TI:Genetic diversity and relationships of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in southern Mexico
AU:Whitkus,-R.; Cruz,-M.-de-la; Mota-Bravo,-L.; GÛmez-Pompa,-A.;
SO:TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 96(5):621-627.
DE:Germplasm; Domestication; Diversity; Maya; History; RAPD; Criollo; Origin; Distribution;
PY:1998
GE:Mexico
**:Abstract Neotropical tree crops are affected by a combination of biological and human factors that complicate the study of genetic diversity and crop evolution. Genetic diversity and relationships among southern Mexican populations and horticultural collections of Theobroma cacao (chocolate, cocoa, cacao) are examined in light of the agricultural practices of the Maya. Collections of cacao were obtained from the extremes of its geographic range including archeological sites in southern Mexico where cacao was first domesticated. Genetic diversity was assayed by 57 informative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker loci. A unique sample of the total diversity found in this study exists in the southern Mexican populations. These populations are significantly different from all other cacao with regards to their profile of RAPD bands, including the `criollo' variety, their morphological and geographical group. A population of cacao found in a sinkhole (cenote) in northern Yucatan with genetic affinities to populations in Chiapas suggests the Maya maintained plants far away from their native habitat. This finding concurs with known agroforestry practices of the Maya. Modern efforts to increase germplasm of tropical tree crops such as cacao should carefully examine archeological sites where genetic diversity, either deliberately or by chance, was collected and maintained by ancient cultures.

TI:The classification of cacao research.   .
AU:Anon.
SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(26):1-7.
DE:Research; Research-classification;
PY:1949
GE:Costa-Rica;
**:Outline proposed by Infer-American,Cacao Center.

TI:Progress reports on field experiments of the Botanical Section to August, 1943.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Imp. Col. Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] Cacao Res. Rpt. (1941/43) 11:4-15.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1944
GE:Trinidad
**:Experiment CRB. 10, by R. K. McKee, p. 15.

TI:Recent botanical researches in cacao.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Empire J. Expt. Agr. 6:219-224.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1938.
GE:Trinidad

TI:Research and cocoa production.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Research 3:12-16.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1950
GE:Trinidad
**:Reviews reasons for present shortages and possibilities of increasing production through research directed toward control of disease, improvement of planting methods, and improvement of preparation.

TI:The present position of botanical researches on cacao.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 13:123-129.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1936
GE:Trinidad
**:Address before Trinidad planters at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture,  26, 1936. Deals chiefly with research concerning the genetic constitution of cacao trees, in progress as part of the Cacao Research Scheme.

TI:Long range cacao research to increase the yield per tree and combat disease.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:West India Com. C. 43:363-365.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1928
GE:Trinidad
**:Summary of first five-year period of Cacao Research Scheme.

TI:The botanical researches on cacao.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 12:171-174.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1935
GE:Trinidad
**:Summary of first five-year period of Cacao Research Scheme.

TI:The botanical programme of 1931-1943.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:In Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture Trinidad I Annual report on cacao research, 1931- 41/43. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, 1932-1944.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1944
GE:Trinidad
**:Aims, progress, and outlook at the end of each year, with a summary at the end of the fifth year.

TI:Biological researches on cacao at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture.
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Agr. Soc. Trinidad & Tobago. Proc. 8:117-124.
DE:Research-programmes;
PY:1928
GE:Trinidad
**:Memorandum outlining proposed research.

TI:Six months' progress at the Cacao Center.
AU:Bowman,-G.F.;
SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(11):1-4.
DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba
PY:1948
GE:America; Costa-Rica
**:Summary of report of investigations in progress at Turrialba and La Lola, January-July 1948.

TI:The Inter-American Cacao Center.
AU:Bowman,-G.F.
SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(23):1-4.
DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba;
PY:1949
GE:America; Costa-Rica
**:History and program of the Center.

TI:Cacao comes home; the InterAmerican Cacao Center and its work.
AU:Bowman,-G.F.
SO:Pan Amer. Union. B.  82:566-570
DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba;
PY:1948
GE:America; Costa-Rica
**:For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center.

TI:Economic problems with cocoa and agricultural research.
OT:Problemas economicos do cacau na ciencia agricole.
AU:Bondar,-G.;
SO:Campo (Rio de Janeiro) 4:(12):26-28.
DE:Research; Selection; Breeding; Quality; Yields
PY:1933
GE:Brazil
**:Deals especially with selection to increase yield, and with factors influencing quality.

TI:Information on research administratio of cocoa
OT:InformaÁao sÙbre o problema da adubaÁao do cacau.
AU:Bondar,-G.;
SO:Bahia. Sec. da Agr. Indus. e Com.Serv. de Divulg. B. 45:226-229.
DE:Research; Research-stations;
PY:1948
GE:Brazil
**:On the need for research and suggestions for the administration of research.

TI:General experimental station for cocoa at Agua Preto, and demonstration plots at Ilheus, Brazil.
OT:EstaÁao geral de experimentaÁao do Instituto de Cacao S/A. em Agua PrÍta; campo de demonstraÁao de Ilheus. Brazil .
AU:Bondar,-G.;
SO:Min. da Agr. B. 26 (4/6):33-52; (7/9):1-9.
DE:Research; Research-stations; History; Facilities;
PY:1937
GE:Brazil
**:History and facilities of the Station.

TI:Agricultural work at the Govenmenrt Industrial School
AU:Beckett,-E.;
SO:Agricultural Journal of British Guiana
DE:Shade; Wind-damage; Drainage; Fertilizer-responses; N; P; K; Liming; Mulching;
PY:1928
GE:British-Guiana
**:Most  hyvbrds were planted by F.A. Gall around 1882. 16.5 Acres under shade of E. galuca. Falling shadetrees caused a decline of the cocoa stand. Experiments were conducted from 1900-1916. During the period 1913-1916 an increase in yield of 4 cwt per acrea was obtained. 2.25 due to lesseining of shade and 1.75 due to other cultural improvements. Experiments proves that under these conditions the best method of cultivation were: 1) Lowest  amount of shade compatible with adequate wind protection; 2) Deep and efficient darinage >3-4 ft; 3) Annual forking with minimal root damage 4) Mulching not exceeding $6 per acre; 5) Manuring with superphosphate and K2SO4 at cost not exceeding $4 per acre. N-manuring not desirable; 2 tons of slashed lome per acre no effect.
 :The artcile give no production statistics.

TI:On unifrom standards in cocoa research
OT:Zur vereinheitlichung der untersuchungsverfahren f¸r kakaoerzeugnisse
AU:Beythien,-A.;
SO:Off. Internatl. du Cacao et Choc. B. off. 7(numÈro special):60-63.
DE:Research; Analytical-methods;
PY:1937
GE:Germany
**:Discussed under 10 headings: water, Mineral nutrients (Ash), Alkalinity of ash; Fat, Fat research; sugar, dried milk, lechitine and shell content

TI:Report to the government of Tanganyika on cocoa production.
AU:Torto,-J.O.;
SO:Expanded Techn.  Assistance Progr.  FAO Rep. 1869. p. 1-26, I-VII
DE:Land-evalaution; Irrigation;
PY:1964
GE:Malawi
**: 
 :
 :
 :A survey of problems of cocoa cultivation in Tanganyika revealed that the area suitable and available for growing the crop is not large.  In the Kilombero district irrigation must be provided to make cultivation possible.  In most of the prospective growing areas the patchy occurrence of suitable soils restricts cultivation to smallholdings.  The farmers show a growing interest in cocoa; suggestions are offered concerning training and extension.  It is recommended to plant Upper Amazon varieties; seed of these varieties should be given free to co-operatives who make their own nursery.

TI:Study of the cocoa zone of Yaracuy
OT:Estudio de la zona cacaotero del estado Yaracuy (?)
AU:Salazar-Hernandez,-M.;
SO:Agric. Venezol. 15:24-27
DE:Regional;
PY:1950
GE:Venzuela

TI:Cacao Centre at Turrialba
AU:Bowman,-G.F.
SO:Foreign Agriculture,12:264-267
DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba;
PY:1948
GE:America; Costa-Rica
**:For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center.

TI:The organisation of cocoa research in the Britisch West Indies
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.
SO:Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p.145-146.
DE:Research;
PY:1945
GE:Commonweatlh; West-Indies; Ghana; Nigeria; Trinidad;

TI:The case for long range research in cacao production
AU:Cheesman,-E.E.;
SO:Trop. Agric. 1940, 17:203-207.
DE:Research;
PY:1940
GE:Trinidad;
**:Survey of ten years' work of Cacao Research Scheme and outlook for the future.

TI:A synopsis of the genus Herrania.
AU:Schultes,-R.E. (Richard Evans);
SO:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 39(3):216-95
DE:Taxonomy; Germplasm;
PY:1958
**:Includes historical notes, systematy, ecology, uses, a specific key, and descriptions of 17 species and 3 varieties, with indexes to exsiccatae and native names.  Eight new species are described. One species spreads northward to Costa  Rica, and the others are limted to the humid tropics of South America, occurring in dense forests and savannas and both Andean slopes. The trees are 9- to 30-ft. tall and are saved in agricultural clearings for their fruits. The genus is closely allied to Theobroma and may have interest for breeding disease-resistant Cacao.

TI:The sacred cacao groves of the Maya
AU:Gomez-Pompa,-A.; Flores,-S.; Fernandez,-M.A.;
SO:Latin American Antiquity, 1:247-257
DE:Cultivation; History; Cenote; Maya;
PY:1991
GE:Mexico; Chiapas

TI:Reexamining the classification of Theobroma cacao L. using molecular markers
AU:Figueira,-A; Janick,-J.;  Levy,-M.; Goldsbrough,-P.;
SO:Journal of the American Society for Horticultural  Science, 119(5):1073-1082
DE:RFLP; RAPD; Taxonomy; Ribosomal-DNA; Evolution; Genes; cluster-analysis; genetic-variation; wild-relatives; maps-; restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism; random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA; ribosomal-DNA; cytotaxonomy-; plant-genetic-resources; Evolution
PY:1994
GE:USA
**:Genetic similarities among eight Theobroma and two  Herrania species, including 29 genotypes of T.  cacao, were estimated by rDNA polymorphism. A  phenogram based on these genetic similarities  significantly separated two clusters: one cluster  included all Herrania and Theobroma species, except  T. cacao, while the second contained 28 of 29 T.  cacao genotypes. There was no clear distinction  between Herrania and Theobroma species. Separation  of 29 T. cacao genotypes, representing all races  and various origins, had no congruency with the  conventional classification into three  horticultural races: Criollo, Forastero, and  Trinitario. Genetic similarities in T. cacao,  estimated with RAPD markers, indicated continuous  variation among the generally similar but  heterogeneous genotypes. The wild genotypes formed  an outgroup distinct from the cultivated genotypes,  a distinction supported by the rDNA data. The  phenograms constructed from RAPD and rDNA data were  not similar within the wild and cultivated cacao  subsets.

TI:Maya society under colonial rule. The collective enterprise of survival
AU:Farriss,-N.M.;
SO:Princeton University Press, New Yersey, USA, 585p. 
 :(cocoa on pp. 36, 45, 120-121, 153-155, 179-180, 263-267)
DE:History; Mayas; Cultivation; Trade; Currency; Religion; Cenote;  Sociology; Anthropology; Gods; Diet; Deities;
 :History;
PY:1984
GE:Mexico; Belize; Guatemala; Yucatan; Tabasco;
**:Local soil and climate of the Yucatan region were ill-suited for the cacao crop, which brought modest prosperity to the adjacent province of Tbasco and the Pacific coasts of Central America (p. 36). However, some cacao was being produced, and the native elite produced some cacao as cash crops. This elite had some advantages over smallholders, since they were able to produce surpluses, which they could carry directly to te marketplce because they controlled the colony's transport, and they had the experience and knowledge to negotiate directly with the officials (p.45). A major privilige that set the Maya nobility apart from the samllholders was the private ownership and types of lands they owned. The nobility was entitled to the more scarcer waterholes, the moist fertile depressions around the water holes were planted with cacao (hoyas) (Sanchez de Aguilar). These small groves did not compete with the immmense stands of cacao in Tabasco and on the Pacicifc coast, but the local scarcity made the cacao a much more valuable crop in Yacatan (p.180).
 :The networks of long-distance trade (dating back to 250 AD) that connected the Maya with the highlands of Guatemala and Mexico were used for exporting the primary products, among which cacao, from the lowlands in exchange for manufactured goods from the highlands and some valuable minerals (copper, silver, gold, jade). There was also an important system of echange in the lowlands themselves, cacao might have been the chief item in the earlier times as it was in the Potclassic. Although it could be grown 'anywhere' in the region, large schae production of this coveted product (so valuble that cacao beans came to be used as currency) was confined to a thin belt along the Pacific Coast and the tropical wet lands of Tabasco, honduras, and Belize. The Carribean coast of Yucatan were also linked to the interior by the echange of salt and marine products for honey wax and other forest products (p.120). In the early Spanish time some of the cacao trade went unnoticed since it was carried out under the aegis of local religious confraternities, or cofradias, the trade routes were the old Putun routes and the min product was the traditional cacao from tabasco. The pre-Colombain Putun combined commerce with pilgrimage and placed tehmelves under the protection o the cacao-god, Ek Chuah, the patron deity of merchants. The charcteristic synbiosis between deity/saint and trade, each bringing blessings on the other. This Putun trade combination of trade with with religion continued untill the late Spanih period and made the chicbul saints among the wealthiest in the diocese of Yucatan, though the town itself was isolated from the centre of Spanish economic activity. Cacao was bartered in exchange for scapularies and wax images of their local saints. The highly valued cacao, when brought back for sale in Cahmptom and Campeche, yielded a handsome profit for the masses, church ornaments and fiestas in Chichbul.

OT:Rerum medicarum Novae Hipania thesaurus, seu plantarum, animalium, mineralium mexicanorum historia
AU:Hernandez,-F;
SO:B. Deuersini and Z. Masotti, Rome, p.79-80 (With illustration of habitus)
DE:History; Food; Drink; Currency; Medicine;
PY:1651
**:(1942) Historia de las plantas de Nueva Espana, 3:908-916. Mexico. Translation from the Lincei edition of Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesuarus... (1630, 1651)
 :
 :Hernadez distinguished four kinds of cacao in Mexico, and detailed the use of cacao seeds as food or drink, for currency and as a medicine for treating dysentry. He also warned the immonderate use: "obstructs the intestines, destroys the complexion and causes general degeneration of the health"

TI:Cacao observation plots.
AU:Beckett,-W.H.;
SO:Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B. 22:83-86,
DE:Forecasting; Observation-plots;
PY:1930.
GE:Ghana
**:Plots to be used in making yield forecasts.

TI:Tropical agricultural research in the Empire, with special reference to cacao, sugar cane, cotton and palms.
AU:Barber,-C.A.;
SO:Gt. Brit. Empire Mktg. Bd. [P.] 2, 77 p., . 
 :Cacao, p. 23-34.
DE:Research;
PY:1927
GE:Commonwealth

TI:Thrips control. Results of an attempt at controlling thrips on a cacao estate situated in the Cunapo District, Ward of Turure, by spraying with Bordeaux mixture and its effect on crop production.
AU:Verteuil,-J.-de; Verteuil,-G.-de;
SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 7:332-334.
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; Chemical-control;
PY:1930.
GE:Trinidad;

TI:Some observations on the cocoa thrips
OT:Quelques observations sur le 'thrips' du cacaoyer (Heliothrips rubrocinetus Giard).
AU:Seabra,-A.F.-de;.
SO:Soc. Portug. des Sci. Nat. MÈm., SÈr. Zool. 2:29-49.
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus;
PY:1922
GE:Sao-Thome

TI:Cocoa thrips on Sao Thome
OT:Encore le thrips de cacaoyer (Heliothrips rubrocinetus Giard.) ý S. ThomÈ.
AU: Seabra,-A.F.-de;.
SO:Soc. Portug. des Sci. Nat. MÈm., SÈr. Zool. 2:119-122. .
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus;
PY:1922
GE:Sao-Thome

TI:Contribution to the knowledge of insects of the Dominacan Republic.
OT:Contributo alla conoscenze degli insetti della Repubblica Dominicana (Antille). Nota su alcuni Tisanotteri.
AU:Russo,-G.;
SO:Soc. Ent. Ital. Mem. 15:42-54,
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus ;
PY:1936
GE:Dominican-Republic;

OT:Arrest du Roy ordonnant que les nogociants de la ville de Bordeaux payeront le droit de 3 pour cent sur le cacao des isles de L'Amerique
AU:Anon.
SO:d.d. 25 VI. Paris, 4e, 8p.
DE:History; Legislation; Regulations
PY:1715
GE:France

OT:Arrest du Roy deboutant les negocians de la ville de Bayonne de la restitution du droit de 40 sols sur les sucres bruts, terres et raffines des isles francoises de l'Amerique et du droit de 3 pour cent sur les Cacaos des isles aussi apportes a Bayonne etc.
AU:Anon.
SO:Paris
DE:History; Legislation; Regulations
PY:1715
GE:France

OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roi, qui converte le privilege du Caffe, The, Sorbec, Chocolat, Cacao et Vanille en un droit payable aux entrees du 12 mai 1693
AU:Anon.
SO:Paris
DE:History; Legislation; Regulations
PY:1693
GE:France

OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roy qui ordonne l'execution des edits, arrests et regelement pour la vente et la distribution du Caffe, The et Chocolat
AU:Anon.
SO:Paris
DE:History; Legislation; Regulations
PY:1692
GE:France

OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roy concernant la vente du Caffe, du The, du Sorbec, et du Chocolat
AU:Anon.
SO:Paris
DE:History; Legislation; Regulations
PY:1692
GE:France

OT:Il cioccolata trattenimento ditirambico di Francesco Arisi Eufemio Batio tra gli Arcado Vicecustode della Colonia Cremonese
AU:Arisi,-F. (Francesco)
SO:A. monsig. Illustribb. e Reverendibb Monsig. Alessandro Litta, Vescovo di Cremona, conte & c. In Cremona. Nella Stamperia di Pietro Ricchini. con Licenza de' Superiori. 4e, 7Ill., 65p.
DE:History
PY:1736
GE:Italy

TI:Stimulants and narcotics their mutual relations
AU:Anstie,-F.E. (Francis Edmund);
SO:london, Macmillan & Co., 8e, 23+489p.
DE:Drugs; Medicine;
PY:1864

TI:The use and abuse of chocolate
OT:Dell' usso ed abuso della cioccolata del dottoro Gio. Battista Anfossi Romano a sua Eccellenza Pier-Vettore pisani, Procuratore di S. Marco Venezia
AU:Anfossi,-G.B. (Giovanni Battista);
SO:Apresso Francesco Locatelli, a S. Bartolomeo. con Licenza de' Superiori. 100p.
DE:History
PY:1779
GE:Italy

TI:The use and abuse of chocolate
OT:Dell' usso ed abuso della cioccolata
AU:Anfossi,-G.B. (Giovanni Battista);
SO:Rovigo, G. Miazzi, 8e, 7&100p.
DE:History
PY:1773
GE:Italy

OT:Traite des alimens de careme, ou l'on explique les differentes qualitez des legumes, des herbages, des raciness, des fruits, des poisons, des amphibies, des assaisonnemens, des boissons meme les plus en usage, comme l'eau, du vin, de la biere, du cidre, di cafe, du chocolat. Et ou l'on eclaircit plusieurs questions importantes sur abstinence et sur le jeune, tant rapport du Careme, que par rapport a la sante. Par Me. Nicolas Andry, Conseiller, Lecteur et Professeur Royal, Docteur Regent de la Faculte de Medidcine de Paris....
AU:Andry,-N. (Nicolas);
SO:Paris, J.B. Coignard, 2 Vol.
DE:Medicine
PY:1713
GE:France;

TI:Adultaration and fasification of food products and other important materials. Vol. 4. Coffee, Tea, chocolate, Pepper etc.
OT:Alterazione e falsificzione delle ostanza alimeentari e di altre importanti materie di uso communo. Vol. IV: Caffe, The, cioccolata, Pepe ecc.
AU:Anon.
SO:Milano
DE:Adultaration; Quality;
PY:1882
GE:Italy

TI:Account of the province of Vilcapampa and a narrative of the execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru. (written in 1610), translated from a manuscript in the British Museum by Sir Clements Markham.
OT:Descripcion de la provincia de Sant Francisco de Vitoria de vilcapampa (Vilca Bamba), por el capitain Baltasar de Ocampo, dirigada al Marques de Montesclaros, virey, gobernador y capitan general de los Reynos del Peru y Chile. ff.36 MS
AU:Ocampo,-B.-de (Balthasar);
SO:Hakluyt Soc. Ed., Series 2, Vol. 22. Cambridge 1907, p.203-247
DE:History; Inca;
PY:1610
GE:Peru
**:The first part of the book is: history of the Incas by Pedro Sarmento de Gamboa, where no mention of cocoa is made.
 :
 :p.222
 :The city 'San Farncisco of the victory of Vilcapampa' was established after the victory of the Spaniards over the people of Vilcapampa on 4 October 1571. Shortly thereafter the village was relocated to be closer in the neighbourhood of some newly discovered silver mines. Ocampa was send to Cuzco to negotiate with the Viceroy on this relocation. Ocampo gives a description of the province Manaries:
 :p.234 "The country is fertile, with extensive grounds, suited for growing all kinds of fruits .... Occupation is reccommended. After the pacification of the the Province of Vilcapampa and the foundation of the city, when all the Indian population had become peaceful and quiet, two captains with only two soldiers .... penetrated into the country of the Manaries.
 :p.235 The people recieved them with much willingness and love, giving them plenty of food ... they were also regarded with ... many delicious fuits of the land, especially from trees planted by the indians yielding paltas, guayavas, paccays, quantities of almods much larger and better than those of Castille, and trees of cacao."
 :
 :Thus cocoa was observed by people not yet controlled by the Spaniards. According to the map the Province of Manaries is located in hilly cuntry but not in high mountains.
 :
 :The report of Ocampo was originally written for the Voceroy, Marquis Montes Claros. The Incas remained indepent for 35 years.

TI:Aggregate stability in a clay soil in realtion to cacao cultivation
AU:Havord,-G.; Wascowicz,-T.E.; White,-R.G.;
SO:Trop. Agric., 31:233-241.
PY:1954

TI:A response of seedlings cacao trees, under nursery condition, to magnesium and calcium
AU:Boynton,-D.; Erikson,-A.;
SO:Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 64:15-20
DE:Fertilisers; Nurseries; Magnesium; Calcium;
PY:1954

TI:A study on the effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao
AU:Bartolome,-R.;
SO:Philippine J. Agric., 17:55-88
DE:Cherelle-wilt;
PY:1954
GE:Philippines;

TI:Preparation of compost from cocoa
OT:Preparacion de compost en cacaotales
AU:Miller,-R.M.;
SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:163-166
DE:Compost; Waste; Organic-manure; Mulching;
PY:1953
GE:Colombia

OT:Influencia de las aspersiones foliares con fertilizantes sobre la frutificacion del cacao
AU:Manjarres-Satneda,-E.;
SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:167-182
DE:Foliar-application; fertilizer; Yields;
PY:1953
GE:Colombia

TI:The PG dust injector for the control of Azteca ants
OT:Polvilhadeira-injetora PG para combater formigade-enxerto.
AU:Silva,-P.; Bastos,-G.A.C.;
SO:Cacau Atualidades 2(2):20-3.
DE:Insect-pests; Ants; Azteca-ants; Azteca-paraensis; Chemical-control; Application-technique; Injector;
PY:1965
GE:Brazil
**:A simple instrument was designed to inject insecticidal dust into the arboreal nests of the ant Azteca paraensis var. bondari, an important pest of cocoa in the State of Bahia (Brazil).  A cylinder provided with a piston holds the powder, which is forced through a narrow tube attached to one side of the cylinder and protruding in a forward direction for some 50 cm.  The tube ends in a sharp point which pierces the nest wall, and has openings behind the point which blow the dust into the nest.  Trials showed that BHC dust containing only 1 %. gamma isomer is sufficiently effective, and that control by means of the instrument is much cheaper than the traditional method of dusting the outside of the nest, pulling the nest down, and cutting it apart while dusting the fragments.

TI:Preliminary tests of resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao clones and hybrids
OT:Pruebas preliminares de resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en clones e hÌbridos de cacao
AU:Soria,-V.J.; Salazar,-G.;
SO:Turrialba 15(4):290-295.
DE:Resistance-breeding; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Tests; Resistance-screening; Germplasm; Clones; Upper-Amazon; Lower-Amazon; Trinitario;
PY:1965
GE:Costa-Rica;
**:Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata of cocoa types in the collection at Turrialba, Costa Rica, was tested in Aug.-Nov. 1964, using a modification of the method of Delgado and Echandi (see above).  Among 143 clones, the Amazon clones SPA 9, Pound 12, IMC 67 and PA 121 were found to be highly resistant: the white-seeded clones Catongo (Brazil-Amelonado) and DR 38
 :(Java-Trinitario) weremoderately resistant. Among 175 seedlings tested, 12 were highly resistant and 77 were moderately resistant; resistant trees were found in all of the 8 progenies tested including a hybrid progeny of 2 susceptible parents, indicating that resistance is due to recessive genes.  Repetition of the tests in clone IMC 67 and in the progeny ICS 1 x IMC 67 in May-June 1965 showed a lower degree of resistance than that observed in Aug.-Nov.

TI:Pruning studies on Amazon and amelonado cocoa in Ghana.
AU:Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.;
SO:Trop.  Agr. 43(1):25-34.
DE:Pruning; Yields; Upper-Amazon; Amelondo
PY:1966
GE:Ghana;
**:Three trials conducted in Ghana showed that regularly removing all chupons from the lst jorquette of cocoa seedlings resulted in yields higher than those of unpruned trees during the initial years and in lower yields from the 10th year onwards.  The initial effect was somewhat greater in the 2 trials with Amelonado cocoa than in the trial with Upper Amazon cocoa.  In 2 other trials, 1 with Amelonado and 1 with Upper Amazon cocoa, chupons were removed, either from the Ist jorquette or from the 2nd jorquette if the 1st one was at a height of less than 1.5 m, in these cases yields were consistently higher in the pruned plots.  Unpruned trees usually formed 4 jorquettes.  The reduction of harvesting costs resulting from pruning was negligible.  The trials indicate that Upper Amazon cocoa does not require a pruning system different from that for Amelonado.

TI:Cacao planting material recommendations 1965-67
OT:Cacao plantmateriaal advies 1965-1967.
AU:Lems,-G.;
SO:Surinaamse Landbouw 13(5):177-182.
DE:Planting-material; Clones; Germplasm; ICS; Planting-density;
PY:1965
GE:Surinam;
**:Cocoa plantation managers in Surinam are advised to use only clone ICS 95 for large-scale planting; prope-legitimate (open-pollinated) SCA 6 and legitimate SCA 6 x ICS 6 seedlings may be used for planting on a limited scale, clones TSH 565.  TSA 644 and TSH 792 for planting on a small scale.  Smallholders are recommended to plant seedlings only.  SCA 6 x ICS 6 seed will shortly become available from local seed-gardens.  Recommended densities are 1,000 clonal trees per ha or 1,250 seedlings preselected for witchbroom resistance in the nurseries; seedling fields may then be subsequently thinned for susceptibility to certain diseases.  Data from the literature and from locally made observations are presented concerning the degree of resistance of the recommended material and some other clones to several diseases and pests.

TI:ED&F Man Group plc
SO:ICCO Newsletter, May 1998
DE:Traders; EDF-Man; ADM; Grinding; Mergers;
PY:1998
GE:England
**:The 1998 ED& F Man Group plc annual report gives a profit before tax and exceptional items figure as at the end of March 1998 of £97.6m, up 16% on the previous year. A pre-tax exceptional profit of £21.5m was made on the sale of cocoa processing facilities to Archer Daniels Midland in September 1997.

TI:Research and the peasant producer
AU:Beckett,-W.H.;
SO:Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p.122-123
DE:Research; Smallholders;
PY:1945
GE:Ghana;

TI:Cocoa pests in the Dominican Republic
OT:Il deperimento delle piantagioni di cacao nella Republica Dominicana.
AU:Russo,-G.;
SO:Agr. Colon. 24:505-524,
DE:Insect-pests;
PY:1930
GE:Dominican-Republic;
**:Section on the cacao tree (p. 94-169) consists chiefly of descriptions of insect pests, treatment being more systematic than economic.

TI:Occurrence of witches' broom disease on a wild solanaceous host in the cocoa growing region of Bahia.
OT:Ocorrencia de vassoura-de-bruxa em solanacea silvestre na regiao produtora de cacau de Bahia.
AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Silva,-S.D.V.M.; Almeida,-O.C.-de;
SO:Agrotropica, 3(2):109-110.
DE:Fungal-diseases; Athenaea; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts;
PY:1991
GE:Brazil-; Bahia-
**:Witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa was observed on Athenaea aff. pogogena showing a proliferation of hypertrophied roots in Arataca, Bahia state, Brazil, in Sep. 1990. In the host range studies, the fungus was pathogenic to Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens and tomato, but was not pathogenic to cocoa and cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum).

TI:Assessment of the resistance of cacao species and clones to the disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata
OT:EvaluaciÛn de la resistencia de especies y clones de cacao al mal del machete provocado por Ceratocystis fimbriata.
AU:Delgado,-J.C.; Echandi,-E.;
SO:Turrialba, 15(4):286-289
DE:Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Resistance; Clones; Upper-Amazon; Germplasm;
PY:1965
GE:Venezuela;
**:At Turrialba, Costa Rica, pieces of wood and bark of several Theobroma and Herrania spp. were inoculated with a spore suspension of Ceratocystis fimbriata and incubated at 23 †C for 3-4 days; when little or no mycelium developed, branches of the trees were inoculated in the field and mycelial development was assessed after 15 and 30 days.  A high degree of resistance to the fungus was found in 3 out of 50 Th. cacao clones, viz.  IMC 67, Pound 12 and SPA 9 (all Amazon forastero types) as well as in Th. mammosum, Th. angustifolium, and the reciprocal hybrids of Th. mammosum and Th. simiarum.  Six other Theobroma spp. and the 7 Herrania spp. investigated proved to be susceptible.

TI:The analysis of soil and foliage material in connexion with sickle leaf disease of cacao in Ceylon
AU:Crowther,-P.C.; Raymond,-W.D.;
SO:Col. Plant & Animal Products, 4:257-259
DE:Disorders; Zinc;
PY:1954
GE:Asia; Sri-Lanka
**:Results point to zinc deficiency as explantion of sickle leaf.

TI:Observations on some charateristics of cacao soils in Ivory Coast
OT:Observations sur quelques caractËres des sols cacaoyËres en Cote d'voire
AU:Aubert,-G.; Moulinier,-H.;
SO:L'Agron. Trop., 4:428-438
PY:1954
GE:Africa; Ivory-Coast

TI:A note on some production costs in Ghana
AU:Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.;
SO:2nd Sess. FAO Techn. Wkg. Party on Cocoa Prod. and Prot., Rome, 19-23 September 1966, Paper Ca/66/24
DE:Production-costs;
PY:1966
GE:Africa; Ghana

TI:The effect of pH on cacao seed germination inhibition by mucilage of the cacao pod.
AU:lbaÒez,-M.L.; Casas,-I.A.;
SO:Turrialba 15, 4, p. 353-4.
DE:Germination; Inhibition;
PY:1965
GE:Costa-Rica;
**:Studies conducted in Costa Rica indicated that cocoa pulp contains a heat stable substance inhibiting the germination of the seeds.  Its effect was equally strong whether the pH was 4 or 7; it appeared to stimulate germination at low concentrations.

TI:Sudden death disease of cacao in Uganda associated with Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
AU:Leakey,-C.L.A.;
SO:E. Afr. Agr. Forestry J., 31(1):21-24
DE:Fungal-diseases; Verticillium-dahliae; Symptoms; Water-logging;
PY:1965
GE:Uganda;
**:A type of die-back that may become a serious menace of the cocoa industry in Uganda is a vascular wilt disease probably caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae.  The same disease may have caused the decline of the cocoa industry by 1925.  The first symptoms are wilting and browning of the leaves of a single fan branch, progressing towards the jorquette.  After a prolonged dry season or very heavy rainfall resulting in waterlogging of the soil, trees may be killed within a week.  In less severe cases death may be slower or only a part of the crown is killed.  The wood in the affected areas in longitudinal sections shows black streaks consisting of scierotoid aa.gregations of dark mycelium.  The worst affected field so far known is on land previously planted to Cinchona, where 4% of the cocoa trees were killed.  Breeding for resistant varieties is considered to be the most satisfactory method of control.

TI:Comparative sporulation as an indication of resistance by cacao to Phytophthora pod rot.
AU:Turner,-P.D.;
SO:Trop.  Agr., Trinidad 42(4):305-309.
DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Resistance; Tests;
PY:1965
GE:Ghana
**:Investigations conducted in Ghana showed that the fungus Phytophthora palmivora, inoculated into detached immature cocoa pods, generally produced significantly fewer sporangia on pods of selections with high field resistance to pod rot than on pods of varieties less resistant or susceptible.  These differences, the causes of which are unknown, did not extend to lesions in mature tissues.  The results suggested a correlation between sporulation levels and periods of high disease incidence.  Comparative sporulation may be, in conjunction with other criteria, a useful and rapid indicator of resistance in laboratory tests on existing and new cocoa selections.

TI:Insects in stored cocoa and coffee
OT:Les insectes des stocks de cacao et de cafÈ.
AU:Lavabre,-E.M.;
SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 9(3):193-205.
DE:Insect-pests; Cadra-cautella; Lasioderma-serricorne; Araecerus-fasciculatus; Tribolium; Carpophilus; Ahasverus;
PY:1965
GE:France;
**:This paper contains: (1) a list of the main insects attacking stored cocoa and coffee beans, indicating their relative importance; (2) brief descriptions of the most frequently encountered species, with notes on their biology; (3) directions for the protection of stocks by fumigation.  The only species constituting a serious threat to stored coffee is Araecerus fasciculatus; Stephanoderes hampei is often found but cannot survive under storage conditions.  Cocoa beans, on the other hand, are frequently attacked by several insects, among which Cadra cautella, Lasioderma serricorne and Araecerus fasciculatus are the main primary species and Tribolium, Carpophilus and Ahasverus spp. are the most important secondary invaders.  A description of Trogoderma granarium is included because it may infest cocoa stored in proximity to groundnuts or cereals.

TI:Cocoa beans and chocolate
OT:Kakaohohnen und Schokolade.
AU:Kleinert,-J.;
SO:Gordian 65, 1551/52, p. 628-38
DE:Quality; Fermentation; Over-fermentation; Under-fermentation; Violet-beans; Slaty-beans; Chocolate; Sensory-tests;
PY:1965
GE:Switzerland; Venezuela;
**:The influence of cocoa bean fermentation on the quality of chocolate was investigated in Switzerland. A smaple of Venezuelan cocoa was separated into well-fermented (brown), violet and slaty beans; unroasted and roasted beans of each group were analysed.  The largest differences were found in the pigment contents and the pH of the unroasted beans, which both increased with the degree of under-fermentation.  Organoleptic tests of sweetened chocolate made from unroasted and roasted beans showed a distinct preference for brown over violet beans, and for violet over slaty beans.  However, chocolate from roasted beans containing 70% brown and 30% violet beans was preferred to chocolate made from brown beans only, indicating that overfermentation reduces quality more than does a moderate degree of underfermentation.  A revised system for the evaluation of commercial cocoa is proposed.

TI:The Netherlands Cocoa and Cocoa Products' Association, 30th year of the association 1964; annual report and annual figures
OT:Nederlandse Cacao en Cacaoproducten Vereniging, 30ste verenigingsjaar 1964, jaarversiag en jaarcijfers.
SO:Jaarversl. en Jaarcijfers Ned.  Cacao en Cacaoprod.  Ver. 1964, 51p.
DE:Trade; Grinding;
PY:1965
GE:Netherlands
**:More than 15%. of the world output of cocoa beans is handled by the Netherlands trade and supplied to consumers in Europe and elsewhere.  The Netherlands cocoa industry is the third largest user of cocoa beans in the world.  The Netherlands are the largest exporter of cocoa butter and powder and the second largest exporter of chocolate.  This annual report provides detailed data on imports and exports as well as information on post-war developments including the year under review.  The consequences of the establishment of the European Common Market for the the Netherlands cocoa industry are discussed.

TI:A mechanical cocoa pod sheller.
AU:Jabagun,-J.A.;
SO:Nigerian Agr.  J. 2(1):44-55.
DE:Harvesting; Pod-opening; Mechanical-opening;
PY:1965
GE:Nigeria
**:A mechanical cocoa pod breaker, constructed in Nigeria, costs about £400 and is capable of breaking 100 pods in 3 minutes so that it will do the work of 32 men.  Pods are fed into a vertical steel cylinder with internal ribs; a ribbed wooden cone revolves in the cylinder.  Shell fragments and beans flow through a chute into a horizontally rotating cylinder made of woven steel wire with a mesh width of 2.5 cm, beans are delivered through the meshes while shell fragments are collected at the open end.  The drum and sifter are coated with plastic to prevent corrosion.  A petrol engine consuming 4.5 l of fuel per day drives the apparatus.

TI:Influence of seed location in the cocoa fruit on germination and seedling growth
OT:Influencia da posiÁao das sementes no fruto do cacaueiro sÙbre a germinacao e desenvolvimento das mudas.
AU:Cardoso,-M.;
SO:Bragantia 22(36):461-464.
DE:Germination; Pod-position;
PY:1963
GE:Brazil
**:Seed samples from the top, centre and bottom portions of the pods of 2 cocoa varieites, one with purple and the other with white beans, were planted separately at Ubatuba, Brazil.  No differences in germination or in development of the seedlings were observed between the different samples.

TI:Investigations on seed storage.  XI - Cocoa
OT:Estudos sÙbre a conservaÁao de sementes. XI Cacau.
AU:Zink,-E.; Rochelle,-L.A.;
SO:Bragantia 23. 11, p. 111-116
DE:Generative-propagation; Seed-storage; Cold-tolerance; Drying; Fungicides; Pod-storage;
PY:1964
GE:Brazil
**:At Campinas, Brazil, cocoa seeds were stored at room temperature in the pod, in cloth bags, in hermetically sealed glass jars, and in jars with a perforated cork.  Seeds not stored in the pod were treated with lime, washed, dried in the shade for 24 hours, and mixed with 0.2% of a phenyl-mercury acetate formulation containing 1.5 % Hg. Storage in a jar with a perforated cork resulted in 72% germination after 90 days; germination of seeds stored in sealed jars was 80% after 45 days but only 2% after 60 days; seeds stored in bags lost their ability to germinate within 30 days; seeds stored in the pods showed 26% germination after 30 days but only 2% after 45 days.  Seeds stored at 5 †C. completely lost their ability to germinate within 15 days.

TI:A progress report on the study of insects associated with pollination of Theobroma cacao with special emphasis on midges.
AU:Fontanilia-Barroga,-S.;
SO:Philippine J. Agr. 27, 3-4, p. 147-59
DE:Pollination; Pollinators; Forcipomyia-fuliginosa; Proforciponlyia; Atrichopogon; Dasyhelia;
PY:1962
GE:Philippines;
**:Midges observed to alight on flowers and other parts of cocoa in the Philippines were identified as Forcipomyia fuliginosa, Proforciponlyia spp., Atrichopogon sp., and Dasyhelia sp.  Since members of the first 2 genera are known to be the chief pollinators of cocoa in several other countries, they are presumably responsible for cocoa pollination in the Philippines as well.  Pollination was found to occur throughout the day, with a pronounced peak between noon and 3 p.m. in the dry season, and a broad maximum between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. in the rainy season.  Of the 1,950 flowers examined, 45% had pollen masses characteristic of midge pollination on their styles.

TI:Composition of higher molecular weight organic matter in smoke aerosol from biomass combustion in Amazonia.
AU:Mohammed-Radzi-A; Simoneit-BRT; Elias-V; Cabral-JA; Cardoso-JN
SO:Chemosphere. 1995, 30: 5, 995-1015; 51 ref.
DE:hydrocarbons-; alcohols-; molecular-weight; organic-matter; biomass-; combustion-; triterpenoids-; smoke-; ketones-; waxes-; aerosols-; esters-; lipids-; alkanes-; aromatic-hydrocarbons; alkenes-; gums-; resins-; polymers-; forest-litter; controlled-burning; air-pollution; particles-; chemical-composition
PY:1995
GE:Brazil-; Amazonas-
**:Smoke particulate matter was sampled by high volume filtration from a controlled burn of forest litter in the northern forest reserve of INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia) about 70 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The area had as dominant species Protium heptaphyllum, Inga edulis and Theobroma grandiflorum, and various grasses, but was not a representative sample of Amazonian vegetation. The extract of the filter was separated after methylation into hydrocarbon, ketone, carboxylic acid ester and polar fractions and then analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total lipid extract yield was about 13 mg/m3 of smoke. The major organic components of the smoke particles were straight-chain aliphatic and triterpenoid compounds from vegetation wax, biopolymers, and gum/resin. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the combustion process were found at high levels and aromatized derivatives from natural product precursors were also important components. Petroleum hydrocarbons representing urban and vehicular emissions were not detectable. The n-alkanes ranged from C19 to C35, with a carbon number maximum (Cmax) at C29/C31 and an odd-to-even carbon predominance >C25 (carbon preference index, CPI20-35 = 3.6). Terminal olefins (n-alk-1-enes) were also present and ranged from C17 to C35, with a Cmax at C22 and an even-to-odd carbon predominance (CPI17-35 = 0.8). The n-alkanes are derived mainly from vegetation wax and the alk-1-enes with other oxygenated compounds (e.g. ketones, acids, triterpenoids) are thermal alteration products from gum/resin and biopolymers. These alteration products coupled with the PAH are the tracers for biomass combustion.

TI:A list of lepidoptera associated with cocoa in West Africa with notes on identification and biology of species in Ghana.
AU:Smith-MR;
SO:Technical bulletin. Cocoa research institute. (Ghana academy of science): No. 9, 68p.
DE:Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Taxonomy;
PY:1965
GE:Africa; Ghana
**:A list of 173 lepidopterous species encountered on cocoa trees in W. Africa is followed by brief descriptions of the 147 species that have been recorded more often than once or twice.  This part also contains notes on the occurrence of each species, its life-history, alternate hosts, and types of damage inflicted on cocoa.  Keys are provided for the identification of all caterpillars as far as the family, and as far as the species within the 6 most important families.  Identification is facilitated by 14 text figures, 100 black-and-white photographs of adults and 8 larvae, and 46 coloured photographs of larval stages.  A list of 24 references and a glossary of technical terms conclude the publication.

TI:Problems in assessment of the response of cacao progenies (Theobroma Cacao L.) to infection with swollen shoot virus in Nigeria.
AU:Longworth,-J.F.; Are,-L.A.; Freeman,-G.H.;
SO:Nigerian Agr.  J. 2(1):1-6.
DE:Diseases; Virusses; Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; Resistance; Tolerance; Methods; Vigour;
PY:1965
GE:Nigeria
**:In W. Nigeria 5 field trials were conducted to assess the degree of tolerance of virulent strains of the swollen shoot virus in 46 hybrid cocoa progenies, all of which had an Upper Amazon clone for at least 1 of their parents.  Part of the seedlings were infected by grafting a patch of bark from a diseased tree onto them; the controls were grafted with a patch from a healthy tree.  The most satisfactory measure for the degree of tolerance was found to be the percentage reduction in stem girth increment after infection, comparing infected and control trees within each progeny.  The conditions of the canopy and, to a smaller extent, symptom severity were useful supplementary criteria. Some further improvements of the technique are suggested.

TI:Storage of cocoa seeds
AU:Swarbrick,-J.T.;
SO:Experimental Agriculture, 1(3):201-207
DE:Generative-propagation; Seed-storage; Temperature; Fungicides; Pod-storage; Drying; Seeds;
PY:1965
GE:Africa; Nigeria
**:Experiments on cocoa seed storage were conducted at Ibadan, W. Nigeria; beans treated with a fungicide were stored in plastic bags containing a storage medium.  Pre-storage in the pod for 2 weeks had little effect; washing before storage was beneficial. Draining washed beans for 15 minutes and drying in the shade for 3 hours were equally good. Sterilised sawdust and charcoal were better storage media than sand; pre-drying reduced germination. A storage temperature of 22 †C. was near the optimum, the number of beans in the bag had no effect on germination. Soaking stored seeds before planting had no appreciable effect.  Among several fungicides tested at a rate of 3 g/250 beans, captan, ziram and dimethyl-dithiocarbamate copper chelate were the most effective, followed by triphenyl tin acetate and cuprous oxide, thiram and maneb were but little effective.  A mixture of 2 antibiotics was completely ineffective. No definite recommendations are made as to the optimum methods of storing cocoa seed,

TI:Experiences in flavour evaluation of cocoa varieties
AU:Glendinning,-D.R.;
SO:Tropical Agriculture Trinidad, 42(4):297-304
DE:Quality; Taste; Sensory-evaluation; Fermentation; Sampling; Methods; Forestero; Amazon;
PY:1965
GE:Africa; Ghana;
**:Experience in submitting Forestero type cocoa samples for flavour evaluation to various manufacturers is reported. with one excpetion, no evidence for varietal differences in flavour has emerged, variation from sample to sample of a variety being as great as fro variety to variety. Considerable differences in the preferences of manufacturers for variants within the West African flavour range are apparent, and the general tone of reports on a series of samples differes greatly from firm to firm. Some possible improvements in manufacturers' methds of reporting are uggeted. Clearer and more satisfactory reports were obtained on a series of small samples processed in laboratory, though most large samples had been obtained by bulking cocoa from a number of small scale fermentations.

TI:Verticillium wilt of cacao in Uganda: incidence and progress of infection in relation to time
AU:Emechebe,-A.M.; Leakey,-C.L.A.; Banage,-W.B.;
SO:East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. 41(2):184-186
DE:Fungal-Diseases; Verticillium-dahliae;
PY:1975
GE:Uganda
**:Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from wilted cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was re-isolated from the stem above soil level 3 days after inoculating the roots of container grown plants and reached the top of some 45 cm tall seedlings within 6 days. No visible vascular discoloration was observed before the 9th day after inoculation. It is inferred that conidia or mycelium of the fungus must move passively within the transpiration stream. Mechanical damage to roots may facilitate early passage to the xylem and systemic distribution within the host. A Progress of Infection index reached 100 percent by the 13th day from inoculation. There were significant linear correlations both between internal progress of infection and between percent incidence, within replicates, and time. Authors' summary.

TI:Pollination in tree fruits and cacao: a bibliographic study
OT:Etude bibliographique. Pollinisation: arbres fruitiers et cacaoyers
AU:Boussard,-B.;
SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1981,  25(4):297-304.
DE:Pollination; fruit-trees; pollinators; review
PY:1981
GE:World
**:After discussing the various factors which may affect pollination in (mainly) temperature tree fruits (cultural, climatic and insects), the author then considers the much more important role of insects in cacao pollination. The biology and behaviour of the Ceratopogonids (Forcipomyia spp. in particular) and cultural practices which lead to greater pollination are discussed. The relationship between pollination and crop production in cacao is also explored.

TI:Fungal biomass distribution in Witches' Broom disease of cocoa.
AU:Penman,-D. (Danny);
SO:PhD thesis. University of Liverpool.
DE:Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinpellis-perniciosa; Biochemistry; Composition; Mannan; Chitin;
PY:1993
GE:England
**:The BCCCA Cocoa Research fund sponsored a PhD at the University of Liverpool, UK on the changes in levels of chitin and mannan (both constituents of fungal walls) in an attempt to study the early stages of Witches broom infection.  The chitin assay 
 :developed was used to study infections in green and brown brooms and showed that the fungus was highly localised at the broom base and growing points.

TI:New method for fertilizing cocoa
OT:Un nueva sistema de abonamineto en el cultivo del cacao
AU:Madero-B.A.;
SO:Cacao en Colombia,2:77-89
DE:Fertiliser-application; Foliar-application
PY:1953
GE:Colombia

TI:Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit
SO:PRNewswire 26-OCT-98
DE:Manufacuring; Companies;
PY:1998
GE:Polans; USA; France;
**:Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit
 :
 :
 :PRNewswire
 :26-OCT-98
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :WARSAW, Poland, Oct. 26 /PRNewswire/-- PepsiCo, Inc. (NYSE: PEP) announced today it has reached a preliminary agreement, subject to regulatory and Wedel shareholder approval, to sell its Delicja sweet biscuit business in Poland to Groupe Danone (NYSE: DA). The sale is expected to close by early 1999. 
 :
 :The transaction will make Paris-based Group Danone, a leading global producer of packaged foods and beverages, the clear leader of Poland's biscuit market. 
 :
 :Delicja, which is part of PepsiCo's Warsaw-based E. Wedel S.A. subsidiary, accounts for some 32% of the Polish sweet biscuit market and generated net revenues of 187 million zlotys in 1997. Delicja operates one plant in Plonsk and employs nearly 900 people. Its biggest-selling brands include Delicje, Pieguski and Pierniczki, which rank among the most popular consumer brands in Poland. 
 :
 :PepsiCo announced in June its intention to divest the Wedel chocolate and biscuit businesses as part of a global strategy to focus on its core businesses of beverage and snacks. In September, PepsiCo said it had reached an agreement to sell the chocolate business to Cadbury Schweppes p.l.c. (NYSE: CSG), in a transaction which is expected to close by early 1999. 
 :
 :PepsiCo estimates it will invest (U.S.) $200 million over the next several years to expand its Frito-Lay snacks and Pepsi-Cola operations in Poland, in addition to the over $500 million it has invested in the country since 1991. 
 :
 :PepsiCo comprises: Pepsi-Cola Company, the world's second-largest beverage company; Frito-Lay Company, the world's largest manufacturer and distributor of snack foods, and Tropicana Products, the world's largest marketer and producer of branded juices. PepsiCo, which is based in Purchase, New York, U.S.A., generated (U.S.) $21 billion in revenues in 1997.

TI:Ivorian 97
SO:Reuters 23-OCT-98
DE:Stocks; Farmgate-prices; FOB;
PY:1998
GE:Ivory-Coast;
**:ABIDJAN, Oct 23 (Reuters) - Stocks of cocoa from the 1997/98 crop season in Ivory Coast's ports of Abidjan and San Pedro total around 70,000 tonnes of generally low quality beans while there were few arrivals of new 1998/99 crop, exporters and shippers said on Friday. 
 :
 :Forwarding agents in the southwestern port of San Pedro estimated stocks there at around 10,000 tonnes. 
 :
 :"The stock of old cocoa here could be between 50,000 and 80,000 tonnes," said one shipper in Abidjan, but most estimated the old stock in Abidjan at around 60,000 tonnes. 
 :
 :Most cocoa in Abidjan is of poor quality and has been in warehouse for the past four to six months, some for more than one year, according to shippers. 
 :
 :Cocoa from the new 1998/99 crop is only trickling in with most of it being small sized-- around 120 beans per 100 grams -- and of low quality. 
 :
 :"We have had few new crop arrivals, and what has come is small beans, of bad quality too, " said one shipper in Abidjan. 
 :
 :Most cocoa arriving is from 1997/98 stocks held back by farmers in anticipation of a farmgate price rise. 
 :
 :Retention of stocks by farmers from one crop season to the next is usually in a 40-70,000 tonnes range. 
 :
 :Cocoa export figures for the third week of October were not immediately available but forwarders said that not much cocoa had been shipped since the start of the 1998/99 cocoa season. 
 :
 :"The exporters have started buying and conditioning the cocoa but they are not yet ready to export," port sources in San Pedro said, adding that activities at the port would pick up in the second week of November. 
 :
 :Ivory Coast opened its 1998/99 cocoa season on October 15 with a farmgate price of 575 CFA francs per kilo, up by 26 percent on last year's price. The FOB price, also up by 26 percent, is 850,866 CFA francs per tonne, including 150,000 CFA in export duties. 
 :
 :The government estimated the 1997/98 crop at 1.113 million tonnes and forecast a crop between one and 1.1 million tonnes for the new season, the last before total liberalisation of cocoa marketing and exports. 
 :
 :The London-based International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO) has provisionally forecast a 1998/99 Ivorian crop of around 1.114 million tonnes.

TI: Influence of weather on the abundance of Selenothrips rubrocinctus in Surinam.
OT:Over den invloed der weergesteldheid op het min of meer talrijk voorkomen der cacaothrips in Suriname.
AU:Reyne,-A.;
SO:Indische Mercuur. 52:987-989.
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Heliothrips-rubrocinctus
PY:1929
GE:Suriname

TI:Cocoa thrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard).
OT:De cacaothrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard).
AU:Reyne,-A.;
SO:Surinam Dept. van Landb. B. 44. 214 p.
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Heliothrips-rubrocinctus
PY:1921
GE:Suriname

TI:A review of the cocoa processing industry in producing countries.
SO:Foreign Agr.  Circ., U.S. Dep.  Agr., FCB 2-65, p. 1-8.
DE:Storage; Grinding; Grinding-capacity;
PY:1965
**:In their efforts to industrialise, a great many cocoa producing nations are opening or expanding cocoa processing and storage facilities.  A review is given of the cocoa processing industry in Brazil, the Dominican Rep., Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela and other Latin American countries as well as in the following African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo (LÈopoidville), and the Malagasy Rep. Lists of processing industries include (where known)  number of factories, operating capacity, location and other relevant information pertaining to the industry

TI:Bathycoelia thalassina (Herrich-Schaeffer), (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae); a pest of Theobroma cacao L.
AU:Gerard,-B.M.;
SO:Nature, 207, 4999, p. 881.
DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Pentatomidae; Bathycoelia-thalassina;
PY:1965
GE:Ghana; Nigeria;
**:The pentatomid bug Bathycoelia thalassina has been known for many years as a minor cocoa pest in Cameroon and Congo (LÈopoldville), causing small pods to shrivel and fall but having no serious effect on older pods.  Large nymphs and adults were recently found to inflict rather serious damage on developing cocoa pods in Ghana and Nigeria, penetrating the pod wall with their long stylets and sucking sap from the beans.  Feeding results in inconspicuous black spots on the exterior of the pod wall; pods damaged at an early stage stop growing and show a constriction in the middle; when they ripen they are found to contain brown malformed beans without mucilage. Young nymphs feed mainly on the leaves and do little damage.

TI:The effect of herbicides on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.).
AU:Kasasian,-L.; Donelan,-A.F.;
SO:Trop.  Agr., (Trinidad) 42(3):217-221.
DE:Weeds; Weed-control; Chemical-control; Herbicides; Simazine; linuron; Paraquat; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; Dalapon; Linuron; Sodium-chlorate; TCA; Ametryne; Prometryne; Neburon; Amiben; Atrazine; Atraton; Rometone; Diuron; Fenac; Amitrole; 2,3,6-TBA; Bromacil; Isocil;
PY:1965
GE:Trinidad;
**:In Trinidad the effect of 21 herbicides applied to young cocoa stands was studied in 12 field trials, supplemented by pot experiments.  The results indicated that good long-term weed control without appreciable harm to the crop can be attained by applying simazine or linuron at a rate of 3.3 kg active ingredient per ha.  Paraquat at 0.56- t. 12 kg/ha, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or MCPA at 2.25 kg/ha, and dalapon at 5.6 kg/ha may be used for short-term control.  The post-emergence effect of simazine and linuron is enhanced by addition of paraquat or 2,4-D.  Sodium chlorate, TCA, ametryne, prometryne, neburon and amiben had little effect on the cocoa but gave unsatisfactory weed control.  The cocoa was injured b atrazine atraton rometone diuron fenac, amitrole and 2,3,6-TBA, and especially by bromacil and isocil.

TI:Theobroma grandiflorum (Spreng.) Schum. as source of inoculum of witch-broom disease of Theobroma cacao L.
AU:GonÁalves,-J.R.C.;
SO:Trop. Agr., (Trinidad), 42(3):261-263.
DE:Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts;
PY:1965
GE:Brazil;
**:Inoculation experiments conducted at BÈlem do Par·, Brazil, demonstrated that witchbroom disease in Theobroma cacao and Th. grandiflorum is caused by the same strain or strains, of the fungus Marasmius perniciosus, as was presumed by several authors.  Consequently, Th. grandiflorum, which in the State of Para is used for the refreshment and canned fruit industries, should not be allowed near cocoa fields.

TI:Cover crops (for cacao).
AU:Opuku, A. A.
SO:Mem.  Agr.  Res.  Stat.  Kade, Univ. Ghana, 3, p. 16-21
DE:Cover-crops;
PY:1963
GE:West-Africa; Ghana;
**:Results are presented of 3 field trials conducted at Kade, Ghana, to compare soil covers for young cocoa.  In experiment CC2 the cocoa grew better with hedges of Flemingia congesta or Pennisetum purpureum than with natural regeneration, Cajanus cajan, Leucaena glauca or Tithonia Diversifolia; application of P. fertilizer to the covers had no effect on the growth of the cocoa.  Experiment CC.6 showed cocoa yields, in the 2nd year of bearing, of 1,194 kg/ha under mulch, 901 kg/ha with Calopogonium, 826 kg/ha with Pueraria, 770 kg/ha with Mimosa invisa, 725 kg/ha with Centrosema, and 332 kg/ha with natural regeneration.  Among 9 cover plants compared in experiment CC.7, Flemingia congesta gave the best overall development of cocoa seedlings in their 1st year.  This species tolerates poor drainage but its cost of establishment is rather high. Hedges could best be established from seedlings; sowing was satisfactory, cuttings were a failure.

TI:Shade in young cocoa plantations
OT:Peneduh ditanaman coklat muda.
AU:Simandjuntak, S. B.
SO:Bull.  Res.  Inst.  S.P.A. 52, p.1-18.
DE:Intercropping; Shade-trees;
PY:1964
GE:Indonesia; Sumatra
**:This literature review on the role of shade in young cocoa includes information on the use of shade and the planting of cocoa under other perennial crops such as coconut palm and oil palm.  Whereas the yields of cocoa under rubber in various countries have been disappointing, preliminary results of cocoa under oil palm in Indonesia are promising.  The practice of planting cocoa under oil palm on 2 estates on Sumatra is briefly described.  It is concluded that further information is needed in order to assess the merits of  intercropping cocoa and oil palms

TI:Dwarf cacao.
AU:Creencia,-R.P.;
SO:Coffee Cacao J. 8(4):74.
DE:Germplasm; Dwarfism; Low-vigour; Heritability;
PY:1965
GE:Philippines
**:Plants of a dwarf type of Criollo cocoa are grown on a farm in the Philippines.  The dwarf character is heritable; seeds obtained in 1955 for an experimental plot at Los Banos yielded dwarf trees that have been bearing pods for 5 years.  The trees grow to a height of no more than 2 m and form few chupons; pod and bean size are normal. Since they can be planted close together, normal yields per ha can be obtained.

TI:Cocoa mirid control.
AU:Gerard,-B.M.;
SO:Nature 201, 4917, p. 353-4
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis; Resistance; gamma-BHC;
PY:1964)
GE:Ghana; Cameroon; Ivory-Coast;
**:A report on a conference held at Tafo, Ghana, in Aug. 1963, to discuss the recent discovery that cacao mirids had developed resistance to insecticides.  Resistance has not yet been observed in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast.  In Ghana, however, Distantiella theobroma in several locations survived spraying with 0.5% gamma BHC at a rate of 56 l/ha, whereas in Nigeria resistance of Sahlbergella singularis has been observed in one small area. D. theobroma resistant to gamma BHC proved to exhibit no resistance to DDT, organophosphorus compounds, and carbamates.  Other subjects discussed included taints imparted to commercial cocoa as the result of spraying with insecticides, increases in noxious insect populations due to spraying with insecticides other than gamma BHC, and shifts in the relative abundance of D. theobroma and S. singularis.

TI:Cocoa cultivation
OT:Cultura de cacaueiro.
AU:Goncalves,-R.M.;
SO:Brazil. Min. do Agr., Indus. e Com. B., 15(2):171-209, 319-350.
PY:1926
GE:Brazil;

TI:Colombian cacao
OT:El cacaotero Colombiano
SO:Cacaotero Colombiano, No. 39, 52 p.;
DE:cultivation; production; consumption; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata;
PY:1995
GE:Colombia
**:The cultivation of cocoa and rubber in South America is discussed, and the world production and consumption of cocoa during 1993-1994 is reviewed. Cocoa production in Colombia amounted to 53 504 t in 1993, an increase of 14% above the 1992 level. Data on the world production and world processing of cocoa, and cocoa production in Colombia during 1984-1993 are tabulated. A study of the relationship between climate and cocoa production in South America, using a regression equation, revealed a correlation between production and rainfall during the 6 preceding months. The susceptibility of cocoa clones or hybrids to Ceratocystis fimbriata, especially that of clones ICS 1 and IMC 67, was investigated in Colombia. The history, importance and cultural practices of rubber growing in South America are reviewed. It is concluding that growing of some 30 000 ha of rubber in Colombia is to be recommended.

TI:The control thrips based on modern insights and experiments on Sao Thome
OT:Die bek”mpfung des kakaothripses unter neuzeitlichen gesichtspunkten mit berucksichtigung der verhaltnisse in San Tome, Golf von Guinea.
AU:Kaden,-O.F.;
SO:Tropenpflanzer 37:139-148.  1934.
DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips;
PY:1934
GE:Sao-ThomÈ

TI:Intercropping coconut with cacao
AU:Creencia,-R.P.;
SO:Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies, 4(4):29-35.
DE:Intercropping; Shade-trees;
PY:1979
GE:Phillipines
**:Growing cacao under coconut results in a more effective utilization of a coconut plantation in terms of an increased net return. The article deals with the benefits from coconut-cacao intercropping, factors to consider in planting cacao under coconuts and cultural management of cacao under coconuts in respect of nursery practices, field planting and maintenance.

TI:Problems of forecasting the cocoa crop in Ghana.
AU:Gordon,-J.;
SO:World Crops, 17(3):64-65
DE:Crop-forecasting; Statisitcs; Weather; Long-term-forecasting; Wages; Urabanization; Development;
PY:1965
GE:Ghana;
**:Forecasting the cocoa crop involves 2 problems; that of seasonal forecasts of main- and midcrops and the much more difficult problem of forecasting long-range trends in production.  Seasonal forecasts depend mainly on climate but the amount of crop actually harvested depends upon farmers' decisions.  Sampling is the greatest difficulty in accurately estimating the crop because of the large number of small farms.  Seasonal forecasting is not so much a statistical problem as an economic one.  Long-term forecasts of production trends can be determined provided that government wage rates are not further inflated, that farm wages move in sympathy with town labour rates, and that cocoa prices are not further depressed.  In the author's opinion Ghana has already reached and passed its peak of production, and the increase of 100.000
 :tons of cocoa envisaged in the 7-year plan is considered too optimistic. The future production aspects are critically commented upon.

TI:Cocoa of Sao Tome and Principe, on the polyphenols during fermentation.
OT:Cacaus de S. Tome È Principe; dos polifenois durante a fermentaÁao
AU:Ferrao,-J.E.M.;
SO:Anais Inst.  Superior Agron. 25, p. 17-222.
DE:Polyphenols; Fermentation; Drying; Duration;
PY:1963
GE:Sao-Tome
**:The bulk of this paper (p. 21-150) reviews literature on: (1) the history of cocoa cultivation; (2) the taxonomy of cultivated cocoa; (3) the history and development of the cocoa industry in Sao Tome and Principe, and cultivation and processing methods in these islands; (4) the structure and reactions of polyphenolic compounds in the cocoa bean; (5) the chemistry of cocoa processing with special reference to the transformations of polyphenols during fermentation and drying.  The author's investigations on polyphenol transformation during the processing of cocoa (p. 151-189), which yielded results similar to those of other authors working with the same type of cocoa, are discussed in relation to the desirability of shortening the period of fermentation usual in Sao Tome.

TI:Report to the government of Nigeria on agricultural industries for the processing of raw materials in the Eastern Region.
AU:Zwanhuizen,-M.Th.;
SO:Expanded Techn. Assistance Progr., FAO Rep. 1741, 94p.
DE:Quality-improvement; Cooperatives;
PY:1963
GE:Nigeria;
**:This report, the result of a study made in 1962-63, describes the proper procedures for the harvesting and processing of coffee, cocoa, rubber, oil palm fruits, and rice, and discusses the possibility of introducing improved methods that are within the reach of individual farmers or farmers' co-operatives in E. Nigeria.  Improvements in processing methods, resulting in better quality products, would provide a necessary stimulus for the improvement of agriculture in the country.  In particular, improvements in coffee processing would probably create a good local market for coffee produced in E. Nigeria.

TI:A note on the control of Toxoptera aurantii B. de Fon, in cocoa nurseries in Uganda.
AU:Ingram,-W.R.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.112-113
DE:Insect-pests; Aphids; Toxoptera-aurantii; Nurseries; Chemical-control; Insecticides; DDT; Menazon;
PY:1964
GE:Uganda;
**:In Uganda the aphid Toxoptera aurantii may cause severe malformation of cocoa seedlings in the nursery; its high incidence may be the result of regular spraying with DDT against leaf-eatin.@ caterpillars.  Good control of the aphid on potted plants was attained by spraying with the systemic insecticide menazon at a concentration of 0.25 % active ingredient, applying 3.5 1 of fluid per 1,000 plants.  Caterpillars, which are not controlled by the aphicide, have still to be sprayed with DDT; it is advisable not to apply this treatment when aphids are still present.

TI:Rat control in cacao fields
AU:Anon.
SO:Cacau Atualidades 1(6):8-9.
DE:Vertebrae-pests; Rats; Rat-control; Warfarin;
PY:1964
GE:Brazil;
**:Cocoa planters in the Brazilian State of Bahia are advised to control rats by the destruction of nests, the protection of snakes, and birds of prey, and the use of poisoned baits.  Baits can be prepared from maize meal, rice plus 2% groundnut oil, or fruits, poisoned with one of the common rodenticides such as warfarin.  About 20 bamboo joints provided with 200 g of bait, or 20-30 poisoned fruits are required per ha.  A simple, effective bait may be prepared by sticking matches into bananas; after 24 hours the matches and a slice of the peel are removed, and the banana is tied in the fork of a cocoa tree.

TI:The use of herbicides to eliminate Setaria stilcata
OT:EmprÍgo de herbicides na eliminaÁao do "canoao".
AU:Pereira-Caravalho,-R.J.;
SO:Cacau Atualidades 1(11-12):3-7.
DE:Weeds; Setaria-sulcata; Herbicides; Dalapon; Paraquat; 2,4-D; TCA;
PY:1964
GE:Brazil;
**:The grass Setaria suicata (Panicum sulcatum), introduced as an ornamental or forage crop from Trinidad, has become a highly noxious weed of cocoa fields in the Brazilian State of Bahia.  Herbicide trials showed that it can be successfully controlled by spraying twice, at an interval of 15-30 days, with dalapon at a rate of 2.5 kg acid equivalent per ha or with TCA at a rate of 10 kg active ingredient per ha, whereas monuron at 7.5 kg/ha and 2,4-D at 7.5 kg/ha were but little effective.  Two sprayings with paraquat at a 30-day interval, using 1 and 0.5 kg active substance per ha, respectively, killed the aerial parts so rapidly that the herbicide was not translocated to the roots; consequently the grass recovered within short time after the treatment.

TI:A study of the resistance of cocoa trees to pod rot caused by Phytophtliora palmivora in the Ivory Coast.  Part 1: Experimental inoculation of wounds with culture fragments.
OT:Etude de la resistance des cacaoyers :1 la pourriture brune des cabosses due an Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Bull. en CÙte d'Ivoire. PremiËre partie: Inoculations expÈrimentales par blessure et fragments de culture.
AU:Tarjot,-M.;
SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 9(2):126-33.
DE:Resistance-breeding; Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora;
PY:1965
GE:Ivory-Coast;
**:Susceptibility to pod rot of cocoa trees in the Ivory Coast was assessed by filling a hole punched in the pericarp of detached fruits with a culture of Phytophthora palmivora, and measuring the diseased patch after 5 days.  All trees of the local Amelonado type and of the Upper Amazon type, and all crosses of Upper Amazon trees with Amelonado, Trinitario and Criollo trees included in the tests proved to be equally susceptible.  Among 9 Trinitario trees tested, 1 tree (received from the United Fruit Company) showed some resistance, crosses with 2 Upper Amazon trees were as susceptible as the Upper Amazon trees were susceptible as the Upper Amazon parents.

TI:Effect of iron on the development of plant roots
OT:Efecto del hierro en el desarrollo de las raices de las plantas.
AU:Correa-Velfisquez,-J.;
SO:Rev.  Fac.  Nac.  Agron., Colombia 24, 61, p. 27-52.
DE:Nutrient-uptake; Fe; Iron;
PY:1964
GE:Colombia;
**:In Colombia cocoa seedlings were grown in a Fe-free nutrient solution; Fe chelate was added to the solution or sprayed on the leaves when the plants had become chlorotic.  Root growth was stimulated by chelate in the solution at up to 6 p.p.m. Fe and by foliar spraying at 10 p.p.m., depressed by foliar spraying at 20 p.p.m. Stem growth was depressed by 6 p.p.m. Fe in the solution and by foliar application at 20 p.p.m., not affected by lower concentrations.  Fe 59-labelled FeCI3 sprayed on the leaves was readily absorbed and translocated to the roots; the roots readily absorbed FeCl3 added to the solution but translocation to the aerial parts was rather slow.  A similar trial with coffee seedlings indicated a stimulating effect of the chelate on root and stem growth when it was applied either to the roots or to the leaves.

TI:Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana.
AU:Gerard,-B.M.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.101-111.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids;Thrips; Bathycoelia thalassina; Shade;
PY:1964
GE:Ghana;
**:Actual and potential side-effects of shade removal in cocoa fields are discussed with special reference to insect pests.  Among the species attacking shaded fields as well, mirids become less easy to control because of the changed growth habit of the cocoa; thrips tend to cause more serious defoliation in unshaded fields.  In general the insect fauna shows a shift from species naturally occurring in forests to savanna types.  In Ghana a pentatomid bug, Bathycoelia thalassina, threatens to become a serious pest of unshaded cocoa. It pierces the pericarp of young pods to feed on the developing seeds.  For the time being, successful growing of cocoa without shade appears to depend on effective chemical control of the most important pests.

TI:A preliminary world review of cacao mirids.
AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; Youdeowei,-A.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.71-79.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Monalonion; Sahlbergella; Distantiella; Bryocoropsis; Odoniella; Boxiopsis;  Helopeltis; Pseudodoniella; Platyngomiriodes; Reviews;
PY:1964
GE:West-Africa; Nigeria;
**:A review is presented of the distribution of mirid species associated with cocoa in all countries growing this crop, and of their host plants, biology, and ecology.  The 35 species mentioned pertain to 9 genera, of which Monalonion is restricted to the New World and is the only genus found there; Sahlbergella, Distantiella and Bryocoropsis are restricted to W. Africa, Odoniella to the Congo, and Boxiopsis to Madagascar, Helopeltis occurs from New Guinea to W. Africa, Pseudodoniella in the Philippines and eastern New Guinea; Platyngomiriodes has been found in Sabah.

TI:A note on mirid bugs (Hempitera: Miridae) and some other insect pests of cocoa in Sabah, Malaysia,
AU:Conway,-G.R.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.80-84.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-clavifer; Platyngomiriodes-apiformis; Phassus-hosei; Zeuzera; Colobesthes-falcata;
PY:1964
GE:Malaysia; Sabah;
**:Major cocoa pests in Sabah all appear to occur naturally in adjacent forests; they include the ring-bark borer Phassus hosei, a branch-boring Zeuzera sp., a few other lepidopterous species attacking the leaves, mealybugs, the flatid Colobesthes falcata, and 2 mirids.  One mirid, Helopeltis clavifer, prefers the pods, feeding on young shoots only when no pods are present.  The other mirid, Platyngomiriodes apiformis, causes serious damage to pods by its gregarious feeding on the tips and bases; it does not feed on young shoots but was found to feed on partially lignified chupons and in a few trees on branches and sterns.  The mirids can be controlled with lindane; other pests are kept in check by their natural enemies since chemical control was discontinued in 1961.

TI:A brief outline of the climate of the main cocoa growing area of western Nigeria
AU:Wessel,-M.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.90-96
DE:Temperature; Rainfall; Radiation;
PY:1964
**:Fairly detailed data are presented of the climate of the cocoa belt extending from Ilaro to Ikare in W. Nigeria.  Cocoa growing areas within this belt total 450,000 ha; the average yield is 400 kg of commercial cocoa per ha.  The climate is characterised by an annual rainfall of 1,100-1,500 mm, of which only 9% falls in Nov.-Feb.; during the severe dry season the harmattan penetrates deeply into the cocoa belt.  A comparison with other cocoa producing countries of West Africa indicates that this climate is similar to that of Abengourou in the Ivory Coast, and is much more extreme than that of the cocoa growing regions of Ghana.

TI:Observations on the effects of gibberellic acid on the growth of cocoa seedlings.
AU:Are,-L.;
SO:Nigerian agricultural journal.  1(1):26-29.
DE:Growth-regulators; Gibberilines; GA; Hormones; Growth; Elongation;
PY:1964
GE:nigeria;
**:In Nigeria 20-day-old seedlings of Upper Amazon cocoa were sprayed with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1,000 p.p.m. During 4 weeks after treatment the chemical increased the rate of elongation of the stem and the rate of maturation of new leaves, the effect increasing with the concentration.  After that time the effect of gibberellic acid gradually decreased.  No differences in the number or size of leaves were observed between treated and untreated plants

TI:Cocoa in Sao Tome and Principe
OT:O cacaueiro em S. Tome e Principe
AU:Ferrao,-J.E.M.
SO:Revista Ciencias Agrarias, 14(1):85-94.
DE:Regional; Production; Cultivation; History; Propects;
PY:1991
GE:Sao-Tome; Principe;
**:The history of cocoa production in the islands of Sao Tome and Principe is presented. Information on cultivation practices and on production levels at different periods in time are provided, and the future of the crop in these islands is also discussed.

TI:Some aspects of vertabrate damage to cocoa in West Africa
AU:Everard,-C.O.R.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.114-119.
DE:Pests-; Pest-control; Rodents; Rats;
PY:1964
GE:West-Africa;
**:Vertebrate damage to cocoa was found in W. Nigeria to he mainly caused by rodents.  Seeds and young seedlings are dug up, older seedlings are gnawed through at the base.  Rodent damage to pods may be fairly serious but has been exaggerated because it was confused with damage caused by the caterpillars of Characoma stictograpta.  Fermenting beans may be contaminated with faeces because the mucilage attracts several animals; stored cocoa is consumed by rodents and contaminated with faeces of rodents and lizards.  Wire netting or corrugated iron sheeting should enclose nurseries; stores should be made rodent-proof.  Protection of plants in the field against porcupines and rats may be attained by treating the plants with a formulation containing nicotine, or by spraying the ground with endrin.

TI:World Cocoa Survey
AU:Krug,-C.A.; Quartey-Papafio,-E.;
SO:FAO Agricultural studies, No 63. 242p.
DE:Regional; Climate ; Production; Research
PY:1964
GE:World
**:A survey based on questionnaires and visits to cocoa producing countries presenting concise information on the cocoa industry in each of these countries: climate and soils, types cultivated, cultural practices, extension and training, and research.  Maps show the extent of actual and/or potential cocoa growing regions.  The final chapter contains a summary of the information arranged according to subjects, and indicates problems to be solved.  The appendices present sources of information, a summary of replies to questionnaires sent in 1958 and 1963, a list of stations and centres working on cocoa research, a list of scientific names of plants, pests and pathogens connected with cocoa, and conversion tables.

TI:A toxicogenic leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) observed on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
AU:Salas,-A.; Hansen,-A.J.;
SO:Cacao, 8(1):6-12.
DE:Insect-pests; Homoptera; Cicadellidae; Chainaia-runescens;
PY:1964
GE:Coats-Rica;

TI:Extension work on mirid control in Western Nigeria
AU:Akinwolemiwa,-J.O.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.66-69.
DE:Extension; Dissemination; Insect-pets; Hemiptera; Mirids;
PY:1964
GE:West-Africa; Nigeria;

TI:Cocoa, a pre-Colombian food
OT:El cacao (Theobroma cacao), alimento precolombino.
AU:Arana,-O.;
SO:Agricultura Trop. 21(3):179-182.
DE:Regional; Germplasm; Diseases-incidence; Monliophthora-pod-rot;
PY:1965
GE:Colombia
**:Colombia has the 2nd largest per capita cocoa consumption in the world.  The total annual consumption is about 30,000 tons; the annual production is only 17.000 tons. About 35,000 ha are planted with cocoa, yielding an average of 400-600 kg/ha/y. The varieties planted are Trinitarios and Amazon Forasteros 91.5%, locally selected clones 5%, imported hybrids 2.5%, and Criollo 1%. Potentially Colombia could be a cocoa exporting country instead a cocoa importing country. low yields are the result of deficient management, particularly control of pests and diseases. Monilia alone causes a estimated reduction of 30-40%. There is no official marketing organisation for the product. A national committee has suggested the establishment of a programme of support to the cocoa growers. Regions suitable for an expansion of the industry are enumerated.

TI:The control of cocoa mirids (Hemiptera; Miridae) in Ghana with low volume applications of carbaryl and sumithion.
AU:Peterson,-D.G., Bond,-E.F.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.18-25.
DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Chemical-control; Insecitcides; Carbaryl; Sumithion; Fenitrothion; Application-technique; Mist-blower;
PY:1964
GE:Ghana;
**:Trials conducted in Ghana indicated that a 95 % reduction of the cocoa mirid population can be attained by spraying each tree twice, from opposite directions, with carbaryl or fenitrothion (sumithion) at a concentration of 0.625% active ingredient, using a mist-blower with a delivery rate of 0.9 l/minute.  In a normal field with 1,875 cocoa trees per ha this works out at a rate of application of 112 l/ha.  In contrast to the usual method of applying lindane, the spray should be directed to the trunks and canopies of the cocoa trees.

TI:Research on the chemical control of cacao rnirids conducted by the I.F.C.C. in the Ivory Coast from Sept. 1963 to March 1964
OT:Travaux rÈalisÈs par l'I.F.C.C. en CÙte d'lvoire sur la lutte chimique contre les mirides du cacaoyer de Septembre 1963 ý Mars 1964.
AU:Decelle,-J.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.35-37.
DE:insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides; Fenitrothion; Dichlorvos; Carbaryl; Insecticide-residues; Flavour; Quality;
PY:1964
**:Cocoa mirids in the Ivory Coast are usually controlled by spraying with lindane , Field trials showed that 0.3%, fenitrothion (active) gave the best results when trees were sprayed from both sides; 0.3 % dichlorvos was but little effective.  Spraying with l.7 kg carbaryl in 100 l water per ha resulted in a residue of 0.13% in the pods and one of 0.15 p.p,m. in the processed beans; it had no perceptible effect on the flavour of the beans.  Two sprayings with 500 g fenitrothion per ha at a 4-week interval caused no deterioration of flavour, but a few tasters experienced slight allergenic effects.

TI:Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana.
AU:Gerard,-B.M.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.101-111.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids;
PY:1964
GE:Ghana;

TI:Field experiments in the control of Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemptera: Miridae) with Sevin and Sumithion in Nigeria
AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; Youdeowei,-A.; Eugagie,-W.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.26-34.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides; Sevin; Sumithion;
PY:1964
GE:West-Africa; Nigeria;

TI:The distribution of mirid species and of resistant mirids in Nigeria.
AU:Entwistle,-P.F.;
SO:Proc. of the Conference on mirids and other pests of cacao at the W. Afr. Cocoa Res, Inst. (Nigeria), 24th to 27th March, 1964, Ibadan, 1964. p.9-17.
DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Mirids; Sahlbergella-singularis; Distantiella-theobroma; Helopeltis; Bryocoropsis-laticollis; Syrvey; Insect-damage; Resistance; lindane; Dieldrin;
PY:1964
GE:West-Africa; Nigeria;
**:A survey of cocoa mirids in Nigeria was made in 1962/64. Sahlbergella singularis proved to be the dominant species, occurring in all cocoa growing areas and making up 97%, of the catches.  Resistance of this species to lindane and dieldrin was only found in an area of 150 km2 in the vicinty of Ondo. The occurrence of Distantiella theobroma was mainly restricted to a large area in the eastern part of the Western Region, where it constituted 18% of the catches. Damage to cocoa by D. theobroma appeared to occur almost exclusively at altitudes of over 250 m. Only 2 Helopeltis spp. and no Bryocoropsis laticollis were collected during the survey.

TI:Progress in the laboratory rearing of cocoa mirids in Nigeria.
AU:Youdeowei,-A.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.98-100.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids;
PY:1964
GE:Nigeria;

TI:The Badianus manuscirpt (Codex Barberini, Latin 241, Vatican Library), An Aztec Herbal of 1552
AU:Emmart,-E.W.;
SO:John, Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 341pp. 118 plates
DE:history
PY:1940

TI:The Natural and Moral History of the Indians
OT:Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, en que se tratan las Cosas natables del Cielo, elementos, metales, plantas y animales dellas y los ritos y ceremonias, leyes y govierno y guerras de los indios. Comuesta por el padre Joseph de Acosta. Religioso de la compania de Jesus.
AU:Acosta,-J.-de (Joseph);
SO:Impreso en Sevilla en Casa de Juan de Leon. Ano MDXC
DE:History; Trade; Roasting; Shade; Health; Medicine; Money;
PY:1590
**:[Mueller] Acosta, Spanish historian, jesuit. Born around 1540 Medina del Campo, Died 1599. Went to America in 1577,after his return in 1586 became rector of the University of Salamanca. 
 :
 :[Ost] According to Markahm's introduction the Spanish Jesuit tre\avelled in 1570 to S. America unitl the end of 1583 or the beginning of 1584 he remained in Peru. Thereafter in Mexico. He returned to Spain in 1587. in Peru he wrote the two books in Latin with the title 'De natura novi orbis,libris dus, et de Promulgatione Evangelii apud barbars,sive de procuranda Inorum Salute, libri sex. First edition Salamanca 1588 (de Natura) resp. 1589 (De promulgatione); Thereafter 2ed. Salamance 1595, Keulen, 1596.
 : De two books were translated inSpanish by Acosta himself as parts I and II of Historia natural y moral de las Indias; he completed this wrk with an additional 5 books. As a result the comlete work contains 7 volumes. Complete edition Sevilla 1590; Barceona 1591; Madrid 1608 and 1610. Trabnslated in Dutch by Linschoten, Enkhuizen 1598, Amsterdam 1624. English translation by E.G. = Edward Grinston, London 1604. This translation was reprinted by Markham, with a few correction resulting from comaprisons with the Madrid 1608 edition. 
 :
 :The first volume deals with the discovery of America etc. in relations to the Bible and opinions fo church leaders. Vols. II and II deal with meteorolgy and geography. Vol. IV deals in the first place with mineral resources followed by cultivated plants. Of which   
 :Vol. 4 Chapter 22, p.244 Of cacao and coca
 :
 :"Although the plantain be the most profitable, yet cacao is the most esteemed in Mexico, and the Coca in Peru, in which two trees they have great superstition. The cacao is a fruit little lesse than almonds, yet more fatte, the which being roasted hath no ill taste. It is so much esteemed among the Indians (yea, and among the Spaniards), that it is one of the richest and the greatest trafficks of New Spain, for being a drie fruite that keeps long without corruption, they carry whole shippes laoden from the Province of Guatimala. The last year an English Pirat did burne in the Port of Guatulco in New Spain above one hundred thousand cargoes of Cacao. They use it instead of money, for with five Cacaos they buy one thing, with thirtie an other, and with a hundred an other, without any contradiction; and they use to give it to the poore that beg for almes. The chief use of this cacao, is in a drinke which they call ChocolatÈ, thereof they make great accompt in that country, foolishly, and without reason, for it is loatsome to such as are not acquainted with it,having skumme or froth that is very unpleasant to taste, if they be not very well conceited thereof. [p.245] Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the indians wherewith they feast noble men as they passe through their country. The spaniards, both men and women, that are accustomed to the country, are very greedy of this CholatÈ. They say they male diverse sortes of it, some hote, some colde, and some temperate, and therein much of that Chili, yea they make a paste thereof, the which they say is good for the stomake, and against catarch. Whatsover it be,such have not been nourished there, are not very curious thereof. The tree whereon this fruite growes is of a reasonble bigness, and well fashioned; it is so tender, that to keepe it from burning of the sunne, they plant neer unto it a great tree, which serves onely to shade it and they call it the mother of Cacao. There are plantations where they are grown like to the vines and olive trees of Spain. The province where there is greatest trade in cacao is Gutemala. There growes none in Peru,but this country yields Coca .........."

TI:Cyclodine resistance in cocoa mirids in Ghana
AU:Telford,-J.N.;
SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March. 1964. p.4-7.
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insects; Capsids;
PY:1964
GE:Africa; Ghana

TI:Effect of Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher on growth of cocoa seedlings
AU:Yuen-Pak-Mun
SO:MARDI Research Bulletin, 11(3):305-308.
DE:Nematodes-; Helicotylenchus-dihystera; dry-matter-content; leaf-; stem-; root-; seedling; Damage
PY:1983
GE:Malaysia
**:An initial inoculum level of 2800, 3500 and 4200 Helicotylenchus dihystera did not significantly depress growth of Upper Amazon seedlings after 4 and a half months in the following variables: dry weight of leaves, stem and roots, total dry weight, leaf number and plant height. Final soil population of nematodes exceeded numbers encountered in cocoa plantings. Author's summary.

TI:Nutritional requirements of the cacao plant during a yearly cycle,
AU:Rodriguez, R. M., et al.
SO:Cacao, 8(4):1-7
DE:Nutrient-uptake; Periodicity;
PY:1963
GE:Costa-Rica;
**:A trial with 3-year-old cocoa plants grown in nutrient solution, conducted in Costa Rica, showed that the greatest amounts of nutrients were absorbed during periods of leaf formation (March.-Apr. and Sept.-Oct,), Initiation of flowering coincided with a decrease in absorption of Ca, K, and P; much N was absorbed during this stage, and absorption of Mg reached a peak.    Root apex development in July was accompanied by increased absorption of P, Ca during fruit ripening.  During the 2nd half of the cycle absorption was somewhat erratic.  Evidently, the rate at which the cocoa plant absorbs nutrients varies greatly, depending on the physiological state of the plant; differences between plants in the same stage of development were only quantitative.

TI:Basis for kina and cocoa cultivation
OT:Grondslagen voor de kina- en cacaocultuur
AU:Geus,-J.G.-de;
SO:Plant en Bodem (advertisment of Mirandolle, Voute & Co.) No.9 p.26-48
PY:1951

TI:Effective rainfall and soil moisture in Trinidad
AU:Hardy,-F.;
SO:Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 24:45-51.
DE:Rainfall; Soil-moisture; Water-relations;
PY:1947
GE:Trinidad

TI:Recent work of Cotterell and Posnette on swollen-shoot.
OT:Travaux rÈcents de G. S. Cotterell et de A. F. Posnette sur le swollen-shoot.
AU:Mimeur,-G.;
SO:Rev. Internationale de Bot. Appl. et d'Agr. Trop. 29:297-300.
DE:Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
PY:1949
GE:Ghana;

TI:Pedological notes of cocoa cultivation in Zaire
OT:Notice pÈdologique sur la culture du cacaoyer au Congo Belge.
AU:Croegaert,-J.;
SO:B. Agr. du Congo Belge 40:865-870.
DE:Soils; Climate;
PY:1949
GE:Zaire
**:Edaphic and climatic requirements of cacao and analyses of some cacao-growing soils of Belgian Congo.

TI:Studies on cacao.
AU:Ciferri,-R. (Rafael);
SO:Porto Rico Dept. Agr. J., 15:223-286.
DE:Quality; Cocoa-beans; Food-safety; Microbiology; Actinomycetes; Fungi; Drying;
PY:1931
GE:Dominican-Republic;
**:I. Actinomycetes on cacao beans. If. Fungous flora of dry cacao beans. Ill. Cacao moulding. IV. Tests for enzymes of cacao. V. An improved method for the desiccation of cacao beans. VI. The yeasts of the, Dominican cacao.

TI:Colonisation, people and cocoa plantings in the South of Bahia
OT:Colonisation, peuplement et plantation de cacao dans le sud de l'etat de Bahia.
AU:Monbeig,-P.;
SO:Ann. de Geog., 46:278-299.
DE:Regional;
PY:1937
GE:Brazil; Bahia;
**:Discusses the limits at the cacao-growing zone, ways of communication, production and commerce, methods of exploitation and business and social aspects of cacao culture In Bahia.
 :Title according to Ostendoirf: Le cacaoyer dnas le Sud de l'etat de Bahia

TI:(Agricultural performance of 12 cocoa clones in Turrialba, Costa Rica)
OT:Comportamiento agronomico de 12 clones de cacao bajo las condiciones de Turrialba, Costa Rica
AU:Morera,-J.; Mora,-A.
SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).  1996, v. 15(41) p. 15-25; Nov, figs, table, 9 ref.;
DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora; Phytophthora-a; disease-resistance;
PY:1996
GE:Costa Rica
**:The resistance to the principal cocoa diseases of 12 cocoa clones was investigated in Costa Rica, during 1985-1992. The principal parameters studied were the dry weight and number of healthy and diseased pods. The clones CC 137, EET 183, EET 59 and EET 67 surpassed the average production of 683 kg/ha dry weight. The resistance to Phytophthora palmivora was not significant, whereas differences in resistance to Moniliophthora roreri were very marked with yields oscillating between 158.3 and 811.5 kg/ha. Especially clones EET 183 and UF 183 were superior. A narrow relationship between seed index and yield was observed.

TI:(Development of yoghurt stirred with Amazonian fruit pulps: cocoa and cocoa/cupuassu)
OT:Elaboracao de iogurte batido com polpas de frutas da Amazonia: cacau e cacau/cupuacu
AU:Pina,-M.G.M.; Ribeiro,-C.C.; Dias,-J.C.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).  1996, v. 8(2) p. 45-50; May, figs,  27 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fruits-; yoghurt-; milk-products; food-technology
PY:1996
GE:Brazil; Amazon
**:Yoghurts made of cocoa fruit pulp and a mixture of cocoa and cupuassu fruit pulps, were selected through acceptability tests. The main physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics were determined. Eight formulations were developed, differing in total milk solids (with and without the addition of powdered milk), percentage of syrup added to the yoghurt, and the percentages of the cocoa and cupuassu pulps added to the syrup. The test panel results did not reveal significant differences; however, the formulation with 70% yoghurt (integral milk + 4% powder milk) plus 30% syrup (95% cacao + 5% cupuassu), and the formulation with 80% yoghurt (integral milk) plus 20% syrup (100% cocoa) were selected most frequently. The latter formulation has the lowest cost of production. Microbiological analysis of the selected formulations demonstrated their suitability for human consumption. From authors' summary.

TI:The effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao
AU:BartolomÈ,-R.;
SO:Turrialba, 2(1):9-11
DE:Cherelle-wilt; Nutrition; Ferltilizer;
PY:1952
GE:America; Costa-Rica;

TI:Mission to Mexico during 10-20 January 1994
OT:Mission au Mexique du 10 au 20 janvier 1994
AU:Barel,-M.
SO:1994, 34 p., summary (
DE:processing-; international-cooperation
PY:1994
GE:Mexico
**:The goals of this mission were to make contacts for a cocoa study and to test a prototype of a controlled cocoa dryer; to examine possibilities of latex supplies for studying rubber drying; and to provide support for the coffee improvement and operation programme, which includes a project for treating wastewater from pulping stations.

TI:Effects of inoculum forms and densities on cacao root infection by Phytophthora spp.
AU:Luz,-E.D.M.N.; Mitchell,-D.J.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(2) p. 41-51; May,  37 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; inoculation-methods; pathogenicity-;
PY:1994
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:Responses of cocoa seedlings to infection by different levels and forms of inoculum of Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora heveae, Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora in soil were determined in Bahia, Brazil. Inoculations were done with 100 and 250 chlamydospores or oospores/g of soil and 100 000, 500 000 and 1 million zoospores/plant. Cocoa seedlings of susceptible and tolerant cultivars were used. The plants were harvested 8 weeks after inoculation. Infection occurred in roots of both susceptible and tolerant cultivars using all forms of inoculum. Levels of infection and disease severity varied with species of Phytophthora, inoculum concentrations and types of cultivars tested. Damage to the roots was greatest at the highest inoculum levels, and mortality was generally restricted to inoculation with P. citrophthora and P. palmivora at 100 000 zoospores/plant or 250 chlamydospores/g of soil. These 2 species also caused the greatest damage to the root systems of cocoa seedlings. Phytophthora megakarya caused little damage to roots and no mortality, even at the highest concentration of zoospores or chlamydospores. The mortality of plants exposed to zoospores or oospores of P. capsici or P. heveae was low. All 5 species have the potential to infect cocoa root systems, and, although the plants may not show external symptoms, the colonized roots may function as inoculum reservoirs to infect the canopy. Authors' summary.

TI:(Re-evaluation of planters in Cameroon?)
OT:Les planteurs camerounais ont-ils ete reevalues?
AU:Courade,-G.; Alary,-V.
SO:Politique-Africaine (France).1994, no. 54, p. 74-87, tables; summaries (En,
DE:price-policies; cocoa-beans; coffee-; monetary-policies; producer-prices
PY:1994
GE:Cameroon
**:The recent devaluation of the currency was not particularly aimed at the coffee and cocoa planters in Cameroon. The expected rise in producer prices would not act as an incentive to heavily indebted producers of these crops. The high price of inputs is the first bottleneck they face. This lack of opportunities is responsible for the planters' caution. A lasting improvement of prices would incite them to extend rather than regenerate their orchards. Devaluation is no substitute for agricultural and social policies.

TI:Report on cocoa marketing and quality. Project for improving cocoa processing. Cocoa Department, Secretary of Agriculture, Dominican Republic
OT:Informe comercializacion y calidad del cacao. Proyecto mejora de la elaboracion del cacao. Departamento de Cacao, Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana
AU:Roche,-G.
SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-IRCC, 1992, 72 p., figs, tables; summary (
DE:cocoa-beans; cooperative-activities; finance-; marketing-; processing-; quality-
PY:1992
GE:Dominican Republic
**:CONACADO is a well-organized association of cocoa growers in the Dominican Republic. Its funds are expanding as a result of earnings from interest. The commercial operations of the 6 groups that constitute CONACADO provide net benefits. The credit system for growers continues to give satisfactory results, but it is advisable to decrease the total volume of these loans. An analysis of the sales system shows that setting cocoa prices each week or every 2 weeks results in sufficient profits, particularly for fermented cocoa. Cocoa should not be stocked to wait for prices to rise: this could lead to huge financial losses and lower product quality. (diffusion restricted)

TI:Report on marketing and quality of cocoa. Project for improving cocoa processing. Cocoa Department, Secretary of Agriculture, Dominican Republic
OT:Informe comercializacion y calidad del cacao. Proyecto mejora de la elaboracion del cacao. Departamento de Cacao, Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana
AU:Roche,-G.
SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-CP, 1993, 90 p., figs, tables; summary (
DE:cocoa-beans; quality-; finance-; exports-; marketing-; cooperative-activities
PY:1993
GE:Dominican Republic
**:The local cocoa growers' association CONACADO has gained access to new markets in Europe. Rains during the month of May, the main harvesting period, have had a negative influence on cocoa quality, and numerous mouldy beans have been observed. The Presidency of the Dominican Republic has created a fund for interest-free financing of infrastructure that would improve cocoa quality, and the Agricultural Bank has granted a sales loan. (diffusion restricted)

TI:Guarantee fund for coffee and cocoa co-operatives in the Ivory Coast
OT:L'experience ivoirienne en matiere de fonds de garantie au benefice des cooperatives cafe-cacao
AU:Lohoury-Guigui,-M.L.; Vannini,-P.
SO:Aproma (France).1994, no. 37, p. 7-14, summaries (En,
DE:cooperative-activities; credit-; marketing-; support-measures
PY:1994
GE:Ivory Coast
**:The coffee-cocoa co-operatives guarantee fund was set up in 1991 following an analysis of the system of sales of these products in the Ivory Coast and a thorough study of the co-operative movement. After a review of the conclusions of these preliminary studies, the objectives and organization of the fund and its activities since its creation are described. The importance of the fluidity of the circuit is stressed, and the concepts of financial facilitation and institutionalization of the fund are emphasized.

TI:Symptoms of mineral deficiencies in cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) grown in nutrient solution
OT:Sintomas de deficiencias nutricionais em cupuacuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum) cultivado em solucao nutritiva
AU:Salvador,-J.O.; Muraoka,-T.; Rossetto,-R.; Ribeiro,-G.-de-A.
SO:Scientia-Agricola (Brazil).1994, v. 51(3) p. 407-414; Sep, colour photos,  11 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fruit-crops; Theobroma-grandiflorum; mineral-deficiencies; symptoms-; tissue-analysis
PY:1994
GE:Brazil
**:The visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) were studied in Brazil. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse, in nutrient solutions without N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn or Zn, as well as a complete nutrient solution. All the symptoms, which were very similar to those of cocoa plants, are described and presented in an identification chart. To assess the nutrient concentrations, leaves were collected from different parts of the plants. The concentrations found in leaves of plants from which an element had been omitted were always lower than those in plants submitted to the complete treatment, thereby demonstrating that the symptoms really were due to the induced deficiency. Although the mineral contents of leaves with deficiency symptoms were always lower than those found in other samples, the reference leaf recommended in the literature for cocoa (third leaf from the tip), was also adequate for the identification of nutritional deficiencies in cupuassu, with the exception of Cu. Authors' summary.

TI:Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from parts of cocoa flowers
OT:Embryogenese somatique et regeneration des plantes de cacaoyer Theobroma cacao L. a partir de pieces florales
AU:Lopez-Baez,-O.
SO:1994, 145 p., figs,  bibliography (160 ref.); summaries (En,
DE:somatic-embryos; culture-media; propagation-materials
PY:1994
**:A cocoa plant propagation protocol using somatic embryogenesis induced from petals, staminodes and strands of stamens was developed. This process is based on hormonal induction followed by expression on a hormone-free medium. The importance of hormone composition, concentration and length of induction on the expression and quality of embryogenesis was demonstrated. The workers obtained regular production of embryos on a semi-solid or liquid medium. Culture conditions and the media necessary for maturation, germination and conversion of embryos in plantlets were defined. A preliminary study of ploidy and nuclear DNA content conformity of 98 plants regenerated using this pathway indicate that these characters are not modified by somatic embryogenesis. Studies on morphological conformity were continued by transferring the 96 plants to a field in Ecuador. Initial observations show that all the plants have normal morphology and growth, similar to those of a plant grown from seed.

TI:(Phenolic compounds in Theobroma cacao leaves and attractiveness for mirids)
OT:Les composes phenoliques des feuilles et attractivite des cacaoyers aux mirides
AU:Armengaud,-P.
SO:1994, 40 p., figs,  16 ref.; summary (
DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Miridae-; phenolic-compounds; pest-resistance;
PY:1994
**:The chemistry of cocoa attractiveness to mirids was studied, following research on the activity of flavonols in the cocoa-mirid relationship. The phenolic profile of new clones of different sensitivities was characterized. A study on the basis of leaf age showed significant, characteristic variations in relation to leaf maturity. Flavanols and flavonol-type compounds are most abundant in anthocyaninated leaves. Acids-phenols reach a maximum in mature leaves. Comparative analysis of all clones indicates real polymorphism of the phenolic pool and higher contents of certain flavonols in the most attractive individuals.

TI:Tests of the effectiveness of FUMIVAP pyrotechnical insecticide generators: setting up a series of trials
OT:Tests d'efficacite des generateurs pyrotechniques d'insecticides FUMIVAP: mise en place d'une serie d'essais
AU:Decazy,-B.
SO:1993, 22 p., figs, tables; summary (
DE:pest-insects; Miridae-; chemical-control; insecticides-; equipment-; Mirids; Fumigation; Application;
PY:1993
**:Trials were set up to test the biological efficiency of a pyrotechnical generator of insecticides (FUMIVAP) on cocoa mirids. The programme and the progress of the trials, which were carried out in the Mbam region, are described. The functioning and the efficiency of FUMIVAP are analysed. The situation of both cocoa and coffee are examined. Major points of interest are the cocoa entomology research programme (tests of insecticides on mirids; evaluation of mirid resistance of plant material) and the coffee tree (inventory of the parasitoids of the berry borer) in Cameroon.

TI:Allometric equations for estimating the above-ground biomass of cacao stands in the eastern Amazon Basin
AU:Subler,-S.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(3) p. 65-72; Sep, figs,  21 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:measurement-; biomass-; dimensions-; stems-; canopy-
PY:1994
GE:Brazil; Para
**:Allometric relationships are described for estimating cocoa tree leaf, branch, bole and total aboveground dry biomass from measurements of bole diameter and height, primary branch diameter and maximum canopy height. Eight cocoa trees in a 16-17-year-old plantation in Para, Brazil, in the eastern Amazon Basin, were measured and destructively sampled for component wet and dry weight determinations. Step-wise regression was used on log-transformed measures to develop equations of best fit. The best overall predictor of total and component dry biomass was the sum of the bole and branch diameters (Dt). Correlation coefficients for allometric regressions of biomass variables on Dt were generally above 0.90, with over 98% of the variation in branch and total biomass accounted for by variation in Dt. From author's summary.

TI:(Simulation model for the development of witches' broom disease of cocoa in Bahia)
OT:Modelo de simulacao da evolucao da vassoura-de-bruxa do cacaueiro na Bahia
AU:Sgrillo,-R.B.; Araujo,-K.R.P.-de
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(3) p. 73-84; Sep, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-; models-; crop-losses; disease-control; Epidemiology;
PY:1994
GE:Brazil; Bahia
**:A deterministic compartmental model for simulation of the development of witches' broom (caused by Crinipellis perniciosa) in cocoa in Bahia, Brazil, is proposed. The compartments represent areas with different infection levels, and are mathematically represented by differential equations. The equation coefficients are variable and calculated by algebraic equations. The model was coded in Dynamic Simulation Language (DSL/VS). The model was calibrated by comparing simulation results with results from field surveys conducted during 1989-1991 and in 1993. Additional simulations were carried out for sensitivity analysis. Finally, 3 different scenarios were explored: a constant disease control rate, a decreasing disease control rate and an increasing disease control rate. Using the first scenario, by the end of the century, cocoa production in Bahia would be 40% of potential production. If the farmers gradually neglected their plantations (the second scenario) the losses in 1999/2000 would be about 80%. However, if the political and market conditions permitted an efficient control of the disease (the third scenario), the losses in 1999/2000 would not be significant. Authors' summary.

TI:The CEPEC platform drier: its construction, operation and maintenance
OT:Instalacao, operacao e manutencao do secador plataforma CEPEC
AU:Cunha,-J.; Passos,-F.J.V.; Freire,-E.S.
SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1995, no. 177, 47 p., figs, photos,  8 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:cocoa-beans; dryers-; postharvest-equipment; hot-air-drying; processing-
PY:1995
GE:Brazil; Bahia
**:A description is presented of the CEPEC platform dryer for cocoa, developed in Bahia, Brazil. The dryer uses a forced convection system, is relatively cheap, and is able to handle 2 products simultaneously. It has a high capacity and its products are of good quality and are not contaminated by the smell of smoke. The design, installation and construction of the dryer are outlined. The design includes a heating unit, consisting of a furnace in which fuelwood is burnt, the drying platform, a covering structure with a roof to protect the dryer and the cocoa from the rain, and a ventilator to force the air along the product.

TI:First meeting on the agriculture of Sao Tome and Principe. Lisbon, National Museum of Ethnology, 9-11 December 1993
SO:Comunicacoes.-Serie-de-Ciencias-Agrarias (Portugal).1995, no. 19, 282 p., figs, tables; bibliography (vp.); summaries (En,
DE:agricultural-policies; animal-production; plant-production; agronomy-
PY:1995
GE:South Atlantic Islands; Sao Tome and Principe
**:A workshop on agriculture in Sao Tome and Principe was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in Dec. 1993. Subjects dealt with included: (1) soil fertility and fertilization of cocoa and coffee; (2) conservation measures for forests and endemic species; (3) strategies for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry; (4) epidemic parasitosis of animals; (5) the need for a veterinary diagnosis laboratory; (6) projects for cocoa improvement; (7) development of oilseed crops; medicinal plants and their uses; (8) selection and introduction of food crop species and varieties; (9) cocoa pod rot; (10) coffee nematodes and the selection of resistant cultivars; (11) the promotion of integrated pest management; (12) the present status of cocoa cultivation and technology; (13) technological aspects of coffee quality; and (14) agro-food industries in developing countries. In addition, agrarian reforms and their prospects, and options available for agricultural development are discussed.

TI:Variability of some physical and chemical characters of cupuassu fruit
OT:Variabilidade de alguns caracteres fisicos e quimicos do fruto do cupuacuzeiro
AU:Fonseca,-C.E.L.-da; Escobar,-J.R.; Bueno,-D.M.
SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1990, v. 25(7) p. 1079-1084; Jul,  6 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:cupuassu-; physico-chemical-properties; Composition;
PY:1990
GE:Brazil, Amazonas
**:The variability and correlation of several physical characteristics (length, girth, volume and weight, the weight of the fruit and seed components and the seed number) and chemical characteristics (soluble sugar content, Brix percentage, and the Brix/acid ratio) of the fruits of 19 cupuassu genotypes were studied in Amazonas, Brazil in 1984. The correlation coefficients were high for the seed and pulp percentage, while the fruit weight was highly correlated with the pulp weight, the fruit volume, the husk weight, and the fruit length. The chemical characteristics showed a poor correlation with the physical characteristics.

TI:Absorption and water movement resistance in cocoa
OT:Absorcao e resistencia ao movimento da agua no cacaueiro
AU:Amorim,-S.M.C.-de; Valle,-R.R.
SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1993, v. 28(8) p. 907-913; Aug, figs, table, 23 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:water-potential; transpiration-; photosynthesis-; soil-temperature
PY:1993
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:The effects of root temperature on water movement resistance were studied in cocoa seedlings under greenhouse conditions in Bahia, Brazil, at root temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40degC. Observations were made of leaves covered with foil and black plastic bags, and of uncovered leaves. The leaves were located at the base, at the intermediate part, and at the apex of the stem. Measurements of water potential and its components, transpiration, photosynthesis, temperature, and stomatal conductance were done by psychrometry in the uncovered leaves adjacent to the covered leaves. The resistance to water movement did not depend on the position of the leaves on the stem, but depended on the transpirational flux. The water potential gradients across the plant varied at temperatures higher than 30degC. Gas exchanges at different root temperatures depended on the water status of the plant. Authors' summary.

TI:(Black root rot of cocoa caused by Rosellinia spp. in Brazil)
OT:Podridao negra da raiz do cacaueiro causada por Rosellinia spp. no Brasil
AU:Oliveira,-M.L.-de
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(2) p. 21-26; May, photos, 11 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:Diseases; Fungi; Rosellinia; Black-root-rot; symptoms-;
PY:1992
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:In a disease survey carried out in Bahia, Brazil, from 1981 to 1986, a root disease was found in several municipalities of southern Bahia, causing death of cocoa trees. Wilting, chlorosis of leaves, and death of the whole plant or branches, depending on plant age, were the main symptoms of the disease. In the root system, up to the collar level, a mycelial sheath was observed on the root surface which was at first light-grey and later black, and coalesced to form a carbonaceous mass with a woolly or felt-like surface and light-grey margin. Beneath the bark, on the surface of the wood, white mycelial (star-like) fans, for Rosellinia pepo, or black hyphal strands, for Rosellinia bunodes, were observed. In one case Rosellinia pepo was also found to cause root rot of Erythrina trees. Four-month-old cocoa plants inoculated with both species started to show symptoms 25 days after inoculation, while the first dead plants were observed 28 days after inoculation. Both species were re-isolated from all the artificially infected cocoa plants. Author's summary.

TI:(Climatological parameters for modelling cocoa fruit growth)
OT:Parametros para modelagem do crescimento do fruto do cacaueiro
AU:Milde,-L.C.E.; Sgrillo,-R.B.
SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1993, v. 28(7) p. 759-765; Jul, fig,  14 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:models-; fruiting-; growth-rate; development; temperature;
PY:1993
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:Research was conducted in Bahia, Brazil, on climatological parameters influencing cocoa fruit growth, to facilitate yield forecasting. Threshold temperature and thermal constants were calculated for each stage of fruit development after estimating the mean length of the different stages. The main meteorological factors found to have a significant relationship with the different lengths of the stages of fruit development were: rain, solar radiation, pitch evaporation, class A pan evaporation, cloudiness, maximum and minimum temperatures, average temperature, and hours of sunshine. Authors' summary.

TI:(Available technology for the processing and storage of cocoa)
OT:Tecnologia disponivel para o beneficiamento e armazenamento do cacau
AU:Cunha,-J.; Serodio,-R.-dos-S.
SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1991, no. 172, 45 p., figs,  46 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:cocoa-beans;  fermentation-; drying-; storage-; postharvest-equipment
PY:1991
**:Basic data are provided on various techniques for the processing and storage of cocoa. Subjects dealt with include methods and equipment for fermentation, drying and storage. Five types of fermentation equipment and 6 types of dryers are discussed. The control of cocoa quality by appropriate storage structures, including controlled atmosphere storage, is also reviewed.

TI:(Extraction of theobromine from cocoa in an aqueous solution)
OT:Extraction de la theobromine du cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en milieu aqueux
AU:Nemlin,-G.J.; Coulibaly,-S.
SO:Agronomie-Africaine (Ivory Coast).1992, v. 4(1) p. 61-66, figs, table, 16 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:theobromine-; solvent-extraction; byproducts-; cocoa-beans; Composition;
PY:1992
GE:Ivory-coast;
**:A relatively inexpensive process for solid-liquid extraction of cocoa theobromine from cocoa cake is described. The finely ground cake is treated with a hot alkaline hydroxide solution of 2% Ca, dissolving the theobromine. The filtrate is concentrated in a vacuum and the theobromine, which is insoluble in water, is precipitated by neutralizing the medium with an acid. The average yield is 1.5% of the cocoa cake, giving an extraction rate of 75%.

TI:Cacao standard production cost monitoring in Bahia, Brazil
AU:Ferreira,-H.I.S.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(3) p. 53-70; Sep,  30 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:economics-; costs-; profitability-; producer-prices; production-functions
PY:1992
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:An economic evalution of cocoa production was made in Bahia, Brazil, by the standard prime cost of production approach. Indicators such as price-cost break-even point (PCBEP) and still economic maximum price (SEMP) were used. Twelve scenarios were distinguished by the combination of 3 levels of fixed costs with 4 technologies. Two of these scenarios are described. A production cost function, used in the evaluation, was elaborated. Given the market prices of Dec. 1987 or Dec. 1989, the situation is very unfavourable for the cocoa producer. Author's summary.

TI:(Fertility determinants in a rural forest area of Ivory Coast)
OT:Facteurs de fecondite en milieu rural forestier ivoirien
AU:N'Guessan,-K.
SO:Dossiers-du-CEPED-Centre-Francais-sur-la-Population-et-le Developpement (France).1993, no. 25, 45 p.; Dec, figs,  14 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fertility-rate; commercial-farming; household-composition; social-change
PY:1993
GE:Ivory Coast
**:A fertility study was undertaken in an area of Ivory Coast which had undergone deforestation to make way for the production of coffee and cacao. In addition to changes in social organization, the transformation has led to a progressive reduction in household size and a growing participation of women in cash cropping and other commercial activities. Despite the socio-economic and cultural changes, there has been little change over time in fertility level which is related to complex relationships between the various proximate determinants involved: breast feeding, amenorrhoea and abstinence. Other variables that may explain the fertility pattern are associated to changes occurring in nuptiality: a delay in the age at first marriage and a higher frequency of marital disruptions as a result of an increased incidence of divorce. However, the effects of the latter set of factors are weaker than those of the former. From author's summary.

TI:Influence of treatments with cupric fungicides on the mineral composition of cocoa trees
AU:Lima,-J.S.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 43-51; Sep,  12 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:copper-; fungicides-; nutrient-uptake; mineral-content; plant-analysis; copper-; iron-; zinc-; manganese-; phosphorus-; calcium-; magnesium-; potassium-; carbon-; nitrogen-; soil-analysis; seeds-; roots-
PY:1993
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:The influence of Cu surplus on the mineral composition of cocoa trees was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1990. The nutrient content of the cocoa trees was analysed in 3 plantations, in 1 of which agrochemicals had not been applied (A), and 2 plantations which had been treated with cupric fungicides for 5 and 16 years, respectively (B and C). The elements Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Mg, K, C, and N were measured in the soil, and Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Mg, and K were measured in tree samples. The nutrient contents of the vegetative tissues reflected those of the soil, but after a fungicide application the concentration of micronutrients in plant parts varied. Alterations in the nutrient contents of trees in the plantations B and C were observed 1 week after a fungicide application (at an interval of 1 year after the last fungicide application). The most evident alterations (e.g. Mg decrease in beans and Ca increase in roots and beans) were observed in plantation C. From author's summary.

TI:(Adaptability and stability of cocoa cultivars)
OT:Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de cacaueiro
AU:Martins-Pinto,-L.R.; Lopes,-U.V.; Monteiro,-W.R.; Pereira,-M.G.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 53-63; Sep, figs,  18 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:genotype-environment-interaction; hybrids-; variety-trials
PY:1993
GE:Brazil, Bahia, Espirito Santo
**:The adaptability and phenotypic stability of 10 cocoa cultivars were evaluated at 6 different sites in cocoa producing areas of Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil, with different soils and climates. The plant characterstics evaluated were number of healthy pods/plant, moist seed weight/ha, and moist seed weight/pod. Variability was observed among various crosses for both adaptability and phenotypic stability for all 3 characterstics studied. Hybrids of cv. Scavina displayed great adaptability and an average stability in all environments. The performance of hybrids of ICS 1 was only high in the environments which were most suitable for cocoa cultivation, and their phenotypic stability was below average. From authors' summary.

TI:Interactions of black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.) and the ant Azteca chartifex spiriti in Bahian cocoa plantations
AU:Medeiros,-M.A.-de; Fowler,-H.G.; Delabie,-J.H.C.
SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 65-68; Sep, fig, 19 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; vectors-; predators-; Formicidae-;
PY:1993
GE:Brazil, Bahia
**:The interaction of black pod disease (caused by Phytophthora spp.) and the ant Azteca chartifex spiriti was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1990 and 1991. In a cocoa plantation of 1 ha, with 537 cocoa plants of 15 years old, shaded with Erythrina, the incidence of black pod disease was higher in trees where A. chartifex was found (21%), than in trees without ants (10%). Laboratory cultures demonstrated the capacity of the ant to act as a mechanical vector of Phytophthora spp. spores. However, the percentage of transmission was low. Azteca chartifex is probably more efficient in mechanically transmitting spores from one pod to another on the same plant, due to its territorial behaviour. Azteca chartifex may be important in inhibiting the rate of disease spread through predation of other vector insects. The association between black pod disease and A. chartifex should be considered when designing integrated control programmes, using this ant to reduce populations of phytophagous cocoa pests. From authors' summary.

TI:Study of the agricultural potential of sugar cane froth and bagasse in Sosuho, Gabon
OT:Etude des possibilites de valorisation agricole des ecumes et de la bagasse de canne a sucre de Sosuho (Gabon)
AU:Makita-Ngadi,-J.; M'Batchi,-B.; Kilbertus,-G.
SO:Tropicultura (Belgium).1993, v. 11(1) p. 20-24,  17 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:waste-utilization; bagasse-; sugar-byproducts; organic-fertilizers
PY:1993
GE:Gabon
**:The use of organic fertilizers to improve soils of Upper Ogooue District, Gabon, is examined, taking the case of sugar cane wastes. The germination and growth of various crops (maize, rice, cocoa, okra, marrow and soybean) using soil fertilized by two types of sugar cane wastes, namely froth and bagasse, was examined. In comparison with commercial compost, the bagasse and froth did not inhibit germination of the tested seed. However, growth of all species is better on froth than on bagasse. The results of chemical analyses of these two types of waste can partially explain the good growth observed on the froth alone or on froth mixed with soil.

TI:Food production and trade dynamics in the N'Tem District, northern Gabon
OT:La production vivriere et la dynamique commerciale dans le departement du Ntem, Nord Gabon
AU:Delpech,-B.; Flitner,-M.; Hulshof,-M.; Toueilles,-J.C.; Twagiramungu,-F.
SO:Documents-de-Travail-ICRA (Netherlands).1993, 110 p.,  19 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:cropping-systems; cash-crops;  ; constraints-; farm-surveys
PY:1993
GE:Gabon
**:Farming systems in Woleu Ntem District of Ntem Province, northern Gabon, are based on shifting cultivation; land and labour being the factors of production. The main crops are cassava, plantain, groundnut and cucumber. Those crops, mostly grown by women, are meant to satisfy the subsistence needs of their families. Since the beginning of this century, men have grown cocoa as a cash crop. Its importance has been declining since the beginning of the 1980s and no other crop has been able to replace it despite the establishment of small-scale rubber plantations. Agriculture in the province lacks public as well as private technical assistance. Credit for farm investment and extension services is of little importance or not available. In order to obtain cash, women have to sell some of their produce at Bitam market, within the village or to traders-collectors. Bananas are the most important agricultural commodity: they are sold by order to merchants who sell them at the markets of Libreville.

TI:Role of phenolic compounds in the development of soluble colouring matter during alkalinization of cocoa
OT:Role des composes phenoliques dans le developpement de la matiere colorante soluble au cours de l'alcalinisation du cacao
AU:Bianchi,-J.; Cros,-E.; Pontillon,-J.
SO:Bulletin-de-Liaison-du-Groupe-Polyphenols (France).1992, v. 16(2) p. 92-95, table, 14 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:phenolic-compounds; colour-; alkali-treatment; cocoa-beans; Phenols; composition;
PY:1992
**:The flavan-3-ols of the cocoa bean are precursors of soluble colouring matter that develops during alkalinization. When this soluble colouring matter is fractioned on gels it produces several fractions of the same colour. However, they are not polymers of the same basic unit. The insoluble amino and polyphenol compounds of the bean also participate in forming soluble colouring matter.

TI:(Population structure of Phytophthora on cocoa trees infected with black pod rot in Cameroon)
OT:Structure d'une population de Phytophthora sp. des cacaoyeres camerounaises atteintes de pourriture brune
AU:Nyasse,-S.
SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-IRCC, 1992, 65 p., figs,  45 ref.; summaries (En,
DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; pathotypes-;
PY:1992
GE:Cameroon
**:Studies were made of 131 strains of Phytophthora sampled on pods of cocoa trees in various parts of Cameroon. There were two major groups composed of 5 subgroups in the population. This variability can also be observed in the population's sexuality and pathogenicity (classification into groups by aggressiveness being consistent no matter which clone was used). The isoenzymatic profiles of constituent systems (PGI: phosphogluco-isomerases, and MDH2: malate-deshydrogenases locus 2) confirm this variability, showing that all of the strains studied belong to the same species, namely Phytophthora megakarya.

TI:(Regional revival of small-scale coffee and cocoa growing in Cameroon. Status of agronomic research on coffee and cocoa: current development prospects)
OT:Relance regionalisee de la production paysanne de cafe et de cacao au Cameroun. Bilan-diagnostic de la recherche agronomique cafe/cacao: quels acquis pour le developpement dans le contexte actuel?
AU:Petithuguenin,-P.
SO:1993, 46 p., 32 ref.; summary (
DE:cropping-systems; development-projects
PY:1993
GE:Cameroon
**:A study was carried out following a mission to Cameroon in December 1992. This mission was pa