:Several units of soil were classified on the basis of detailed surveys and exploratory inspection. Of these units 20 were considered suitable for cacao growing because of their deep soils (>100 cm), medium to high natural fertility, good moisture retention and the presence of primary minerals in decomposition. Using samples of soil from the mapped units, biological tests were carried out with cacao plants to determine the limiting nutrients for this crop. The results showed that all soil units studied are deficient in phosphorus. Some soil units displayed potassium, calcium and magnesium deficiencies. In no case was any response found for nitrogen, sulphur or boron. TI:(Fluctuations in the water reserve beneath a cacao plantation: relation to the climate). OT:Evolution du stock d'eau sous une cacaoyere: relation avec le climat AU:Jardin,-P.; Snoeck,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 127-135, figs, graph, 9 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; water-supply; soil-moisture; irrigation-; Fertiliser-response; evapotranspiration- PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Using a neutron probe a record was kept of the fluctuations in the water reserve to a depth of 1 metre around a cacao tree which was not irrigated or receiving any fertilizer. This replenishment was measured during different drying out periods between 1978 and 1981. The variations in the water supply were correlated with climatic formulae of evapotranspiration and climate factors. Highly significant correlations were obtained, leading to the conclusion that climate explains 90% of water variations in the soil. A study has been made of farm techniques (irrigation, fertilizing) to assess their influence on the correlations obtained. The establishment of these relationships opens the way to the introduction of irrigation based on simple climatic data (Colorado tank, radiometer). Authors' summary. TI:Cacao reactions in south Bahia to increasing doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium OT:Respostas do cacaueiro no sul da Bahia a doses crescentes de nitrogenio, fosforo e potassio AU:Rosand,-P.C.; Santana,-C.J.L.-de; Miranda,-E.R.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 137-144, figs, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fertiliser-response; NPK- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effects of applying increasing doses of N, P2O5 and K2O were evaluated on 8 plantations of Catongo cultivar. Data for the period 1971 to 1975 showed, for additions of 90 to 180 kg/ha of P2O5, average increases in dry bean production of about 340 to 379 kg per hectare; increases of 153 and 226 kg per hectare were activated for doses of 60 and 120 kg/ha of N, respectively. Addition of 60 and 120 kg/ha of K2O reduced production. In the period 1976 to 1980, responses to the addition of phosphorus continued the same trend and to the same degree, whereas with N and K2O additions only slight increases in production were obtained with doses of 120 kg/ha of each nutrient. Analysis of the soils after 10 years of uninterrupted fertilizer application shows a considerable residual effect of phosphorus and potassium. TI:Experimental recycling of organic matter on a cacao farm OT:Essai de recyclage de la matiere organique dans une cacaoyere AU:Rivoire,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 145-150, figs, 4 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Composting-; Crop-residues; Nutrient-cycling; Waste-management; Husks; phytophthora; PY:1982 GE:Cameroon **:Compost has been manufactured by crushing and stacking rotten pods and salvaged pod husks. Temperature readings taken inside the compost heap showed that the heat produced by fermentation was more than sufficient to destroy spores of Phytophthora palmivora brought in with rotten pods. The compost appears to be very rapidly leached, especially its potassium and phosphorus content. Three month old compost was spread at the foot of young cacao plants which were one and a half years old. In association with Mimosa invisa as interrow shade plant, it decomposed very quickly. After one year, there were practically no traces left on the ground. This compost is suitable for use on any crop justifying the application of large quantities of organic matter, cacao nurseries, collections, banana plantations, vegetable plots, etc. TI:(The effect of phosphorus on the water status in cacao seedlings var. Catongo). OT:Efeito do fosforo sobre o estado hidrico em plantulas de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) var. Catango AU:Passos,-E.E.M.; Machado,-R.C.R.; Pereira,-R.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 151-155, figs, 15 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; phosphorus-; water-relations; seedling- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A study was conducted to investigate the effect of three levels of phosphorus (0, 0.66 and 1.5 mM) on the internal water content of young cacao plants, cultivated in washed sand. To evaluate this effect the leaf water potential, the stomatal diffusive resistance and the transpiration rate were measured. There was a great reduction in the leaf water potential, an increase in the stomatal resistance and a decrease in the transpiration rate in the untreated when compared with the plants that received phosphorus. A smaller expansion of the root system was also observed in the plants with no phosphorus. This contributed to a decrease in root water absorption and, as a consequence, the internal water flow in the plants. Authors' summary. TI:Mineralization and the nitrogen cycle in a southern Bahia cacao plantation OT:Mineralizacao ciclagem de nitrogenio em uma plantacao de cacau no sul da Bahia AU:Santana-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand-P; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 157-164, figs, photo, 25 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Nitrogen-cycle; Mineralization; Nutrient-cycling PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Nitrogen mineralization, on a plantation of 20-40 year old cacao was measured over a period of a year by actually incubating soil samples in the field. In the same soil, the contribution of litter from shade trees and the cacao itself to the nitrogen content in the soil, on a ten year old plantation, with mixed shade, was evaluated. Mineralization was measured by the presence and absence of N, P and K applied as fertilizer, in soil samples collected at depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm and incubated for 30 days in plastic bags buried at the same depths. The concentration of nitrogen in cacao tree and Erythrina spp. debris showed the important contribution made by this material in enriching soil in the system studied. Biological fixation of nitrogen through the nodular formations of Erythrina spp. and finally, nitrogen gains and losses in the cacao plantation shaded with this legume are discussed. TI:Fertilizer use on cacao rehabilitation projects in Ghana AU:Ahenkorah,-Y.; Halm,-B.J.; Appiah,-M.R.; Akrofi,-G.S. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 165-170, 20 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; NPK-; application-timing PY:1982 GE:Ghana **:Different sites covering different soil groups were selected to test the usefulness of N, P and K fertilizers to the Ghana/World Bank Cacao Rehabilitation Project Area. The effect of N was generally negative, causing yield depression ranging from 11-35% at several sites; that of K was negligible; while significant positive yield response with 32% mean (range 22-43%) increase was consistently associated with P. To avoid increasing the debt burden on the farmer, it is recommended that only triple superphosphate, at least 160 kg P/ha, should be incorporated in the rehabilitation exercise on mature farms. Either a bulk or split application in April/May or August of the triple superphosphate is desirable. TI:(The use of compound fertilizers for cacao in the district of Riofrio, a banana growing area). OT:Abonamiento del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) con fertilizantes compuestos en el corregimiento de Riofrio, zona bananera AU:Quiroz-P,-G.; Bonilla-M,-A.; Delgado-V,-J.L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 175-177, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; compound-Fertilisers PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:An experiment was conducted to obtain data on nutrition and yield resulting from application of compound fertilizers on commercial cacao plantations. Treatments consisted of three compound fertilizers 13-26-4, 12-6-22-2, 12-12-17-2 and triple 14 in doses of 350, 400 and 450 kg/ha for each and a control. Two equal applications were made in one year with 6 month interval at the onset of each rainy period. Applications were carried out by hand in a circular strip 20 cm wide and one metre from the base of the trunk, which was then covered with soil and fallen leaves. The results showed that the doses of 350 kg/ha/year gave the highest average cacao yield in the case of all four fertilizers used. The best yield responses were obtained using the lowest dose of fertilizers 13-26-4 and 12-6-22-2, which increased yield by 55% and 46%, respectively, when compared with the control. TI:(Cacao-growing soils in the Bahia Reconcavo Basin). OT:Classes de solos para cacau no Rec.cncavo Baiano AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Leao,-A.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 179-184, figs, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:soil-survey; soil-suitability; cacao- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The Bahia Reconcavo Basin consists of a geographically distinctive sedimentary region with soils of varying fertility, texture and relief, bearing witness to its geological formation of continental sediments which are rather discontinuous and varied. Important among these for cacao-growing are the mesotrophic Vertisols and Ultisols, particularly on account of their chemico-mineralogical composition which satisfies the nutritional requirement of cacao. Depending on ecological factors and aspects of soil management the region was divided into zones which were variably suitable for cacao. Emphasis was on natural fertility and possibilities for mechanization, since fertilizers are expensive and labour is scarce. It was concluded that there are 72 360 hectares of soil suitable for cacao, falling into the categories very good, good and fair, i.e. 24% of the region surveyed in this sedimentary bowl could be used to grow more cacao. Authors' summary. TI:(Selective edapho-climatic factors in the zoning of cacao growing in southwestern Bahia). OT:Fatores edafo-climaticos seletivos ao zoneamento espacial da cacauicultura no sudeste da Bahia AU:Sa,-D.F.-de; Almeida,-H.A.-de; Silva,-L.F.-da SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 185-197, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; soil-properties; climatic-factors; crop-geography PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Some failures in cacao planting have been recorded due to poor choice of areas - factors related to soil or climate or both. Two factors may act in isolation, or as in the majority of cases, be inter-related, so that a knowledge of the interaction of climate and soil is essential when evaluating the behaviour of cacao under various ecological conditions. Aspects of the soil linked to agricultural use - fertility, texture, water retention, depth and physiography, and linked to climate - mean air temperature, extremes in air temperature and mean rainfall, the types of area of potential use for cacao cultivation were established, taking into account the integration of these edapho-climatic factors. Authors' summary. TI:Interaction between root and shoot growth in cacao seedlings AU:Hardwick,-K.; Sleigh,-P.A.; Collin,-H.A.; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 209-214, figs, 13 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:seedling; growth-cycle; roots; shoots PY:1982 GE:UK **:Root growth in cacao seedlings was shown to be clearly rhythmic with periods of high growth rate largely coincident with low leaf growth and vice versa. Although carbohydrate and plant water status are likely to be major factors controlling growth of both root and shoot, details of the mechanism are not clear. Nevertheless this knowledge of the root system behaviour could be of importance in the cultivation of cacao indicating the optimum part of the growth cycle for irrigation, application of fertilizers and for transplantation of seedlings. TI:The effect of gibberellic acid and various auxins on Ethrel induced wilt of cacao AU:Orchard-JE; Resnik-ME; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 223-228, figs, 20 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Growth-regulators; Gibberellic-acid; Auxin; Physiological-disorders; cherelle-wilt; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Cherelle can be artificially induced by the application of the ethylene-producing substance, Ethrel (ethephon), to the pedicels of young fruit. This method was used as a screening test to evaluate the potential of some growth regulating substances to reduce wilt. Gibberellic acid (GA) prevented the wilt of 10 to 50-day old fruits when applied in lanolin paste. An aqueous spray of GA only counteracted the action of Ethrel on 10-day old fruits. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) only prevented wilt when applied to 10-day old fruits. The application of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and 2,4,5-TP did not reduce Ethrel-induced wilt and even provoked wilt immediately following their application in lanolin paste. GA had no effect on fruit growth and development. NAA appeared to reduce fruit growth and alter seed development. TI:Measuring transpiration in cacao by variation in soil moisture OT:Redistribuicao de agua e transpiracao do cacaueiro por variacao da umidade no solo AU:Cadima-ZA; Alvim-P-de-T; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 265-269, figs, table, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Transpiration-; soil-moisture; measurement- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In a 10-year old cacao plantation with 3 x 3 m spacing six cacao trees were selected for measurement of soil moisture. The volume of transpiration was evaluated from this variable. The trees were isolated by a trench 0.70 m wide and 2 m deep. The ground was watered to saturation point and immediately covered with black plastic to prevent evaporation. Soil samplings were carried out over eight weeks at depths of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm and at distances of 30, 50 and 100 cm from the trunk. In the first week water losses by transpiration, calculated from the reduction in soil moisture content were very marked at all distances; in the second week this loss was much greater only at the distance of 100 cm. Taking the average for all distances, transpiration gradually fell off. The water transpired in the first week in conditions of total soil saturation was 45 mm/day, falling to 3.4 mm/day in the eighth week. Authors' summary. TI:Contribution to data on the natural enemies of the beetles (Xyleborus spp.), cacao pests in Bahia, Brazil OT:Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos inimigos naturais das coleobrocas (Xyleborus spp.) pragas do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Machado,-A.B.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 289-290, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:IPM-; Insect-pests; Xyleborus-spp.; natural-enemies; Biological-control; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The most frequent dragonfly in evening swarms was Gynacantha bifida. Its role as a predator of Xyleborus spp. was proved by examination of food remains in its digestive tract, which consisted almost exclusively of fragments of beetles. It was concluded that the species G. bifida merits protection in its habitats around cacao plantations because of its predation on Xyleborus, and that it also merits more detailed study to gain greater knowledge of its biological control of Xyleborus. Authors' summary. TI:(Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum: a cacao pest in Bahia). OT:Avaliacao de piretroides sinteticos no controle de Hoplophorion pertusum Gemar (Homoptera: Membracidae) praga do cacaueiro na Bahia AU:Abreu,-J.M.-de; Milanez,-J.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 291-293, 9 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:insect-pests; Hoplophorion-pertusum; pest-control-chemical; pyrethroids- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids in controlling this pest was evaluated in heavily infested cacao trees. An efficiency evaluation was made 8, 24 and 48 hours after application. The average population density varied between 381 and 1526 aphids per tree. The effectiveness of decamethrin in concentrations of 5, 7.5 and 10 g a.i./ha was 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 hours after application. The efficiency of permethrin in doses of 100, 125 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, 24 hours after application. The efficiency of fenvalerate in doses of 50, 100 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, 24 hours after application. TI:Evaluation of five systemic fungicides for control of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa AU:McGregor,-A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 295-299, 5 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:Ridomil (metalaxyl) and Nordox (cuprous oxide) gave a substantial and significant reduction in numbers of infections arising from zoospore inoculations and significantly reduced percentage Phytophthora pod rot in the field. Aliette (fosetyl-Al) was less effective in controlling natural and artificial infection that either Ridomil or Nordox whilst Curzate CC (copper oxychloride + captafol + cymoxanil) was ineffective at the dose rate used in the trial. Previcur N (prothiocarb) and Terrazole (etridiazole) did not significantly reduce artificial infections on detached pods and were not evaluated further. The Ridomil, Nordox and Aliette treatments gave significntly higher yields than the unteated control in the field trial but only Ridomil and Nordox gave a good profit by spraying. Ridomil was found to be more cost effective and more acceptable to growers than Nordox. TI:Changes in nematode types and population density in the first two years of cocoa establishment AU:Afolami,-S.O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 301-306, figs, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; nematodes-; population-dynamics; crop-establishment; intercropping- PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:A plot freshly cleared for cacao planting was sampled to determine the nematode types and their population level. Samples were taken from seedling rhizosphere three months after transplanting, and subsequently at two month interval. Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Scutellonema spp., Trichodorus spp., Criconemoides limitaneum, Hemicycliophora sp., Hoplolaimus pararobustus and Xiphinema spp., were recovered in low numbers from samples taken prior to planting. In the second year the nematode population had changed considerably. Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. became predominant while Scutellonema spp. were found only in traces. Meloidogyne spp. were found in largest numbers in plots where cacao was intercropped with maize/cowpea, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. in plots intercropped with yam. Cassava/cacao plots had the least of all nematode types. There were seasonal fluctuations in nematode populations. Author's summary. TI:(Some aspects of the biology of Crinipellis perniciosa in the Uraba Region (Colombia)). OT:Algunos aspectos de la biologia de Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel), Singer en la region de Uraba (Colombia) AU:Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 323-328, figs, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; microbiology- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Witches' broom disease is considered the main cacao disease in Colombia. It was found that the broom length varied over the year according to the physiological state of the cacao tree. The average time during which the brooms remained in the green state was five weeks; the withering period averaged one week. The minimum time recorded for the start of basidiocarp production was eleven weeks from the time the broom withered. Maximum production of basidiocarps was recorded in the last three months of the rainy season. Among the possible factors, the presence and abundance of saprophytic bodies in competition with the C. perniciosa mycelium at certain times of the year should be considered. Generally speaking, the results obtained correspond with the Trinidad reports, based on research carried out more than 40 years ago. TI:(Insect pests of cacao in Amazonia). OT:Insetos nocivos ao cacaueiro na Amazonia AU:Garcia,-J.-de-J.-da; Mendes,-A.C.-de-B. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 331-333, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; insect-pests; pest-incidence; pest-damage PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Amazonia **:With a planted area estimated at some 53 000 hectares, cacao cultivation in Brazilian Amazonia is now presenting serious phytosanitary problems. Damage caused to crops by insects has been on the increase in recent years, especially in areas of widespread deforestation. To identify the principal species present in Amazonia fortnightly counts were made on a regular basis during the years 1977 to 1980, using manual collection, field observations and shock (Knockdown) techniques using applications of 12% HCH. After identifying damage in the field and studies of fauna of various communities, 24 species were singled out as being the principal insect pests to cacao growing in Amazonia. These species are described in terms of resulting economic damage and consideration is also given to the seasons and localities of their highest incidence. Authors' summary. TI:(Recent advances in chemical protection of young cacao plants from pests and the scale insect vectors of swollen shoot in Togo). OT:Progres recents dans la protection chimique des jeunes cacaoyers contre les ravageurs et les cochenilles vectrices du ""swollen shoot" au Togo AU:Nguyen-Ban,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 335-337, 4 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-vectors; Planococcus-spp.; insect-pests; Tyora-tessmanni; pest-control-chemical; insecticides- PY:1982 GE:Togo **:Foliar sprays with triazophos 40 EC, formothion 33 EC and heptenophos 50 EC at the rate of 2.2 g a.i/ha, effectively control scale insects of the genus Planococcus for a 30-50 day period (95-100% effective). Decis 18 EC (decamethrin) at 39.6 g a.i./ha is slightly less effective than the organophosphorus sprays. At 1.1 g a.i./ha, triazophos 40 EC shows the same performance as at 2.2 g a.i./ha, while at the same concentration formothion 33 EC becomes less active after 10 days. The response of Tyora tessmani (Psyllidae) to insecticides is more variable both as regards immediate effect and persistence. Formothion 60 EC at 2.2 g a.i./ha and tiazophos at 1.1 g a.i./ha give total control of psyllids for one month. Subsequently their persistence is largely dependent on the vegetative state of the cacao. TI:Field trials with insecticides and spraying equipments to control cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. in Nigeria AU:Omole,-M.M.; Ojo,-A.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 339-343, 13 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Sahlbergella-singularis; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; spray-equipment PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Eleven insecticides were evaluated in the field to control the mirid Sahlbergella singularis. Methods of application included atomization using knapsack or motorized mistblower and thermal fogging using the swingfog machine. Effective control of the mirid was achieved by spraying with Lindex 20 EC (lindane), MIPC (isoprocarb), Capsitox 20 EC, Perfektan 20 EC (lindane), Dursban 40 EC (chlorpyrifos), Sumicidin (fenvalerate) and Elocron 40 EC (dioxacarb), the % mortality during the 3rd week of application being 91.3, 93.3, 94.6, 97.5, 97.9, 98.4, 100 and 100, respectively. Other insecticides like WL 43467, Perfekthion (dimethoate) and fenitrothion were effective during the first 2 weeks but lost their efficacy shortly afterwards. In further trials all the miricides evaluated, effectively controlled mirid population 2 weeks after application. Lindane 16% and diazinon 90 SCO mixed with diesel at rates of 2 l and 0.56 l/ha, respectively, were effective. TI:Early work in the control of the cocoa pod borer (Acrocercops cramerella) in the Philippines AU:Vanialingam; Thomas,-E.; Manalo,-M.I.J.; Cruz,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 345-351, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Acrocercops-cramerella; pest-control PY:1982 GE:Philippines **:Renewed interest in the control of the pod borer or cacao moth was initiated in 1979 with a large-scale planting programme of Upper Amazon hybrid cacao under coconuts. Three different larval stages were identified. By locating the actual resting place of the adult during the day, an effective trapping method was devised to estimate populations of the pest within an area. Bagging of pods and chemical control by Agrocide (26% HCH WP) were found to be most effective in reducing adult populations and subsequent pod damage. Decis (2.5% decamethrin EC) and Lannate (90% methomyl WSP) were found to be effective as ovicides. A combined regime of Agrocide and Decis, used in a heavily infested area at alternate weekly intervals reduced incidence by about 80% after two months. However, pod borer infestation increased in these blocks significantly three months from the last application. Biological control approaches are also being considered. TI:(The problem of rodent pests in cacao farming in the Ivory Coast). OT:Le probleme des rongeurs nuisibles a la cacaoculture en C.cte d'Ivoire AU:Coulibaly,-N, SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 353-355, table, 3 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; rodent-pests; pest-damage PY:1982 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Rodents pose an acute problem, particularly in commercial plantations. Nature and importance of the damage inflicted and also the rodent species responsible for that damage are described. Germinating beans are dug up and eaten on the spot or removed. Pod damage takes various forms. Less than three months after manual removal of all pods showing rodent damage new damage again affected 83% of pods. The first catches revealed the following species: Hylomyscus spp., Praomys sp., Crycetomys sp., Mastomys sp. and Graphiurus sp. Knowledge of the population dynamics, ethology, reproduction and feeding of the species in question should enable planned control of these pests. TI:Pathogenic races of Crinipellis perniciosa? AU:Wheeler,-B.E.J.; Mepsted,-R. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 365-370, fig, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; races-; pathogenicity- PY:1982 GE:Tropical America **:Dead witches' brooms were imported from various areas within Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Trinidad and Venezuela. The causal fungus, Crinipellis perniciosa, was isolated from mycelium in these brooms and from basidiocarps induced on them. Germinated seeds of West African Amelonado and Scavina 6 cacao were inoculated with basidiospores of selected isolates. Isolates from Ecuador were distinguished by the slower rate of Amelonado seedling death and by marked stem base swelling and broom formation on Scavina 6. An isolate from Ecuador also induced more rapid broom formation on young plants of Amelonado, ICS 1, EET 19 and EET 400 than did an isolate from Brazil. The data suggest that C. perniciosa from Ecuador differs from other isolates and perhaps, also, that within these isolates further types may be distinguished. TI:Advances in the chemical control of cacao black pod in Bahia, Brazil OT:Progressos no controle quimico da podridao parda do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil AU:Lellis,-W.T.; Figueiredo,-J.M.-de; Pereira,-J.L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 371-374, 16 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Until 1979 the only fungicide used for the control of cacao black pod was Copper Sandoz (cuprous oxide with 50% metallic copper). In the last two years five new fungicides have been introduced with different formulations: an oil-based copper oxychloride formulation with 35% metallic copper v/v; a water based formulation with 36% metallic copper v/v; and post humidifiable formulations which contain metallic copper. Some organic products show promise opening the way, should the need arise, for copper fungicide substitutes in disease control. To develop new technology for the control of black pod, research is being conducted into the effects of number of fungicide applications, using the same quantity of product per tree throughout the different treatments in order to reduce manpower and fuel requirements. A hose and nozzle system has been evolved in the development of chemical spraying machines. TI:Development and impact of Monilia pod rot of cacao in Costa Rica OT:Desarrollo e impacto de la moniliasis del cacao en Costa Rica AU:Enriquez,-G.A.; Brenes,-O.; Delgado,-J.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 375-380, fig, 15 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; crop-losses PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:It is estimated that there are about 25 612 ha planted to cacao in Costa Rica. In December 1978 Monilia pod rot caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri was present in some 900 ha of cacao, but subsequent inspections carried out towards December 1979 established that the affected area had spread totalling some 7150 ha. At the end of 1980 the disease was discovered in other cacao growing areas of the country affecting plantations to various degrees. Details are given of a series of measures implemented to combat Monilia pod rot by several institutions. TI:(Analysis of the evolution and variation in the incidence of witches' broom disease in the Uraba region (Colombia)). OT:Analisis de la evolucion y variacion de la incidencia de escoba de bruja (Crinipellis perniciosa) en la region de Uraba (Colombia) AU:Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 387-393, figs, table, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Witches' broom disease is of major concern in Colombia, as it causes heavy losses in yield. High levels of disease were found in trees over 7 years of age, but the incidence could be stabilized at a tolerable level by frequently applied control measures and through isolation of the plantation. The monthly average of broom formation showed a peak in December and January and a minimum in May and June, indicating that the disease follows a well defined annual cycle, broadly influenced by rain distribution, the physiological state of the tree and maximum and minimum periods of basidiocarp formation. Generally speaking, it is possible to make a plan for the integrated control of this disease using self-compatible material with limited and synchronized shooting characteristics, specific times for the collection of brooms, applying systemic fungicides, encouraging saprophytic bodies hostile to the C. perniciosa mycelium, and proper application of farming practices. TI:(Advances in the repression of Monilia pod rot in cacao). OT:Avances en la represion de la moniliasis de cacao AU:Barron-N,-O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 401-405, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-control-cultural PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Reductions in the annual harvest due to Monilia pod rot amount to about one third of the country's actual output. However, this disease can be controlled economically, since evaluation studies of farming control methods presented in this paper are effective in all types of plantations. In field trials introducing measures of growth inhibition into the system, a reduction in the incidence of Monilia pod rot from 30.6 to 8.8% has been achieved in a typical smallholding (less than 100 ha). This resulted in a yield increase from 588 to 1050 kg per hectare. Similarly, on a 232 hectare farm of the plantation type the incidence of Monilia pod rot was reduced from 52.8 to 22.4%, with a consequent increase in yield of from 390 kg to 1100 kg of dry weight cocoa per hectare. TI:(Quantitative study of broom production on cacao plants affected by Crinipellis perniciosa and its significance in the management of the disease). OT:Estudio cuantitativo de la produccion de escobas en plantas de cacao, afectadas por Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer y su significado en el manejo de la enfermedad AU:Cifuentes,-C.; Mayorga,-M.; Prieto,-E.; Rondon,-G.; Tovar,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 407-413, figs, 4 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Information on the monthly distribution of broom formation and the relation of this to other climatic and agronomic factors constitutes an important basis upon which to establish a programme of broom removal to help reduce the virulence of witches' broom disease of cacao. Broom production records per tree and per stratum and per year were completed fortnightly by counting and removing new infections. There was a progressive increase in the number of brooms produced from January to December, rising to a peak in December and January. Over the year a series of fluctuations were seen in the number of brooms produced. Comparative studies of broom production in leaf buds and flower cushions showed considerable quantitative differences, a greater number of brooms being found in the latter stratum. TI:Witches' broom disease: wrong experiment right results AU:Evans,-H.C.; Solorzano,-G.R. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 415-418, 4 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology- PY:1982 GE:Ecuador **:Information on the epidemiology of witches' broom disease of cacao is presented. Dead brooms generally require 3-4 months exposure to wet conditions before basidiocarp production is initiated. Suspended brooms produce significantly more (>3 times) basidiocarps than those on the ground. Brooms on the ground, however, still constitute an important source of inoculum. Basidiospores are common in the air between 22-04.00 hours following an increase in relative humidity (>95%) and a decrease in temperature (<24 degC) and probably move over a considerable distance (50-70 km). All parts of an unhardened flush are susceptible to infection. TI:(Development of phytoalexins in some species of the genus Theobroma as a response to infection by Phytophthora: study of various cultivars of cacao and of one interspecific hybrid). OT:Elaboration de phytoalexines chez certaines especes du genre Theobroma en reponse a l'infection par Phytophthora; etude de divers cultivars de cacaoyers et d'un hybride interspecifique AU:Daguenet,-G.; Parvais,-J.P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 433-438, figs, table, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance; plant-constituents; phytoalexins-; wild-species; variety-performance; interspecific-hybrids PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Phytoalexins are considered to be one of the components of plant resistance to diseases. By means of classical biochemical techniques, such a substance of high fungitoxicity was detected in and isolated from the stems of T. grandiflorum, T. microcarpum, T. speciosum and in a species of a closely related genus, Herrania. In T. cacao, cultivars belonging to different groups (Forasteros, Amelonados and Upper Amazons, Catongos, Criollos and Trinitarios) were studied. It was never possible to isolate the phytoalexin present in the other Theobroma; however, a similar substance of weaker activity, was detected. The study of the progeny of T. cacao x T. grandiflorum showed that certain individuals had a resistance of a type comparable to that of the male parent; in those individuals the phytoalexin characteristic of T. grandiflorum could be detected showing that this character is transmissible to the progeny. TI:Two additional methods for inoculation of seeds of cocoa for evaluating resistance against Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butler AU:Sreenivasan,-T.N.; Persad,-G.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 439-443, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:seed-inoculation; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance PY:1982 GE:Trinidad and Tobago **:The inocula used were (a) wheat grain infested with Phytophthora and (b) hyphal discs (5 mm diameter) cut off from the periphery of a five-day old culture of P. palmivora grown on a potato dextrose agar medium in the dark. In the case of inoculum (a) a single infested wheat grain was placed in contact with a pregerminated seed and covered with fumigated (methyl broxide) potting mixture. Inoculation with hyphal discs was done by placing a single disc on the surface of the pregerminated seed in such a way that the disc was in contact with the cotyledon and radicle. The seed with the hyphal disc was sown in fumigated potting mixture. The potting mixture was kept moist with wet newsprint for six days. Surviving seedlings were counted at weekly intervals. Evaluations of these methods were made together with the two other inoculation methods (culture homogenate and zoospore suspension) previously used. TI:Occurrence and distribution of cacao diseases in south India AU:Mohanan,-R.C.; Kaveriappa,-K.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 445-449, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:disease-incidence PY:1982 GE:India; South India **:Approximately 13 000 ha of land is under cultivation with cacao mainly as a mixed crop in coconut or arecanut gardens. A detailed survey was undertaken during the month of September immediately after the south-west monsoon to study the occurrence and distribution of various diseases affecting this crop. Major diseases were black pod (Phytophthora palmivora), charcoal pod rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae), Colletotrichum pod rot and Colletotrichum leaf spot (both caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), stem canker (P. palmivora) and zinc deficiency. Black pod, Colletotrichum pod rot and Colletotrichum leaf spot were observed in more than 50% of the gardens, while charcoal pod rot, canker and zinc deficiency were noted in less than 50% of the gardens. District wise, black pod and Colletotrichum leaf spot were present in all the districts. Colletotrichum pod rot was observed in all except one district in Kerala. The distribution of the other diseases varied. TI:Recent work on vascular-streak dieback disease in Papua New Guinea AU:Prior,-C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 451-454, 12 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Fungal-diseases; Oncobasidium-theobromae; laboratory-culture PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:The application of a previously reported basidiospore inoculation technique to screening for resistance has been limited by the inability to produce spores in culture and the erratic availability of inoculum from naturally occurring sporophores. Recently the use of a dual culture technique has enabled the production of basidiospores in culture. Cacao callus cultures grown on a synthetic agar medium are inoculated with Oncobasidium theobromae mycelium. These cultures have been shown to produce moniloid hyphae like those found in sporophores, but they do not become fertile under laboratory conditions. The necesary stimulus for basidiospore formation may therefore be provided by the physical and biological environment under which sporophores naturally form. A system is described whereby these dual cultures may be exposed to natural environmental conditions with the resulting production of basidiospores. The limitations and potential of this system are discussed. TI:Aetiology of cacao black pod in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo OT:Etiologia da podridao parda do cacaueiro nos estados da Bahia e Espirito Santo AU:Campelo-AMFL; Luz-EDMN; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 455-459, 47 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia, Espirito Santo **:The fungus Phytophthora palmivora has been held responsible for cacao black pod in the cacao-growing states of Bahia and Espirito Santo in Brazil. The survey from 1978 to 1980 in these regions showed a predominance of P. capsici (previously known as P. palmivora MF4) on cacao pods in approximately 95.0% of the isolations effected. P. palmivora (sensu stricto P. palmivora MF1) was found in about 3.0% of the isolates; its presence was also detected in nursery seedlings and it causes canker in mature plants. The species P. citrophthora, pathogenic to pods (2.0%) and to the stems of mature cacao, was subsequently recorded. These findings, although incomplete, indicated that P. capsici is the principal causal agent of cacao black pod. Authors' summary. TI:Some differences in isolates of the black pod disease organisms from six cocoa growing countries AU:Asare-Nyako,-A.; Muller,-R.A.; Blaha,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 461-471, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; microbiology-; temperature-; pathogenicity-; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1982 GE:West Africa, Brazil **:Pathogenicity tests on pregerminated West African Amelonado seeds showed that virulence of 34 isolates from Sao Tome, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Brazil depended mainly on their ability to produce sporangia in darkness. The only Phytophthora drechsleri isolate tested produced sporangia in darkness and was also highly pathogenic. The ability to produce sporangia in darkness was not related to mating type nor to morphological types. TI:(Cacao black pod caused by Phytophthora sp. in Togo: determination of causal species). OT:La pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer due a Phytophthora sp. au Togo: determination des especes responsables AU:Djiekpor,-E.K.; Partiot,-M.; Lucas,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 473-478, figs, tables; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Togo **:Black pod due to Phytophthora spp. is the cause of severe losses in Togo. A phytosanitary survey organized in the different cacao growing regions between 1978 and 1980 showed that losses vary from 10 to 80% according to the area. The Litime and Adele regions were worst affected, whereas in the Kloto region losses do not exceed 10% on average, despite a few exceptions on the Kouma Plateau. An in vitro study of the colony morphology, the morphology of the sporangia, pedicel length, extent of sporulation and chromosome types of isolates revealed the presence of P. megakarya in Litime, Adele and part of Kloto, totalling 80% of the Togolese cacao stock, and P. palmivora on the Kouma Plateau and the Tove and Agou districts in the Kloto region. Authors' survey TI:Study of infection and sporulation by Crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao in Guamal, Colombia OT:Estudio de la infeccion y esporulacion del Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, agente causal de la escoba de bruja del cacao en Guamal, Colombia AU:Cifuentes,-C.; Mayorga,-M.; Prieto,-E.; Rondon,-G.; Tovar,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 485-492, figs, tables; 11 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology-; sporulation- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Results of observations show that 70% of the leaf shoot brooms have a green period of between 4 and 6 weeks. However, it is clear that some 10% of the brooms have a green period of less than 4 weeks and the remaining 20% one longer than 6 weeks. The green period of brooms formed on flower cushions, on branches and on the trunk lasts, on average, between 4 and 6 weeks, and is independent of the time of year and of the stage of development of the crop. The majority of brooms measure between 20 and 35 cm in length. The formation of basidiocarps is preceeded by the hydration and softening of the dry brooms. Maximum sporulation occurs 3-4 weeks after maximum rainfall levels have been reached. Maximum sporulation in the first six months was obtained in the month of June. In the second half of the year, maximum sporulation was obtained in October. Finally, a broom may produce basidiocarps for about 2 years in periods of humidity and then die away completely and disappear. TI:Comparative survival of three Phytophthora species pathogenic to cocoa in artificially infested field soils AU:Kellam,-M.K.; Zentmyer,-G.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 499-504, fig, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; soil-types; soil-moisture; soil-temperature PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Three species of Phytophthora, known to incite black pod disease of cacao, were compared with respect to their relative abilities to survive in two natural soils under different environmental conditions. Initial soil moisture levels were adjusted to -0.2 or -0.8 bar and these moisture levels were maintained throughout the experimental periods. Regardless of soil moisture level or soil type, more fungal propagules were recovered from soil stored at 18 degC than at 24 degC. In general all three species survived better at -0.8 than at -0.2 bar. One isolate of P. palmivora declined to almost undetectable levels in all treatments after six months, while another isolate of the same species was recovered from almost all treatments after nine months. Nine months after infestation in the treatment most favourable to fungal survival, population levels were decreased by 100, 82, 86 and 74% for P. palmivora (isolate 455), P. palmivora (isolate 501), P. citrophthora, and P. capsici, respectively. TI:Comparative survival of three Phytophthora species pathogenic to cocoa in inoculated cocoa pod pieces AU:Kellam,-M.K.; Zentmyer,-G.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 505-509, figs, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; pod-; moisture-content; temperature- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The relative abilities of Phytophthora palmivora, P. citrophthora, and P. capsici to survive in cacao pod tissue under different environmental conditions were evaluated. In general, more fungal propagules were recovered from moist pod pieces than from dry pieces and more from pod pieces incubated at 18 degC than at 24 degC. After 10 weeks, only P. capsici was recovered from dry pod pieces, at 18 degC. In the moist pod pieces, however, at both 18 degC and 24 degC more propagules were recovered of P. palmivora than of either of the other two species. Population levels ranged from 3.20 x 104 to 3.5 x 10 propagules per gram of dry pod tissue at 5 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. When the pod slurries were examined microscopically for the presence of spore structures, abundant chlamydospores and sporangia of P. palmivora and P. citrophthora and a moderate number of sporangia of P. capsici were observed within 2 weeks after inoculation. TI:Relationship between lipid composition and in vitro development conditions in Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya and P. capsici, causal agents of cacao black pod OT:Relations entre la composition lipidique et les conditions de developpement in vitro de Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya et P. capsici agents de la pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer AU:Blaha,-G.; Adenier,-H.; Chaveron,-H.; Lacoste,-L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 511-525, figs, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-megakarya; Phytophthora-capsici; lipids-; photoperiod-; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1982 GE:France **:The relationship of the extremely pronounced photoperiodism phenomena of Phytophthora megakarya with direct induction of procedures resulting in their sporogenesis, and the lipid metabolism implicated warrant a comparative biochemical study of strains belonging to the species P. palmivora, P. capsici and P. megakarya. The present study attempts to link the lipid composition of these fungi to different conditions for their development, in light and in darkness. Data were collected on the different lipid fractions (free fatty acids, triglycerides, non-saponifiable polar lipids) and correlations established with culture conditions. The samples grown in the light generally show a relatively higher proportion of free fatty acids than the samples grown in the dark. TI:Prospects and precautions in the use of Ridomil in cacao cultivation OT:Perspectivas y precauciones para el uso de Ridomil en el cultivo de cacao AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Marin,-C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 527-530, 10 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Disease-control; Chemical; Fungicides; Metalaxyl- PY:1982 GE:Venezuela **:Phytophthora palmivora is a serious pathogen in cacao plantations and causes severe damage to various organs of the plant and considerable fruit loss. This work presents the possibility of its control by the systemic fungicide Ridomil (metalaxyl) which exhibited, under field conditions, great efficiency, two-dimensional distribution and persistence when using a leaf dose of 300 g c.p./ha, with a single application per production cycle. Its use is recommended, but its application should be limited to combat Phytophthora palmivora, since antagonisms were found against fungi of the genera Colletotrichum, Botriodiplodia and Fusarium in treated pods. This justifies extensive training of technicians and farmers in the use of the product. Authors' summary. TI:Current status of the development of Ridomil(R) for the control of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa AU:Margot,-P.; Warnery,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 531-534, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; metalaxyl-; spraying- PY:1982 GE:Cameroon, Papua New Guinea, Brazil **:In countries where standard spray intervals are relatively long (30 days) and the disease pressure moderate, such as Central and South America and the Far East, Ridomil (metalaxyl) applied at a rate of 250 g a.i./ha in spray volumes of 120-160 l/ha directed at the pods gives better control of Phytophthora pod rot than can be achieved with recommended rates of copper fungicides. In regions where the infection pressure is very high and standard spray intervals are short (14 days) such as West Africa, the use of Ridomil permits an extension of the spray intervals to 21 days. Rates in the region of 50 g a.i./ha applied in a spray valume of 100 l/ha show particular benefits over residual fungicides during the period of flowering to young pod development. Season-long spray programmes with Ridomil offer reduction in the total number of sprays that have to be applied. TI:(Economy of cacao black pod control in Bahia, Brazil: aerial versus ground spraying). OT:Economia do controle da podridao parda do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil: pulverizacao aerea versus pulverizacao terrestre AU:Doraswamy,-G.; Araujo,-J.B.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 535-544, 12 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; spraying-; aerial-application; cost-benefit-analysis PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Two methods of fungicide application (cuprous oxide and copper oxychloride) in terms of technical efficiency and degree of economic profitability, using data on production and incidence of the disease, are compared. The results showed that ground spraying is technically more efficient. However, the considerable differences in cost indicated that aerial spraying was more economically efficient. The highest increases in production attributable to spraying were obtained in June and July, while April, May and August showed the lowest values of this variable. The fungicides produced approximately equal practical effects but from a financial point of view cuprous oxide proved preferable. TI:(Evaluation of four systemic fungicides for the control of Crinipellis perniciosa in Guamal, Colombia). OT:Evaluacion de cuatro fungicidas sistemicos para el control de Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, en Guamal, Colombia AU:Cifuentes,-C.; Prieto,-E.; Tovar,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 545-550, tables; 8 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; application-methods PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:It is important within the concept of integrated management of the problem of witches' broom in cacao to utilize chemicals in the fight against the disease, in the form of certain systemic fungicides which, when applied during the green period of the broom, can circulate and exercise an inhibiting effect on the sporulating potential of the mycelium. In this experiment four systemic fungicides were used: biloxazol, triadimefon, oxycarboxin and pyracarbolid in the maximum, medium and minimum doses recommended by the manufacturers. These were applied in two different ways: one application to green brooms of four different ages formed on flower cushions of branches, and two applications at two different ages of the same broom. None of the treatments were effective during the normal course of the green period or affected growth of the broom, which progressed normally following application of the fungicides. TI:(Study of the chemical control of witches' broom in cacao). OT:Estudio sobre el control quimico de la escoba de bruja del cacao AU:Mayorga-P,-M.; Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 551-555, tables; 5 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Since the formation of basidiocarps of the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa occurrs only in decomposed dry brooms, the intention was to break the cycle of the disease by restricting the mycelium found inside the brooms, which should lead to a reduction in basidiocarp formation. The following treatments were used: triadimefon, oxycarboxin, agricultural oil and a control, in two methods of application, by spraying or immersion. Oxycarboxin and agricultural oil show most promise as mycelium inhibitors, followed by triadimefon, which was effective both in green and in dry brooms. In the dry brooms which were fruiting, the product had a fungistatic action, inhibiting the fruiting process of the brooms for a period of up to three months. Application of fungicides to green brooms on the tree restricted basidiocarp formation as compared with the control. TI:Technology transfer to cocoa farmers in West Africa AU:Laryea,-A.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 583-591, tables; 16 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; technology-transfer PY:1982 GE:Ghana **:Six stages are recognized in technology transfer: (1) research activities, (2) the need to ensure certainty of the result under the varied conditions of use; (3) to reduce the proven technique (innovation) to the level of comprehension and the means of the farmer; (4) diffusion of the innovation through propaganda to make the farmer aware; demonstrations to convince him of the benefits to be derived from the innovation to the point of his readiness to adopt it; (5) assisting the farmer by training and advice on the method of application to obtain the best result; and (6) helping him by the timely provision of the necessary inputs including financial, to enable him to put the innovation into practice. Attempt is made to identify some of the conditions and forces that serve as constraints to successful transfer. Suggestions are made regarding measures to be taken by Governments and the Cocoa Council that would facilitate the transfer to technology to the benefit of the cocoa industry. TI:(The Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. and the promotion of cacao farming in Colombia). OT:La Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. y el fomento del cultivo del cacao en Colombia AU:Moreno-P,-L.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 593-597, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; production-development; promotion- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Cacao has been grown in Colombia for many years; yet there has been such an increase in cacao consumption that, after an exporting period it has been an importer. The government launched a promotion campaign to change this situation, with a view to regaining self-sufficiency and looking to become, once more, an exporter. The Compania Nacional de Chocolates echoed this concern and in 1958 created a department for the promotion of cacao growing. At its own expense it engaged a number of agronomic and agricultural experts to give direct technical assistance to farmers and established new cacao farms. With these and other activities the Company has contributed towards the growth of cacao farming. Now Colombia is reaching a point of balance between production and consumption. TI:Progress report on the Pilot Cocoa Extension Project in the Dunkwa district of Ghana AU:Gyamfi,-A.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 599-603, tables; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; extension-; pilot-project PY:1982 GE:Ghana **:Ineffective extension services have been identified as one of the major factors contributing to the fall in cacao production in Ghana. It therefore became necessary for cacao extension services in the country to be re-organized and managed to be more efficient and effective. Specific objectives are discussed. Although several problems like unattractive producer prices, scarcity of labour and other inputs, poor state of roads and transportation and unavailability of some basic necessities of life confronted the farmers, the project achieved some appreciable results. There is no doubt that the project has shown that a systematic information campaign is very effective in inducing farmer participation in improved agricultural practices. TI:(Cacao extension work in Alto Beni, Bolivia). OT:Trabajos de extension agricola cacaotera en el Alto Beni, Bolivia AU:Rodriguez-R,-G.; Diaz-V,-C.; Romay-M,-E.; Cano-O,-N.; Roca,-E. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 605-608, 3 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; extension-services PY:1982 GE:Bolivia **:The present study examines the activities over the last three years of six extension agencies. This covers the development of cacao farming since planting began until 1980, the sequence of activities, the problems encountered and the results achieved. The agencies are described, giving the position and the number of communities and farmers in each. The methods followed in rural training and group inauguration are described, and the activities of rural training in scope and impact achieved are outlined and examined. The establishment of communal nurseries, the problems and methodology involved and the achievements in this direction are mentioned; giving the number of farmers involved per agency for the different years. An account is given of the methods used for the technology transfer principally in connection with the control of witches' broom. The results of the programme are analysed and future activities of cacao extension are outlined. TI:Extension and training method in cacao farming in the Ivory Coast OT:Methode de vulgarisation et d'encadrement de la culture du cacao en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Niamke,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 609-613, summaries (En, DE:extension-services PY:1982 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:At present, cacao is the foremost crop in the agricultural economy of the Ivory Coast. In order to achieve quantitative and qualitative objectives, the activities of SATMACI, a state-controlled body in charge of extension in the sphere of cacao farming have mainly been concerned with: creating new farms using selected highly productive plant material and proven modern farming techniques; gradually renovating the entire traditional productive cacao stock; the continual training and permanent recycling of a qualified and versatile supervisory staff; and increasingly intensive training of registered farmers to help them better understand the technical advice offered. TI:(Effects of rural extension in the cacao-growing regions of Bahia and Espirito Santo). OT:Resultados da extensao rural nas regioes cacaueiras dos estados da Bahia e do Espirito Santo AU:Carvalho,-A.M.F.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 615-620, figs, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; extension-; productivity- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia, Espirito Santo **:The predominant farming structure (about 85%) consists of small and medium-sized holdings with an area of less than 50 hectares. In terms of cacao production, more than half the production is centred on holdings producing up to 45 ton per annum. The effects of extension on cacao production and productivity have been particularly marked in the last five years. Total production exceeded the 300 000 ton mark and is being maintained above this figure, average productivity at the present time is around 720 kg/ha/year. During 1980 farmers took action against pests on more than 460 000 ha, controlled diseases on approximately 150 000 hectares, applied fertilizers over an area exceeding 220 000 hectares and planted more than 40 000 hectares of cacao. TI:(Economic efficiency of resources in two groups of cacao-growing estates in the district of Ilheus, Bahia). OT:Eficiencia economica dos recursos em dois grupos de propriedades cacaueiras do municipio de Ilheus, Bahia AU:Costa,-A.-da-S.C.; Reis,-A.J.-dos SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 621-626, 10 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; estates-; resource-utilization; productivity- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:One group consists of estates where the proprietor resides or lives outside but visits at intervals of no more than 8 days; in the other group the proprietor lives outside and visits less frequently. The purpose of the study was to estimate the relationship between the input levels promoting productivity and the level of cacao tree productivity; the estimated equations for the two groups were compared and the economic efficiency of the cacao-growing enterprises in both groups analysed. The statistical test showed that there was no significant differences in the adjusted functions of productivity for two groups of estates. Resources are not being used to the optimum level. Better results can be expected with better distribution of resources. The way in which decisions were taken did not affect the economic efficiency of the estates. TI:Producer-countries' share of total benefits from national investments in cocoa research: a case study of Nigeria AU:Abidogun,-A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 627-632, fig, tables; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; agricultural-research; public-investment; cost-benefit-analysis PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Based on the shifts in the supply curve arising from increased productivity due to research, the present value of the flow of producer benefits was estimated and expressed as a proportion of total benefits. The producer benefits were found to be 82% of the total benefit from cacao research. Apart from the distortion in resource allocation which such situation might have engendered it raises some serious issues of international equity. Thus rich consumer countries have been subsidized over the years by poor producer countries. It is stated that one possible approach to solving the problem is to embody in the International Cocoa Agreement provisions for appropriate levels of contribution by consumer countries to research support in producer countries. Such provisions also lead to better allocative efficiency. TI:(Utilization of physiological disorders induced by cocoa swollen shoot virus: description of a simple biological indexing test). OT:Utilisation des perturbations physiologiques induites par le virus du swollen shoot du cacaoyer (C.S.S.V.): definition d'un test biologique simple d'indexation AU:Partiot,-M.; Lucas,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 681-683, tables; summaries (En, Pt) DE:viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Togo **:The average number of ovules per ovary is stable in healthy cacao, does not vary according to biological conditions and is transmitted cumulatively. That number is significantly reduced when the cacao is diseased. This occurs 2 months after artificial infection. A simple biological indexing test consists of monitoring the development of the number of ovules per ovary and would be very useful in verifying the state of health of collections and in quarantine stations. Authors' summary. TI:(Behaviour of cacao cultivars with respect to biting-sucking insects: possibility of early selection of tolerant cacao trees). OT:Comportement de cultivars de cacaoyers a l'egard de quelques insectes depredateurs: possibilite d'une selection precoce des cacaoyers tolerants AU:Decazy,-B.; Coulibaly,-N. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 685-688, 3 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:insect-pests; pest-resistance; breeding; PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast, Cameroon **:A number of studies, such as insect counts and observation of the damage they have caused on clones and hybrids, young cacao and mature cacao trees in the Ivory Coast and Cameroon, have shown that trees susceptible when young to attack by bollworms and psyllids remain so for their whole life. In addition, trees susceptible to infestation by psyllids and thrips are equally susceptible to mirid attack. Conversely, cacao trees tolerant to psyllids and thrips are also tolerant to mirids. Behaviour studies of young cacao trees under attack from psyllids, bollworms and thrips give very clear indications regarding their susceptibility to mirids. It is therefore possible to make early selection of cacao cultivars tolerant to mirid infestation. TI:(Comparative study of 6 cacao hybrids in the Uraba region of Colombia Estudio comparativo de seis hibridos de cacao en la zona de Uraba, Colombia AU:Mejia-P,-V.E.; Rondon-C,-J.G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 689-693, figs, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:hybrids-; yield-; disease-resistance; heterosis- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Since 1974, research has been in progress into the behaviour of the hybrids SCA 6 x ICS 39; SCA 12 x ICS 6; PA 46 x IMC 67; P 7 x ICS 6; EET 95 x SCA 6 and SCA 6 x IMC 67, in order to identify the best at local level based on production and tolerance to witches' broom and Monilia pod rot. The results obtained so far indicate the hybrid PA 46 x IMC 67 as the best in terms of production and disease tolerance. Another hybrid with better production but lower disease tolerance is P 7 x ICS 6. The hybrids with Scavina genes such as SCA 6 x ICS 39 and SCA 6 x IMC 67 have so far yielded lowest. With respect to vigorous growth, the hybrids compared in the study show similar behaviour for trunk diameter and crown height. Although the crown height appears to have become stable, the diameter of the trunk still continues to increase. TI:Inheritance of clonal resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao hybrids AU:Gardella,-D.S.; Enriquez,-G.A.; Saunders,-J.L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 695-702, fig, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; disease-resistance; heritability-; hybrids- PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:Genetic analysis of a half diallel cross demonstrates effects of general combining abilities of clones and special combining abilities on crosses. These measurements should be used for selecting clones and hybrids to increase resistance. Clones with dominant genes plus genes with an additive effect should be used to improve the resistance of cacao to C. fimbriata. Phenotypic variance for survival of 10 cacao hybrids was 38.06% due to additive gene effects, 30.52% due to environmental effects. Clones IMC-67 and SPA-9 probably have dominant genes for resistance to C. fimbriata, ICS-45 probably has a heterozygous dominant gene for susceptibility. UF-613 apparently has more paternal than maternal effect on resistance of its progeny. TI:(Assessment of the productive capacity of 6 cacao hybrids in the Dominican Republic). OT:Evaluacion de la capacidad productiva de 6 hibridos de cacao en Republica Dominicana AU:Batista,-L.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 713-717, fig, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; hybrids- PY:1982 GE:Dominican Rep. **:The variables studied were: number of pods and seeds, wet and dry weight of the beans, height and girth of stem and signs of early maturity. At the same time determinations of the presence and frequency of Phytophthora palmivora were made. The hybrid with the highest average dry weight yield was SHB 3 with 1356 kg/ha. Production data showed that 47% of the trees have medium yields, producing between 31 and 60 pods; 23% are highly productive with 61-90 pods per tree; 19% have low production with 1-30 pods; and 3% came within the category of unproductive trees. Only 8% showed exceptional production in excess of 90 pods. The hybrids came into production at between 18 and 24 months. The final result shows that the majority of the trees studied are medium and highly productive trees, although the average bean weight of some hybrids was less than 1.0 g. P. palmivora was found to be present on between 1 and 0 pods per tree. TI:(Implications of tests to detect resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao). OT:Implicaciones de las pruebas para detectar resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en cacao AU:Gardella,-D.; Enriquez,-G.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 719-724, figs, 28 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; disease-resistance; research-methods PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:In some cases, objections have been raised against the method used to detect resistance in cacao trees yet in other cases it has been used extensively to detect resistant genotypes. A study was made of the effect of changing the test originally proposed, and comparisons of the results were analysed. Attempts were also made to discover some reasons for these differences. Tests were carried out to detect differing pathogenicity in different isolates, and a study was made of the effect of temperature and inoculum concentration. It was found that temperature had a marked effect on perithecial production and growth of mycelium. Light had very little effect on the behaviour of fungal growth, nor did the inoculum concentration have any very noticeable effect on growth. No differences were found in the growth of various isolates of the fungus on different cacao clones. The response of several species of Theobroma to the growth of the fungus was evaluated. TI:Genetic improvement for resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao (Theobroma cacao) OT:Mejoramiento genetico para resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Ocampo-R,-F.; Mafla-B,-G.; Victoria-K,-J.I. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 725-730, 11 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; disease-resistance; hybrids-; research-methods PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:In the first six years of the tree's life the incidence of the disease was 0.9% and increased with age of the tree. The progeny of the hybrid PA 46 x IMC 67 has not become infected and a high level of tolerance is displayed by the progeny of TSA 644 x PA 46 and ICS 6 x IMC 67. Tree deaths occurred during dry periods. In order to evaluate hybrid resistance to the pathogen the following methods were compared: bark and wood, colorimetric and punching. The punch method, which consists of replacing a disc of bark with a disc of culture medium containing the fungus with perithecia, was the most consistent and, using this method, the following hybrids were identified as being moderately resistant ICS 6 x PA 121, ICS 6 x IMC 67 and TSA 644 x PA 46. TI:Breeding for disease resistance to vascular-stread dieback, canker, and black pod in hybrid cocoa AU:Tan,-G.Y. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 731-734, fig, tables; summaries (En, DE:disease-resistance; hybrids- PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:A wide range of variability was found for yield and resistance to vascular streak dieback (VSD, caused by Oncobasidium theobroma) and canker (Phytophthora palmivora) among progenies of Trinitario x Amazonian and Trinitario crosses, but no significant difference among progenies was found for black pod disease (also caused by P. palmivora). Hybrid progenies were generally higher yielding and more resistant to VSD and canker than the Trinitario crosses. Results demonstrated that the characters of resistance to VSD and canker diseases are genetically controlled, and can be transmitted from the parents to their progenies. Crosses between two disease resistant parents would produce highly resistant progenies. Moreover, it should be possible to combine high yield and resistance to multiple diseases in cacao hybrid progenies. TI:Susceptibility of clonal cocoa to attack by two insect pests in Papua New Guinea AU:Smith,-E.S.C.; Moles,-D.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 735-739, 11 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Glenea-aluensis; insect-pests; Pseudodoniella-typica; pest-resistance PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:Sixteen clones of Trinitario cacao were assessed for their susceptibility to attack by the larvae of Glenea aluensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the mirid Pseudodoniella typica (Heteroptera: Miridae). Highly significant differences in the clonal susceptibility to attack by both insects were shown and the clones were ranked into five categories ranging from resistant to very susceptible. There was no correlation between the susceptibility of clones based on these assessments or between their susceptibilities to bark canker and either of the two pests. However, correlations were shown between their susceptibility to Phytophthora pod rot infection and both mirid attack and G. aluensis infestation. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the current breeding and clonal distribution programmes in Papua New Guinea. TI:Mitigation of cocoa acidity in Peninsular Malaysia AU:Chick,-W.H.; Mainstone,-B.J.; Wai,-S.T. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 759-764, 14 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Acidity; Fermentation; PY:1982 GE:Malaysia **:Malaysian cured cacao beans have been criticized because of excessive residual acidity and weak chocolate flavour. Ad hoc work has given limited insight for quality improvement. Accordingly an experiment was initiated to investigate commercial fermentation techniques. Findings show quick pH determination of no value in assessing cured cacao beans. Treatments, however, acted independently and in varying ways affected volatile and non-volatile acidity in cred beans. Yeast inoculation boosted volatile acidity by 27% while pulp reduction reduced it by 10%. Using a half depth ferment reduced non-volatile acidity by 31% and yeast inoculation by 21%. Non-volatile acidity was shown to be related to taste detected acidity and low values gave better chocolate flavour. Authors' summary. TI:Studies on the possibility of using a combination of moist heat and radiation to control mouldiness in dried cocoa beans AU:Appiah,-V.; Odamtten,-G.T.; Langerak,-D.I. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 769-776, figs, photos, tables; 14 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:storage-diseases; Aspergillus-flavus; disease-control; heat-treatment; irradiated-foods; Irradiation; PY:1982 GE:Netherlands **:Dried cacao beans inoculated with A. flavus were treated with a combination of moist heat applied at 80 degC and low or high humidity in a specially designed heat treatment chamber for 30 min, followed by gamma irradiation. Conclusions are that moist heat, 80 degC applied for 30 min under high humidity (>85% RH) conditions was better than the same treatment under low humidity (<40% RH) conditions. The combination of heating at 80% degC for 30 min under high humidity conditions prior to gamma irradiation with 4.0 kGy gave the most effective control of A. flavus. This combination can therefore be used to prevent mouldiness of cacao beans but the effectiveness of this treatment is augmented by good storage management practices. For effective control the beans have to be stored after the prescribed treatment at less than 80% relative humidity. TI:The evaluation of some quality parameters of cocoa after the combination treatment of heat and radiation AU:Appiah,-V.; Odamtten,-G.T.; Langerak,-D.I. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 777-781, figs, tables; 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:processing-quality; Sensory-properties; heat-treatment; irradiated-foods; PY:1982 GE:Netherlands **:Healthy dried cacao beans were heated at 80 degC in a specially designed heat treatment chamber at either low (<40%) or high humidity (>85%) for 30 minutes followed by gamma irradiation with 4.0 kGy. The solidifying curves of the cocoa butter from the treated beans were compared to the control. The combination treatment did not cause any change in the quality of the cocoa butter from the beans. The combination treatment of heat applied for 30 minutes at 80 degC high humidity prior to gamma radiation with 4.0 kGy has been found to control mouldiness in cacao beans and since the perscribed treatment has no adverse effect on the quality of the beans, this method, of preservation can be applied to cacao beans and they will still remain acceptable to the consumer. TI:(Cocoa storage in plastic bags). OT:Armazenamento de cacau em sacos plasticos AU:Prado,-E.P.; Serodio,-R.S.; Abreu,-J.M.; Romeu,-A.P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 783-790, figs, 18 ref.; summaries (En, DE:storage-life; bags- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Clear polyethylene bags, 0.1 mm thick and with a capacity of 60 kg were used to test the possibility of increasing the storage life of cocoa beans on the farm. It was found that during the warehousing period storage in plastic bags presented no problems with respect to fungal development or insect infestation, the product being classified as Superior at the close of the experiment (16 months). This type of bagging could be used to store cocoa on the farm, provided that the beans are bagged in proper phytosanitary conditions and with a moisture content no higher than 7.5% (moisture base). TI:The condition of cocoa on arrival at the major depot in Nigeria AU:Mejule,-F.O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 791-795, figs, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Transport; Storage; Storage-quality; Insect-damage; Debris; Moisture; PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Comparison of the quality of cacao beans received from Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States were made. The level of insect infestation was made using the sieving method. Ahasverus advens, Carpophilus spp., Lasioderma serricorne, Cryptolestes sp., Tribolium castaneum and Araecerus fasiculatus were among the major insects recorded in the order of numbers. The average number of insects found per bag was 18. The average percentage moisture content was 7% and the average weight of debris was 238 g. Comparison of cacao from the three states revealed that the bags of beans from Ondo State had the lowest moisture content, lowest number of insects and lowest weight of debris. The percentage moisture content of cacao was determined by the ventilated oven method. TI:(Storage of cocoa and derivatives in the south of Bahia (Brazil): preliminary results). OT:Armazenamento de cacau e derivados na regiao sul da Bahia (Brasil): primeiros resultados AU:Ser.cdio,-R.S.; Prado,-E.P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 797-811, figs, 15 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; storage-methods; storage-conditions PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In January 1979 a multidisciplinary and far reaching project was initiated. The project was subdivided as follows: (1) establishment of storage conditions of cocoa and derivatives; (2) basic research into the product-environment relationship in storage; (3) prophylactic and constructive measures for short-term regional storage; (4) new methods of long-term storage for the region; (5) storage conditions in neighbouring regions with a more suitable climate; and (6) long term storage of cocoa derivatives in the cacao growing area of South Bahia. The results and conclusions already obtained will enable technical standards to be published, regional developement projects to be carried out and current research to receive greater support. TI:The effect of pre-harvest fungal infection of cocoa pods on mouldiness of prepared beans AU:Oyeniran,-J.O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 829-833, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; fermentation-; temperature- PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Ripe cacao pods bearing pre-harvest infection were collected and the beans examined. The beans were found to be either black, brown or white. Out of the black beans as many as 63.1% were internally mouldy; in the brown beans, 34.4% were mouldy. The moulds isolated from the diseased beans were mainly Botryodiplodia theobromae; Fusarium solani and Macrophoma sp. occurred in a few beans. If the temperature of fermentation is not high enough, internal mouldiness by pre-harvest moulds would still remain viable and develop further. If high, the mycelium will be killed. It was found that if all the beans with dead mycelium and those with B. theobromae and similar species arose form pre-harvest infection, this factor alone possibly contributes nearly a third of the internal mouldiness of commercial cacao in Nigeria. TI:(Use of cacao husks instead of sorghum grains in feed rations for grazing cattle). OT:Utilizacion de la cascara de cacao en sustitucion de sorgo, para la suplementacion de bovinos en pastoreo AU:Coutino-A,-J.L.; Riquelme-V,-E. SO:Chapingo-Nueva-Epoca (Mexico).1981, no. 31-32, p. 74-78; Sep, 8 ref.; DE:feed-supplement; cacao-; husk-meal; sorghum-; beef-cattle PY:1981 GE:Mexico **:Feeding trials conducted with 20 Holstein calves of 120 kg average live weight in Mexico showed there were no significant differences in daily weight gain between continuous grazing treatment and restricted grazing (7 h) without supplemental feeding. Supplementing sorghum grains or sorghum plus cacao husk meal significantly increased daily weight gains. TI:The imbibed storage of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seeds AU:King,-M.W.; Roberts,-E.H.; SO:Seed Science and Technology, 10(3):535-540. DE:Recacitrant-seed; Seed-storage; storage-conditions; moisture-content; seed-viability PY:1982 GE:UK **:Moist cacao seeds were stored under controlled relative humidity conditions or in solutions of polyethylene glycol ""6000" of known osmolarity. The best survival, 24% after eight months, was achieved by storage at 20 degC and 98% relative humidity (40.6% moisture content) in the presence of Thiram fungicide. Authors' summary. TI:Dynamics of nitrogen in a shaded cacao plantation AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand,-P. SO:Plant and-Soil (Netherlands) (Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean).1982, v. 67(1-3) p. 271-281, figs, photos, 35 ref.; DE:Nitrogen-cycle; shade-trees; nutrient-removal; mineralization-; leaching; Nutrient-cycling PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Mini-lysimeters were installed at depths of 10, 20 and 40 cm and the leachate was collected weekly or after heavy rain. Net mineralization was measured in soil samples taken at depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm and incubated for 30 days in plastic bags placed at the site of collection. Leaching was correlated with the amount of rainfall. Ammonification and nitrification were both high during most of the year; nitrification was very rapid especially on the fertilized area. Analyses of Erythrina and cacao litter show that these components make a considerable contribution to the N recycled in a cacao plantation. High concentrations of total N were detected in soil samples taken close to shade trees and the soil of shaded areas had more than 480 mg N/kg soil than soil of non-shaded areas. Removal of N in harvest can be considerable. It is advisable to take nitrogen-cycle data into account for fertilizer recommendations. TI:(Determination of the genotypes of incompatibility or compatibility in several cultivars of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)). OT:Determinacion de los genotipos de incompatibilidad o compatibilidad en varios cultivares de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Terreros,-J.R.; Chavarro,-G.; Ocampo-R,-F. SO:Revista-del-Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario (Colombia).1982, v. 17(3) p. 93-99; Sep, 13 ref.; DE:cacao-; self-incompatibility; variety-performance PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:To study the floral genetic formula for incompatibility of compatibility, 15 cacao cultivars were used as parents in the production of cacao improved seed. Twenty self-pollinations in each of the 15 cultivars, besides 20 cross-pollinatiors using pollen from 6 cultivars the floral genetic formula of which is already known, were made. The data registered 15 days after pollination were analysed. The genotypes determined are enumerated. TI:(Possibilities of biological control of monilia pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao)). OT:Posibilidades del control biologico de la moniliasis (Moniliophtora roreri Evans) del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Bravo-O,-N.; Victoria-K,-J.I. SO:Acta-Agronomica (Colombia).1981, v. 31(1-4) p. 133-141; Feb, figs, 3 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-control-biological; antibiotics- PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:The antagonistic action of 23 antibiotics, 6 bacterial cultures and 6 fungal isolates against Moniliophthora roreri was assayed in vitro. Furthermore, the antagonistic capacity of two selected bacterial cultures was assayed during different periods of exposure before and after transplanting the fungus. The action of one bacterial culture against the fungus when inoculated in cacao pods was assayed before and after the application of the bacterial suspension. The antibiotics, 4 of the bacterial cultures and 6 fungal isolates showed no significant inhibitory effect on the development of M. roreri in vitro. The remaining 2 bacterial isolates produced a high degree of inhibition both in the in vitro and in the in vivo assay, especially in prophylactic treatments. Authors' summary. TI:Acceptance of farm technology amongst peasant cocoa farmers in Nigeria AU:Monu,-E.D. SO:Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 21(3):250-261. DE:Innovation-adoption; Extension; Biocides; Application; Fermentation; Uprooting; PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Adoption of 3 recommended farm practices by some cacao farmers from Ondo and Oyo states is examined. Results showed that while 53% adopted cutting of virus-infected trees (VIT), only 45.3% used the knapsack spraying machine (KSM). Moreover only 10.1% used the recommended wooden trays for fermenting cacao beans. Generally farmers who adopted cutting of VIT had greater contact with extension agents and external sources of information. Those who used the KSM were more likely to come from Ondo state and owned larger farms. Finally those who adopted the wooden trays for cacao fermentation were younger and had greater contact with extension agents. Characteristics of these farm practices are examined to explain the differential relationships between the independent variables and adoption of the 3 practices. TI:Nitrogen cycling in ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean AU:Robertson,-G.P. (ed.); Herrera,-R. (ed.); Rosswall,-T. (ed.) SO:Developments-in-Plant and-Soil-Sciences (Netherlands).The Hague (Netherlands), Martinus Nijhoff, 1982, no. 6, 437 p., figs, photos, bibliography (vp.) ; repr. from Plant and Soil, v.67, 1982 DE:Nitrogen-cycle; ecosystem; Nutrient-cycling PY:1982 GE:Latin-America, Caribbean-Islands **:The large and rapidly expanding body of literature related to N cycling in both managed and native terrestrial ecosystems reflects the importance accorded to the behaviour of this vital and often limiting nutrient. The purpose of the present workshop was fourfold: (1) to emphasize the importance of the N cycle in the different ecosystems of the region; (2) to provide a forum for scientists from the region to present papers, describing ongoing N cycle research; (3) to compile available data into coherent N budgets for the region's main ecosystems; and (4) to define N cycle research priorities for the region. In all, 35 papers were read, covering such topics as plant assimilation and N cycling, N cycling in coffee (Coffea spp.), in sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum and in South American savannas. TI:The producers' price system and the coffee and cocoa trade at village level in West-Africa AU:Muntjewerff,-C.A. SO:Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 22(2):163-178. DE:prices; trade-; transportation; Farm-gate-prices; PY:1983 GE:West Africa; Ghana; Cameroon; Nigeria; ivory-Coast; **:This price study on purchase of cocoa and coffee was conducted in Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Ghana and 5 regions of Cameroon over 2 years. The results show that farmers in Nigeria, Ghana and 3 regions in Cameroon received 0.7 - 12.7% less than the official farm-gate price whereas in the other areas they received 1.3-8.6% more. Causes of these differences are discussed. TI:The agreement on basic products: advances and restrictions. The cases of the coffee, cacoa and sugar OT:Los acuerdos sobre productos basicos: logros y restricciones. Los casos del cafe, cacao y azucar AU:Valle,-S.-del; Salazar,-R. SO:Problemas-del-Desarrollo (Mexico).1982, v. 12(47-48) p. 105-149, 25 ref.; DE:International-agreements; Exports; PY:1982 GE:Mexico **:Different types of trade agreements and treaties established by Third World countries, in defence of their basic exports are analysed, with special reference to coffee, cacao and sugar. Their efficacy in confronting the complex web of legal restrictions and economic sanctions imposed by the industrialized nations, particularly the US and the European Common Market, is also reviewed. Authors' summary. TI:(Concept, industrial design, performance, functioning and economics of engine operated land sprayers in cacao). OT:Conceito, desenho industrial, desempenho, operacao em campo e economicidade do sistema de mangueira e lancas para tratamentos fitossanitarios em cacaueiro AU:Pereira-J.L.; Oliveira-C,-J.-de; Andrade-Filho,-E.N. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1983, no. 113, 59 p., figs, photos, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:spray-equipment; spraying-; chemical-control; Application-techniques; PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Motorized mistblowers, conventionally used in the control of black pod disease (Phyphthora palmivora) of cacao have been considered to be efficient in the application of fungicides. However, they are noisy and use relatively much fuel. The concept of using a diesel engine, coupled to hydraulic pump to supply a pressurized constant flow through a predetermined number of hoses, connected to lances with nozzles appeared to be a functional and economic soluton. The new system offers a number of advantages, such as its speed of operation with comfort to the spraying operators and its lower computed cost of application, resulting in a saving of up to 50% on the present method. TI:(Dynamics and incidence of Forcipomyia spp. and pollination of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Palmira, Valle). OT:Dinamica e incidencia de Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) en la polinizacion del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Palmira, Valle AU:Figueroa-C,-M.A.; Cruz-L,-J.-de-la SO:Acta-Agronomica (Colombia).1984, v. 34(2) p. 42-52; Apr, 5 ref.; DE:cacao-; pruning-; rainfall-; pollination-; flowering-; fruiting- PY:1984 GE:Colombia **:The effect of rainfall and pruning on the population density of Forcipomyia spp. was determined and its pollinating activity in 5 cacao clones was studied. Pruning reduced populations of Forcipomyia spp. The pollinating activity was enhanced by rainfall as it maintained the level of the required humidity for the development of the insect. Clone ICS-78 gave the highest number of flowers and clone SPA-9 showed the highest number of fruits and strongest activity of Forcipomyia spp., indicating a possible scarcity of pollinating insects. TI:Laboratory and field evaluation of fungicides against cacao moniliasis OT:Evaluacion en laboratorio y campo de fungicidas para el combate de la moniliasis del cacao AU:Murillo,-D.; Gonzalez,-L.C. SO:Agronomia-Costarricense (Costa Rica).1984, v. 8(2) p. 83-89; Sep, 14 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; fungicides-; Moniliophthora-roreri; PY:1984 GE:Costa-Rica **:The efficacy of 20 fungicides for the control of Phytophthora palmivora or Monilia roreri and other Monilia spp. were tested in vitro. Measurements were made in the inhibition of M. roreri conidia on water agar by each fungicide at 1 and 10 ppm. Readings at 1 ppm were erratic. At 10 ppm the most active fungicides were captafol, Omadine (1-hydroxy-1-H-pyridine-2-thione) copper, Omadine zinc, Omadine sodium and chlorothalonil; the latter showed no significant difference (P